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Test Flashcards

1
Q

fast acting neurotransmitters

A

GABA (inhibitory)
Glutamate (excitatory)
acetylcholine

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2
Q

neuromodulators

A

dopamine
serotonin (5-HT)
norepinephrine

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3
Q

monoamines

A 
serotonin 
- catecholamines (tyrosine)
- indolamines (tryptophan)
dopamine
norepinephrine
epinephrine
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4
Q

unconventional neurotransmitters

A

soluble (in lipids) neurotransmitters
nitric oxide
carbon dioxide

  • stimulate second messenger
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5
Q

autoreceptors

A 
presynaptic neuron
modulatory function
bind to their own neurotransmitter 
metabotropic
monitors neurotransmitter release
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6
Q

7 steps of neurotransmitter release

A 
synthesis
storage (in vesicles)
breakdown in cytoplasm for any neurotransmitter that leaks from vesicle
excocytosis 
inhibitory feedback via autoreceptors
activation of post synaptic receptor
deactivation/reuptake
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7
Q

nicotinic receptors

A

acetylcholine in PNS

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8
Q

muscurinic receptors

A

acetylecholine in CNS - neuromuscular junctions

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9
Q

where are glial cells found

A

CNS

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10
Q

what are astrocytes

A

large glial cells found in CNS

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11
Q

myencephalon

A

medulla - arousal, sleep, attention

tracts to the rest of the body

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12
Q

metencephalon

A

cerebellum and pons

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13
Q

mesencephalon

A

tectum and tegmentum

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14
Q

pons

A

relay from cortex and midbrain to cerebellum (walking)

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15
Q

cerebellum

A

adjusts ongoing movement, motor learning and emotional functioning

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16
Q

tectum

A

inferior and superior colliculi

visual and spatial stimuli

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17
Q

tegmentum

A

pariaqueductal grey - reproduction and defensive behaviour
red nucleus - precortical motor control
substantia nigra - dopamine cells - input from basal ganglia

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18
Q

diencephalon

A

forebrain
hypothalamus
thalamus

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19
Q

hypothalamus

A

pituitary regulator (hormone control of regulated behaviour)

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20
Q

thalamus

A

relay structure - top of brain stem
receives info from sensory nuclei
relays signals between cortex and limbic system
regulates sleep and wakefulness
relays information from cortex, basal ganglia and cerebellum

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21
Q

telencephalon

A

cortex (forebrain)

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22
Q

cortex contains

A

amygdala, limbic system and basal ganglia
6 layers of grey matter (cell bodies)
white matter (axons)

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23
Q

tracts

A

bundles of axons in CNS

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24
Q

nerves

A

bundles of axons in PNS

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25
Q

neuron

A

cell bodies in CNS

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26
Q

ganglia

A

cell bodies in PNS

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27
Q

oligodendrocytes

A

have extensions that wrap around neurons in the CNS

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28
Q

Schwann cells

A

contain 1 myelin sheath to help guide axonal regeneration in PNS

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29
Q

microglia

A

respond to injury by multiplying and engulfing cellular debris
part of the inflammatory response

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30
Q

types of efferent nerves

A

sympathetic nerves

parasympathetic nerves

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31
Q

sympathetic nerves

A

synapse onto second stage neurons far away from target organ

  • autonomic motor neurons project from CNS to LUMBAR (small of back) and THORACIC (chest area)
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32
Q

parasympathetic nerves

A

synapse near their target organs and have a short second stage neural network

  • conserve energy resources
  • project from brain to SACARAL (lower back)
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33
Q

central nervous system

A

brain and spinal cord

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34
Q

peripheral nervous system

A

outside of the skull and spine

  • somatic nervous system (external)
  • automatic nervous system (internal)
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35
Q

somatic nervous system

A 
interacts with external environment
afferent nerves (in) - sensory signals - to CNS from skin, eyes...
efferent nerves - motor commands - CNS to muscles, joints...
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36
Q

automatic nervous system

A

regulates bodies internal environment
afferent nerves - sensory signals - internal organs to CNS
efferent nerves - motor commands - CNS to internal organs

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37
Q

dura matar

A

outside layer
protective
carries blood from brain

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38
Q

arachnoid membrane

A

surrounds brain and spinal cord

below = subarachnoid space

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39
Q

three meninges

A

dura mater
arachnoid membrane
pia mater

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40
Q

pia mater

A

filled with cerebrospinal fluid

protects brain and spinal cord

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41
Q

golgi stain

A

used to visualise nervous tissue (neurons)

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42
Q

nissl stain

A

stains within a neuron

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43
Q

electron microscopy

A

details within a neuron

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44
Q

neuroanatomical staining

A

axons projecting away and into an area
away - anterograde
into - retrograde

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45
Q

secondary association cortex input

A

sensory
auditory
somatosensory

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46
Q

damage to association cortex

A

apraxia

contralateral neglect

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47
Q

apraxia

A

disorder of voluntary movement

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48
Q

contralateral neglect

A

difficulty to respond to stimuli on opposite side of body to damage (also that side of objects)

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49
Q

dorsolateral prefrontal cortex

A

voluntary movement

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50
Q

secondary motor cortex divisions

A

8
3 - motor areas
2 - premotor areas (dorsal and ventral)
3 - small cingulate motor areas

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51
Q

cerebellum

A

interacts with different levels of the hierarchy
motor learning
correcting ongoing movement

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52
Q

damage to cerebellum

A

force, velocity, amplitude, posture, balance, gait

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53
Q

basal ganglia

A

interconnected nuclei
corrects ongoing movement
habit learning
carries information in loops via the thalamus

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54
Q

dorsolateral corticospinal tract

A

direct - hands, wrists and fingers (distal muscles)

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55
Q

dorsolateral corticorubrospinal tract

A

indirect
brain stem then spinal cord
synapses on the red nucleus
controls the cranial nerves and motor neurons controlling the arms and legs

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56
Q

ventromedial corticorubrospinal tract

A

direct
axons descend from primary motor cortex
innervates several spinal regions via interneuron circuits

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57
Q

ventromedial cortico-brain-stem spinal tract

A

indirect
feeds into a network of brain structures
proximal muscles of the face and limbs

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58
Q

how does learning affect sensorimotor function

A

organises movements into chunks

shifts control down the hierarchy leaving higher structures to do more complex tasks

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59
Q

lewy bodies

A

clumps of proteins found in degenerating dopaminergic neurons of the substantia nigra

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60
Q

anterograde degeneration

A

between cut and terminal buttons

distal segment

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61
Q

retrograde degeneration

A

between cut and cell body

proximal segment

62
Q

autosmal chromosomes

A

all typical chromosomes that aren’t sex cells

there is 22

63
Q

transcription factors

A

protein binded to DNA controlling expression

64
Q

what does mRNA do

A

attaches to ribosome and translates genetic code

65
Q

codon

A

group of three consecutive nucleotide basis along mRNA

instructs what nucleotide base is being created

66
Q

what does tRNA do

A

carries amino acid to ribosome

67
Q

expression of a structural gene

A 
DNA
mRNA
tRNA
ribosome
amino acid chains
protein
68
Q

what do non structural genes contain

A

enhancers

  • stretches of DNA that determine what structural genes produce proteins and at what rate
  • allows the development of different cells
69
Q

striatum of those with PD

A

depleted of dopaminergic neurons

70
Q

atypical neuroleptics to help with Sz

A

clozapine - affinity for D1 and D4

briefly antagonises D2 as well

71
Q

Haloperidol

A

binds to D2 receptors reducing activity

72
Q

reserpine

A

depleted vesicles of dopamine

73
Q

chlorpromazine

A

blocks DA receptors

74
Q

what neurotransmitters are involved with myelination and transmission

A

GABA and glutamate

75
Q

what to hallucinogens do

A

serotonin agonists - affect negative symptoms

76
Q

phineas gage

A

medial prefrontal lobe damage

planning
emotion

77
Q

atithesis

A

opposite movements = opposite emotion

78
Q

james-lange theory

A

experience of emotion is due to your physiological response

79
Q

cannon-bard theory

A

physiological response doesn’t always create emotion

event results in a parallel process of emotion and physiological arousal

80
Q

where is emotion expressed

A

circuit on the hypothalamus

81
Q

where is emotion experienced

A

cortex

82
Q

orbiculous ovuli

A

skin pulled to eyes

83
Q

zygomaticus major

A

corner of lips rise up

84
Q

kluver-bucey syndrome

A 
ANTERIOR LOBE REMOVED
eat anything
increased sexual activity 
lack of fear
explore familiar items
85
Q

direct fear conditioning

A

medial geniculate nucleus (thalamus) to the amygdala

86
Q

indirect fear conditioning

A

medial geniculate nucleus (thalamus) via auditory cortex to the amygdala

87
Q

cut the medial geniculate nucleus and

A

no conditioned fear response

88
Q

where does the amygdala project to

A

pariaqueductal grey - behavioural response

hypothalamus - sympathetic response

89
Q

right hemisphere model

A

emotional processing on the right

90
Q

valance model

A

right side = negative

left side = positive

91
Q

hippocampus and fear

A

context related fear

92
Q

prefrontal cortex and fear

A

suppress conditioned fear response

93
Q

lateral nucleus of the amygdala and fear

A

aquisition, storage and expression of fear

94
Q

central nucleus of the amygdala and fear

A

defensive behaviour

95
Q

patient S.P

A

part of the amygdala removed

couldn’t process fear in faces

96
Q

urbach-weith disease

A

calcification of the amygdala

can’t process fear

97
Q

medial prefrontal lobes and fear

A

cognition and emotion

98
Q

suppression paradigms

A

inhibit emotional response

99
Q

reappraisal paradigms

A

interpret something differently to change the emotional response

100
Q

patient H.M

A

explicit episodic memory effected

medial temporal lobe affected

101
Q

patient R.B

A

cerebral ischemia

CA1 subfield of the hippocampus

102
Q

patient K.C.

A

medial temporal lobe damage
severe amnesia
cognition fine

103
Q

patient N.A

A

Korsakoff syndrome
medial diencephalic damage
thalamus and mammillary bodies
amnesia for explicit memories (retrospective and anterospecitve)

104
Q

where is LTP conducted

A

granule and pyramidal cells of hippocampus

105
Q

metabolic tolerance

A

amount of drug getting to site

106
Q

functional tolerance

A

activity of the sites

107
Q

cirrhosis

A

alcohol scarring of the liver

108
Q

positive incentive theory of addiction

A

take it for its hedonic effects

109
Q

physical dependance theory

A

take drug to avoid withdrawal

detoxified addicts = stronger cravings

110
Q

mesotelencephalic dopamine system

A

linked with pleasure
intra-cranial stimulation
nucleus accumbens

111
Q

initial drug taking

A

behavioural traits linked (novelty seeking)

like experiences

112
Q

incentive sensitisation theory

A

one becomes sensitised to a drug in prone individuals
wanting - nucleus accumbens
liking - dopamine less important
transition - change in striatum (habit formation) and impairment of prefrontal cortex (loss of control)

113
Q

selye

A

ST stress - adaptive features (norepinephrine and epinephrine)
LT stress - maladaptive changes

114
Q

stress increases the release of

A

acetylcholine, norepinephrine, epinephrine

115
Q

stress triggers the release of

A

glucocorticoids (cortisol)

116
Q

sympathetic nervous system adrenal system

A

increases amount of cytokines so influences immune respone

117
Q

psychosomatic disorders

A

involve stress abd an illness

118
Q

psychoneuroimmunologiy

A

interaction of immune response, psychological factors and the nervous system = gastric ulcers

119
Q

microglia

A

phagocytes in CNS

120
Q

innate immune system

A 
reacts near site of pathogen
toll-like receotirs bind to molecules on surface of pathogens and antigens
imflammation
cytokines released
lymphocytes and phagocytes activated
121
Q

adaptive immune respone

A 
specific antigens
slower
specialised leukocytes
t cells - cell mediated immunity 
b cells - antibody mediated immunity
122
Q

t cells

A

phagocyte ingests pathogen
displays its microbodies on t cells
then multiplies

123
Q

b cells

A

bind to foreign antigen
multipls and create antibodies
bind to and destroy pathogens

124
Q

subordination stress

A

bullied as young, grow up to bully when older

125
Q

monoamine reuptake inhibitors

A

iproniazid

126
Q

tricyclic antidepressants

A

impiramine

127
Q

selective monoamine reuptake inhibitors

A

floexitine (Prozac)

128
Q

mood stabilisers

A

lithium

129
Q

neuroplasticity theory

A

drugs take 2-3 weeks to take effect so it must be something further downstream

130
Q

brin reduction in depressed individuals

A

hippocampus
prefrontal cortex
amygdala
and overall brain size

131
Q

monoamine theory of depression

A

reduction in serotonin and norepinephrine

132
Q

amino acids

A

glutamate - nervous system (excitatory)
GABA - brain (hyperpolarisation)
Glycine - spinal cord (hyperpolarisation)

133
Q

peptides

A

endorphine

134
Q

other neurotransmitters

A

acetylcholine

135
Q

spinal cord nerves

A 
afferent = dorsal (sensory - outside world)
efferent = ventral (motor - having effect on the world)
136
Q

dorsal route

A 
afferent
unipolar neurons bring information in via the dorsal route
cell bodies = dorsal route gangloins
ends in sensory input (peripheral)
or
the dorsal horn (internal)
137
Q

ventral route

A

efferent
multipolar neurons sending information to the body via the ventral route
ends in the muscles
cell bodies = ventral horn

138
Q

lens

A

change shape to accommodate light

139
Q

rounder lens

A

thicker

good for close objects

140
Q

relaxed, thinner lens

A

far objects

141
Q

p layers

A 
top 4
small cell bodies
responsive to colour
stationary objects
cones
142
Q

m layers

A 
bottom 2
large cell bodies
respond to on/off regions
rods
movement
143
Q

receptive fields in the fovea

A

circular

monocular

144
Q

V1 receptive fields

A

simple cells - lines, on/off

complex - specific borders (more common)

145
Q

visual cortex

A

V2 similar to V1 - complex shape characteristics
V3 - form, motion and depth
V4 - colour, form, stimulus saliency, attention
V5 - motion

146
Q

ventral

A

what
scene analysis
object identification

147
Q

dorsal

A

where

spatial locations

148
Q

cerebellum

A

modulate activity of motor neurons (fluid movement)
input = pons
output = thalamus

149
Q

basal ganglia

A

glutamate an important input
output is mainly inhibitory = GABA
sequences of movement

150
Q

hippocampus

A

spatial memory

151
Q

Patient S.M

A

amygdala damage - lack of fear

152
Q

phagocytes =

A

macrophages

Neuroscience (15 decks)

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