Anatomy and Brain Regions

Question 1

myencephalon

Answer 1

medulla - tracts carrying signals between the brain and the rest of the body

arousal, sleep and attention

Question 2

metencephalon

Answer 2

pons (brain stem) and cerebellum

cognition and sensorimotor system

Question 3

mesencephalon

Answer 3

tectum = inferior colliculi and superior colliculi - visual motor function

tegmentum = pariaqueductal grey (grey matter - pain)
substantia nigra (black substance - reward and movement)
red nucleus (sensorimotor function)

Question 4

diencephalon

Answer 4

thalamus (top of the brain stem - joined by the massa intermedia)
- sensory relay nuclei - receive signals from sensory nuclei and transmit them to the right areas of the sensory cortex

hypothalamus - motivated behaviour and regulated the release of hormones
optic chiasm (optic nerves for eyes)
mammilary bodies (memory)

Question 5

telencephalon

Answer 5

cerebral cortex (voluntary movement, sensory inout and cognitive processes)
folds = fissures (large) and sulci (small)

90% of cortex is neocortex
pyramidal cells - large multipolar neurons with pyramid shaped bodies
stellate cells (small star share interneurons)
sic layers of neocortex differ in size and density
long axons connect the layers vertically

hippocampus not in neocortex

Question 6

limbic system

Answer 6

regulates motivate behaviour

amygdala
cingulate cortex
fornix
septum

Question 7

central nervous system

Answer 7

brain and spinal cord

Question 8

peripheral nervous system

Answer 8

somatic nervous system
and
autonomic nervous system

Question 9

somatic nervous system

Answer 9

external environment
afferent nerves - skin -> CNS
efferent - CNS -> skeletal muscles

Question 10

autonomic nervous system

Answer 10

internal environment
afferent - internal organs -> CNS
efferent - CNS -> internal organs

Question 11

efferent nerves

Answer 11

two types:
sympathetic nerves (organise energy resources) - autonomic motor nerves that project from CNS to lumbar (small of back) and thoracic (chest area)
and 
parasympathetic nerves (conserve energy) - autonomic nerves that project from the brain to the sacral (lower back)

Question 12

autonomic organs

Answer 12

receive opposing information from both efferent nerves to control it
SN - synapse onto second stage neruon far from target neuron
PN - synapse near their target organs and have a short second stage neural network

Question 13

3 meninges (protective membranes)

Answer 13

outer meninx - dura mata (tough)
inside dura mater - arachnoid membrane
beneath arachnoid membrane - pia mater (adheres surface of CNS)

Question 14

cerebrospinal fluid

Answer 14

fills central canal of the spinal cord

Question 15

central canal

Answer 15

small space in middle of spinal cord

Question 16

multipolar neurons

Answer 16

more than 2 processes extending from its body

Question 17

unipolar

Answer 17

one process extending from its body

Question 18

bipolar neuron

Answer 18

two processes

Question 19

interneurons

Answer 19

short or no axon

Question 20

tracts

Answer 20

CNS bundles of axons

Question 21

nerves

Answer 21

PNS bundles of axons

Question 22

nuclei

Answer 22

cell bodies in CNS

Question 23

ganglia

Answer 23

cell bodies in PNS

Question 24

oligodendrocytes

Answer 24

extensions that wrap around neurons in CNS rich in myelin

Question 25

schwann cells

Answer 25

PNS

contains 1 myelin sheath guiding axonal regeneration

Question 26

microglia

Answer 26

smaller

respond to injury by multiplying and engulfing cellular debris triggering inflammatory response

Question 27

astrocytes

Answer 27

large star shaped glial cells
cover surface of blood vessels
make contact with cell bodies
control synapses

Question 28

golgi stain

Answer 28

see individual neurons

Question 29

nissl stain

Answer 29

stains neurons to identify amount in an area

uses cresyl violet

Question 30

electron microscopy

Answer 30

details of neurons structure

Question 31

neuroanatomical tracing

Answer 31

anterograde - trace paths of axons projecting away from cell bodies
and
retrograde - tracing axons projecting into an area