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Neuroscience > Introduction > Flashcards

Introduction Flashcards

1
Q

resting membrane potential

A
  • 70Mv
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2
Q

ions important for AP

A

sodium (Na+ - 3 in) and potassium (K+ - 2 out)

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3
Q

main forces on ions

A

electrostatic pressure - opposite charges attract

random motion - ions moving down concentration graient

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4
Q

sodium channels

A

closed at rest

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5
Q

potassium

A

closed

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6
Q

sodium potassium pump

A

3 Na+ in and 2 K+ out

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7
Q

where does AP start?

A

neurotransmitter binds at a specific site

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8
Q

EPSP

A

depolarised (decreasing potential = - 67Mv)

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9
Q

IPSP

A

hyperpolarised (increasing potential = -72Mv)

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10
Q

EPSP and IPSP

A

graded responses - proportional to intensity that elicits them

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11
Q

synaptic potentials are

A

rapid (almost instant) and decremental (decrease in amplitudes as they travel own the neuron)

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12
Q

where are action potentials generated?

A

axon initial segment - neurons fire depending on the sum of the graded potentials from surrounding synapses

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13
Q

AP

A

sum of depolarised and hyperpolarisations - does it pass the threshold of excitation (-55Mv)
1 second reversal of the membrane potential (+50Mv) - all or none response

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14
Q

integration

A

spatial summation - combining multiple AP’s

temporal summations - in succession

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15
Q

ionic basis of AP’s

A

1) voltage gated sodium ions open = allow Na+ into axon (open for 1 millisecond)
2) potassium ion channels open once at +50Mv
3) end of rising phase = Na+ channels close
4) repolarisation = efflux of K+
5) hyperpolarisation = K+ slow to shut so an excess of K+ ions outside of cell hyperpolarise it
- involve ions close to the membrane

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16
Q

absolute refractory period

A

immediately after AP - no other AP can be conducted

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17
Q

relative refractory period

A

higher than normal levels of stimulation needed

follows absolute refractory period

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18
Q

nodes of ranvier

A

gaps between the myelinated segments where ions can pass through the axon

AP elicited here - then passes passively and decrementally until next node

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19
Q

saltatory conduction

A

transmission of AP in myelinated axons

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20
Q

velocity of AP

A

diameter (larger the faster)
myelination (myelinated = faster)

fastest = 100mps
slowest = 1mps
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21
Q

non axon AP’s

A

passive and decremental

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22
Q

Hodgkin-Huxley model (1950)

A

based on squid motor neurons
differences between motor neurons and cerebral neurons
cerebral neurons
- fire continually
- axons can conduct graded signals and AP’s
- AP’s of cerebral neurons differ greatly
- some don’t display AP’s
- dendrites of some can alone conduct AP’s

23
Q

axodendritic synapses

A

axon terminal buttons synapse on dendrites

24
Q

axosomatic synapses

A

axon terminal buttons on soma

25
Q

dendrodenritic

A

transmission in either direction

26
Q

axoaxonic

A

mediate presynaptic facilitation and inhibit by acting on one specific synapse

27
Q

directed synapse

A

site of neurotransmitter release an the site of neurotransmitters are close

28
Q

non-directe synapse

A

neurotransmitter release and receptor far away

29
Q

neuropeptides

A

large
assembled on ribosomes, packed in vesicles, moved by microtubules to terminal buttons
short amino acid chains (3-36 strands)
release diffusely
bind to metabotropic receptors that act through a second messenger

30
Q

small neurotransmitters

A

synthesised in terminal buttons
packed in vesicles by the golgi complex
acts directly on ion channels

31
Q

coexistance

A

often small + neuropeptide occupy a neuron

32
Q

exocytosis

A

process of neurotransmitter release

small neurotransmitters - tend to group near calcium ions (Ca+)
once out they fuse with presynaptic membrane
empty contents into synaptic cleft
one AP = release of 1 vesicle

neuropeptides - release gradually with intracellularly high levels of Ca+

33
Q

autoreceptors

A

metabotropic - bind to their neurons own neurotransmitter
located in the presynaptic neuron
monitors neurotransmitter release

34
Q

what is a receptor

A

protein

35
Q

ligand

A

molecule that binds to another (neurotransmitter is a ligand of its receptor)

36
Q

ionotropic receptr

A

ligand activated ion channels (fast)

37
Q

metabotropic receptors

A 
signal or g proteins (slow)
each is attached to a signal protein and g protein
either elicits EPSP/IPSP
or 
triggers second messenger (long lasting)
38
Q

reuptake

A

neurotransmitter drawn back into the presynaptic button by transporter mechanisms

39
Q

enzymatic degradation

A

neurotransmitters are degraded in the synapse by enzymes (acetylcholine)

40
Q

gap junctions

A

electric synapses

connexins - connects the cytoplasms of 2 cells

41
Q

glial cells

A

junction between 2 same cells (synchronise)

42
Q

astrocytes

A

star shaped glial cell of CNS (coordinates surrounding cells)

43
Q

tripartite synapse

A

information from post synaptic neuron
presynaptic neuron
and astrocyte

44
Q

amino acids

A

majority of fast acting neurotransmitters in the CNS

glutamate (excitatory neurotransmitter)
GABA (inhibitory neurotransmitter)

45
Q

monoamine neurotransmitters

A

synthesise from small amino acids
precent in small groups of highly branched axons in the brain
SEND
Serotonin - chatecholomines (synthesised from tyrosine)
- indolamines (synthesised from tryptophan)
Epinephrine (adrenaline) - adrenergic
Norepinephrine (noreadrenaline) - noradrenergic
Dopamine

46
Q

acetylcholine (ACH)

A

small molecule neurotransmitter at neuromuscular junctions

47
Q

cholinergic neurons

A

release ACH

48
Q

unconventional neurotransmitters

A

soluble (in lipids) gas neurotransmitters
nitric oxide
carbon monoxide
immediately diffuse into nearby neurons extracellular fluid
stimulate production of second messenger

49
Q

retrograde transmission

A

soluble gas neurotransmission transmit signals back to presynaptic neuron

50
Q

seven steps of a neurotransmitter

A

1) synthesis
2) storage (in vesicles)
3) breakdown in cytoplasm of any neurtransmitter that leaks from the vesicle
4) exocytosis
5) inhibitory feedback via autoreceptors
6) activation of postsynaptic receptor
7) deactivation

51
Q

nicotinic and muscurinic receptors

A

bind to acetylcholine receptors found in PNS and CNS respectively

52
Q

morphine

A

pleasure and reduction of pain

53
Q

action potential that travels from terminal buttons to cell body

A

antidromic conduction

54
Q

AP that travels from dendrites to terminal buttons

A

orthodromic conduction

Neuroscience (15 decks)

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