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Medicine Extras > Drugs > Flashcards

Drugs Flashcards

1
Q

Methotrexate

A

Dihydrofolate-reductase Inhibitor.
Inhibits Folate Synthesis, causing immunosuppression.

-Taken once weekly
-Used commonly in rheumatological conditions
-Used for cancer

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2
Q

Drugs for Temporal Arteritis

A

Steroid: Prednisolone (For Inflammation)
Bisphosphonate: Alendronate (For bone loss)
Calcipotriol (For bone-loss from steroids)

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3
Q

Alendronic Acid

A

Bisphosphonate: Inhibits cholesterol pathway (HMG-CoA)

-Used to prevent bone loss
-Side effects: Oesophagitis

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4
Q

Spironolactone

A

K+ Sparing Diuretic / Aldosterone Antagonist
Acts on Na+/K+ Channels in DCT/Collecting Duct.

-Used in hypokalemia
-Used in Aldosteronism (Conn’s)

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5
Q

Digoxin

A

Class V Vaughen-Williams Antiarythmetic:
Blocks K+/Na+ Channels.

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6
Q

Aspirin

A

COX-1 Irreversible inhibitor and COX-2 depressor.
Reduces Thromboxane-A2, reducing platelet activation.

-300mg for ACS / Stroke (After confirmed ischaemic)
-75mg OD for:
——Stroke/MI Risk-reduction
——Essential Thrombocythaemia / Polycythaemia
——Temporal Arteritis prophylaxis
-Risk of peptic ulcers (Fewer protective prostaglandins)

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7
Q

Furosemide

A

Loop Diuretic
Blocks NA-K-Cl Channels in the Loop of Henle
Causing elevated excretion of salts and water.

-Used in heart failure (HF)
-May cause hypokalaemia.

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8
Q

Warfarin

A

Vitamin K-Recycling Inhibitor
Blocks formation of CF II, VII, IX, and X

-Give vitamin K + Prothrombin complex to reverse
-Target INR 2-3 generally
-Spinach contains VitK: Reduces Warfarin function.
-Prefered over DOACs in metalic valves.

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9
Q

Drugs for ACS

A

MONA(TAS)
-Morphine - [Alleviate pain]
-Oxygen - [Prevent hypoxia - only if <94% sats]
-Nitrates - [Vasodilate]
-Aspirin 300mg - [Reduce Thromboxane A2]

-(Thromolytics) - Alteplase - [Breakdown clot within 4.5 hours]
-(Anticoagulants) - LMWH - [Thrombin inhibiton]
-(Stool-Softeners) - Senna - [For morphine]

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10
Q

Drugs for Hypertension

A

1: ACEI/ARB (<55 / T2DM) OR CCB/Thiazide-Like-Diur (>55 / Black)
2: +CCB/Thiaz-Like-Diur (<55 / T2DM) OR +Thiaz-Like-Diur/CCB (>55/Black)
3: Add the third option from above
4: +Spironolactone (Low K+) OR +ßB/∂B (Norm K+)

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11
Q

Heparin

A

Anti-Thrombin activator.
Reduces Xa production and inhibits thrombin.

-Uses include; Stable PE, AF, DVT.

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12
Q

Chlorphenamine

A

Anti-Histamine
Reduces body’s reaction to IgE/Mast-Cell Activation.

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13
Q

Trimethoprim

A

Dihydrofolate-reductase inhibitor.
Interferes with DNA synthesis in bacteria.

-Used for UTIs in non-pregnant people (Nitrofurantoin would be preferred here instead).

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14
Q

Nitrofurantoin

A

Damages bacterial DNA
Heavily concentrated in the urine

-Used first line in UTIs for pregnant women.
-Avoid using at full-term.

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15
Q

Riluzole

A

Na+ Channel blocker
Reduces the release of glutamate from neurons and increases uptake

-Used to improve ALS prognosis.

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16
Q

Pyridostigmine

A

Long ACh-Esterase Inhibitor (-Tigmine)
Elevates synaptic levels of ACh.

-Treatment for Myasthenia Gravis (MG)

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17
Q

Edrophonium

A

Short ACh-Esterase Inhibitor
Elevates synaptic levels of ACh

-Diagnosis of Myasthenia Gravis (MG)

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18
Q

Drugs for diagnosing and treating Myasthenia Gravis?

A

Diagnosis:
-Edrophonium (SA ACh-Esterase-Inhibitor)
-Test to see if symptoms improve.
-Atropine in case of DUMBELS (Cholinergic crisis)

Treatment:
-Pyridostigmine (LA ACh-Esterase-Inhibitor)

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19
Q

Levothyroxine

A

Manufactured Thyroxine (T4)

-Used to treat hypothyroidism (Myxoedema)

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20
Q

ß-Interferon

A

Cytokine (That can be exogenously produced)
Reduces the number of white cells which cross the BBB.

-Used to treat multiple sclerosis (MS)

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21
Q

Pegylated ∂-interferon 2a

A

Manufactured Cytokine

-Used to treat Hep-B and Hep D
-May be used for Hep-C (DAA preferred)

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22
Q

Acyclovir

A

Antiviral
Reacts with virus then reacts with host cell to prevent DNA replication.

-Used for Encephalitis
-Used for Herpes/Varicella Zoster.
-May be effective against CMV, EBV, HSV, and Varicella.

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23
Q

Rifampicin

A

DNA-Dependent RNA-Polymerase inhibitor
Antibiotic

-“4 for 2 and 2 for 4” [or 10 with CNS])
-6 Months treatment for TB
-ALSO used alongside Vancomycin for MRSA
-Side effect: Red urine (R for Red)

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24
Q

Isoniazid

A

Antibiotic
Inhibits mycobacterium cell wall synthesis.

-“4 for 2 and 2 for 4” [or 10 with CNS])
-6 Months treatment for TB
-Side effect: Jaundice + Per(I)pheral Neuropathy

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25
Q

Ethambutol

A

Antibiotic
Inhibits mycobacterium cell wall synthesis.

-“4 for 2 and 2 for 4” [or 10 with CNS])
-2 Months treatment for TB
-Side effect: Visual issues (E for Eye)

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26
Q

Pyrazinamide

A

Antibiotic
Elevates TB intracellular H+

-“4 for 2 and 2 for 4” [or 10 with CNS])
-2 Months treatment for TB
-Side effect: Gout

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27
Q

Drugs for TB and the duration:

A

RIPE
-“4 for 2 and 2 for 4” [or 10 with CNS])
Rifampicin: 6 Months - Red Urine
Isoniazid: 6 Months
(Use these two for a further 10 months if CNS involvement).

Pyrazinamide: 2 Months
Ethambutol: 2 Months - Eye issues

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28
Q

Calcipotriol

A

Vitamin D

-Used alongside long-term steroids
-Used 1st-line for osteoporosis with Ca2+ and alendronate.
-Used for Hypocalcaemia
-Used for Psoriasis

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29
Q

Drugs for COPD

A

Quit smoking + Flu vaccines then:
-1: SABA (Salbutamol) [Blue inhaler] and/OR SAMA (Ipatropium)
-2: + LABA (Salmeterol) + LAMA (Tiotropium) + Stop SAMA
-3: + ICS [Earthy inhaler]
-4: + Oxygen

30
Q

Salbutamol

A

Short-Acting-Beta2-Agonist (SABA)
Induces Gs > Adenylate Cyclase > cAMP > PKA
PKA inhibits MLC-Kinase causing dilation.

-“Blue inhaler”.
-Used for asthma exacerbations
-Used for COPD after smoking cessation

31
Q

Salmeterol

A

Long-Acting-Beta-Agonist (LABA)
Induces Gs > Adenylate Cyclase > cAMP > PKA
PKA inhibits MLC-Kinase causing dilation.

-“Pinky-Red inhaler”
-Used 4th for asthma control (After SABA, ICS, and LTRA)
-Used 2nd for COPD after SABA and smoking cessation

32
Q

Ramipril

A

Angiotensin-Converting-Enzyme Inhibitor (ACE-I)
Reduces sympathetic response and water retention
“-PRIL”

-Used 1st line for <55s or diabetics with hypertension. (/ARBs)
-Used for dilated cardiomyopathy
-Used 2nd line for heart failure (/ARBs)
-Used 2nd line for >55s with hypertension (/ARBs)
-Side effects: Dry cough

33
Q

Losartan

A

Angiotensin-II-Receptor Blocker (ARB)
Reduces aldosterone release and water retention
“-SARTAN”

-Used 1st line for <55s with hypertension. (/ACEIs)
-Used 2nd line for heart failure (/ACEIs)
-Used 2nd line for >55s with hypertension /ACEIs)

34
Q

Amlodipine

A

Dihydropyridine Calcium-Channel Blocker (CCB)
Specifically inhibits vessel SM calcium-channels
>Reduced calmodium and muscle contraction
“-PINE”

-Used 1st line for hypertension (>55 / Black)
-Used 2nd line for hypertension (<55 / DM)
-Side effects: Peripheral Oedema

35
Q

Drugs for Osteoperosis

A

-1: VitD + Calcium + Alendronic Acid
-2: Denozumab

36
Q

Denozumab

A

Monoclonal Antibody inhibiting RANK-Ligand
Inhibits osteoclastic activity = less resporption

-Used 2nd line for osteoporosis (After Ca, VitD, and bisphosphonates)

37
Q

Drugs for Gout

A

Acute flare-up: Colchicine (aCute for Colchicine)

Long-Term: Allopurinol (LOng alLOpurinol)

38
Q

Drugs for Gullian Barre

A

Intravenous immunoglobulins

-Replace the damaging immunoglobulins that are produced after the causative infection.

39
Q

Drugs for PE

A

Is the patient haemodynamically unstable?
-Alteplase / Streptokinase (Thrombolytic)

Is the patient haemodynamically stable?
-Apixaban (Anti-Platelet DOAC)
-OR LMWH if unsuitable for DOAC.

40
Q

Drugs for Crohn’s Disease

A

Prevent relapse: Azathioprine (Thiopurine)

Induce Remission: Prednisolone (Corticosteroids)

41
Q

Drugs for Ulcerative Colitis

A

Send into remission and prevent relapse:
-Sulfasalasine (Aminosalicylic acid)

If severe:
-IV Prednisolone

Remove the entire colon if needed.

42
Q

Azathioprine

A

Thiopurine.
Immunosuppression via blocking the formation of white cells.

-Used for Crohn’s
-Used for SLE
-Used for transplantation

43
Q

Carbimazole

A

Inhibits tyrosine-coupling and forming T3/T4

-Used for hyperthyroidism
-May cause agranulocytosis (watch for a sore throat)

44
Q

Mannitol

A

Sugar-alcohol that acts as an osmotic diuretic in the blood.
Opens the blood-brain barrier.

-Used for raised ICP.
-Used for glaucoma

45
Q

Metformin

A

Biguanide- Increases liver sensitivity to insulin.

-1st line for T2DM
-Side effects: Lactic acidosis

46
Q

Insulin

A

Stimulates uptake of glucose into hepatocytes and inhibits gluconeogenesis.

-1st line for T1DM
-Last resort for T2DM
-Can be used with dextrose in hyperkalemia.
-May cause hypoglycemia.

47
Q

Gliclazide

A

Sulfonylurea - Increases ß-cell excretion of insulin by blocking K+/ATPase channels

-2nd/3rd line for T2DM
-May cause weight gain
-May cause Hypoglycaemia

48
Q

Sitagliptin

A

DDP4-Inhibitor: Increases incretin levels which inhibit glucagon.

-2nd/3rd line for T2DM
-Weight-neutral.

49
Q

Dapagliflozin

A

SGLT2-Inhibitor: Increases urine glucose excretion.

-2nd/3rd line for T2DM
-May cause weight-loss
-May cause Hypoglycemia.

50
Q

Drugs for Cushing’s

A

Ketoconazole - Reduces Cortisol and Aldosterone production.

Metyrapone - Reduces Cortisol and Aldosterone production.

51
Q

Drugs for oesophageal varices

A

1st: Vasopressin or similar (Vasoconstrict)

52
Q

Drugs for Asthma

A

1st: SABA e.g. Salbutamol
2nd: Weak ICS e.g. Beclamethosone
3rd: LTRA e.g. Montelukast
4th: Stop LTRA and go for LABA e.g. Salmeterol
5th: Strong ICS e.g Beclamethosone

53
Q

Montelukast

A

Leukotriene Receptor Antagonist
Reduces airway inflammation

-3rd Line for Asthma treatment after SABA and ICS.

54
Q

Drugs for migraine

A

Mild-Moderate: Paracetamol and NSAIDs

With Aura, acute: Sumatriptan (Triptan - Avoid in CVD/Preggo)

Vomiting: Metoclopramide (Anti-Emetic - D2-Antagonist)

Preventative: Propanolol / Topiramate (For asthmatics, avoid if taking COCP).

55
Q

Drugs for Heart Failure

A

1st: ACE-I and Beta-Blocker

2nd/Reserved EF: Thiazides

3rd: Possibly Amiodarone / Digoxin

56
Q

Adenosine

A

Binds Adenosine receptors causing complete heart block and SM dilation.

-Used for Supra-ventricular tachycardia AFTER Valsalva maneuver.

57
Q

Prednisolone

A

GLUCOcorticoid which has anti-inflammatory, hyperglycaemic, and sympathetic effects.

-Side effects: Cushing’s Syndrome + Bone Loss
-Used in many inflammatory diseases, primarily rheumatological conditions.

58
Q

Hydrocortisone

A

CORTICOsteroid which has both glucocorticoid and mineralocorticoid properties.

-Literally the same molecule as cortisol.
-Same uses as glucocorticoids but also can be used in Addison’s disease.

59
Q

Fludrocortisone

A

Primarily a MINERALOcorticoid which acts as an aldosterone analogue.

-Used in adrenal insufficiencies.

60
Q

Sumatriptan

A

Triptan that activates serotonin receptors causing Vasoconstriction + Reduced nociceptive neurotransmitters.

-Used to stop migraines and cluster headaches

61
Q

Clozapine

A

Dopamine Antagonist

-Used to treat schizophrenia
-Common cause of drug-induced Parkinsonism.

62
Q

Drugs for Epilepsy

A

Generalized:
-Nonpregnant: Sodium Valproate
-Pregnant/Female in general: Lamotrigine

Partial:
-Lamotrigine or Carbamazapine

63
Q

Benzylpenicillin

A

B-Lactam commonly used in the community.

-Used for Neisseria prophylaxis
-Used to treat Syphilis.

64
Q

S. Aureus Endocarditis

A

Vancomycin

+Rifampcin if MRSA

65
Q

Bendroflumethiazide

A

Diuretic
DCT Na/Cl Blocker

66
Q

Ipatropium

A

Short-Acting Muscarinic Antagonist
Inhaled: Blocks M3 receptors and causes bronchodilation.

-Can be used 1st line for COPD with salbutamol.

67
Q

Loperamide

A

Agonist to μ-Opiod receptor.

-Used to harden stools and reduce diarrhea
-2nd line drug (3rd line treatment) for IBS.
-Used acutely for bowel obstruction.

68
Q

Octreotide

A

Somatostatin Analog

-Used for acromegaly.
-Used to ease symptoms and slow growth of carcinoid tumors.

69
Q

Anti-Folates

A

Phenytoin

Methotrexate

Trimethoprim

70
Q

Dopamine Agonists

A

Bro, Rope. Per, Pram, Rot

Bromocriptine

Ropinirole

Pergolide

Pramipexole

Rotigotine

71
Q

Lithium

A

Therapeutic Range: 0.4-1, measured 12h after dose taken.

Toxic: >1.5

Measured Every Week until stable
Measured Every 3m x4 (1y)
Measured Every 6m Onwards.

“Weekly visit to the stable, where I’ll be visiting my 4 s 3-month ponies. I’ll be learning to ride them when they’re 6m old.

72
Q

Macrolides

A

Azythromycin, Clarythromycin, Erythromycin.

-Antibiotics often used as alternatives to b-Lactams.
-Use Erythromycin in pregnancy
-All tend to stimulate the stomach and GI tract which means:
—–1. Are used 1st for dysmotility in systemic sclerosis.
—–2. Are a RF for Pyloric Stenosis in infants.

Medicine Extras (24 decks)

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