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Neuroscience > Neuroimaging techniques > Flashcards

Neuroimaging techniques Flashcards

1
Q

contrast x-rays

A

injecting substance that absorbs x-rays compared to surrounding tissue

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2
Q

x-ray computed tomography

A

computed x-ray to view brain and other intended structures

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3
Q

magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)

A

high spatial resolution (just brain structure)
2D or 3D

measures waves of hydrogen atoms when electrically stimulated
energy via radiofrequency
energy is absorbed and emitted differently by different tissues (gives information on structure)

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4
Q

positron emission tomography (PET)

A

brain activity - not structure!
uses a similar substance to glucose that cant be metabolised
radiation higher in active regions (gamma rays)
biological processes
uses radiation so it has a limited use

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5
Q

functional MRI (fMRI)

A

oxygen flow in the brain
3D images
good spatial resolution
oxygenation of the of blood in the tissue (active brain regions call up more blood)

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6
Q

diffusion tensor imaging (DTI)

A

method of identifying which water molecules diffuse

= images of tracts

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7
Q

transcranial magnetic stimulation

A

tried to establish a causal effect by temporarily lesioning areas

can also activate areas - inducting action potential reactions

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8
Q

recording psychophysiological activity (EEG)

A

EEG - measures gross electrical activity of the brain (action potentials, post synaptic potentials, electrical signals from skin)
- signal averaging - avoids background noise = average evoked potentials (ARPs)

+ temporal
- spatial

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9
Q

recording psychophysiological activity (MEG)

A

magnetoencephalogrophy - changes in magnetic field produce by changed in neural activity

+ better spatial resolution

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10
Q

recording psychophysiological activity (muscle tension)

A

anxious/nervous people = higher levels of tension

recorded with electromyagram (EMG)

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11
Q

recording psychophysiological activity (eye movement)

A

difference in potential between front an back of the eye (changes in electric potential when it moves)

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12
Q

recording psychophysiological activity (skin conductance)

A

skin conductance response (higher when aroused)

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13
Q

recording psychophysiological activity (cardiovascular activity)

A

heart rate, blood pressure, blood volume (genitals)

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14
Q

stereotaxic surgery

A

experimental device placed in the brain (invasive)

need:
stereotaxic atlas and stereotaxic instrument

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15
Q

aspiration lesions

A

can see where you are lesioning

sucking away cortex so white matter underneath can be stuied

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16
Q

radio-frequency lesions

A

current through target tissue - heat destroys

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17
Q

knife cuts

A

nerve or tracts

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18
Q

reversible lesions

A

cooling or anaesthetising (same p tested more than once)

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19
Q

interpretation

A

hard as you usually damage other areas of the brain

20
Q

intragastricaly

A

tube into the stomach

21
Q

intraperitonealy

A

abdoman

22
Q

intramuscularly

A

large muscle

23
Q

subcutaneously

A

beneath the skin

24
Q

intravenously

A

surge surface vein

25
Q

selective chemical lesions

A

injecting neurotoxins - certain affinity for NS

Ibotenic acid and Kainic acid - taken up by cell bodies

26
Q

2-deoxyglucose technique (2-DG)

A

measuring chemical activity in the brain

injecting substance similar to glucose so highlights active regions

27
Q

cerebral dialysis

A

measures extracellular concentration of specific neurochemicals

small semi-permeable tube placed in the brain

28
Q

immunocyto chemistry

A

immune reaction

foreign chemical is injected into the body creating antibodies

29
Q

in situ hybridisation

A

locating peptides and other proteins in the brain

30
Q

gene knockout technique

A

creating organisms that lack a particular gene

31
Q

gene replacement techniques

A

pathological human cells can replace cells of other animals

32
Q

GFP

A

green florescent protein - elicits a green light when expose to blue light
insert into target cells
brainbow - other colours can be used

33
Q

single test approach

A

no single test could be developed to distinguish between structure and function

34
Q

standard test-battery approach

A

sets of tests to identify brain damaged patients

Halstead-Reitan neurophysiological test battery - set of tests performed poorly by brain damaged patients

35
Q

customise test battery approach

A

identifies and characterises brain damaged patients

begins with broad tests and becomes narrower

36
Q

tests of the common neurophysiological test battery

A

IQ - Wechsler adult intelligence scale (WAIS) [15 subtests that show area of dysfunction]

Memory - WAIS - often fails to detect memory deficits but usually this is described by the patient on arrival

Language - token test - different shapes, colours and sizes - told to organise in a more and more challenging way

language lateralisation - sodium amytal test and dichotic listening test - left side of brain usually more influential

37
Q

tests of specific neuropsychological function

A

memory - is it LTM or STM
- LTM - anterograde (after damage) or retrograde (before damage)
- semantic or episodic?
- explicit or implicit?
repetition priming tests = amnesic patients as good as normal but don’t remember seeing words

language - deficits in (a) phonology, (b) syntax or (c) semantics

38
Q

frontal lobe function

A

Wisconsin card sorting test - patient is told to sort cards but not how

  • begin guessing and told whether or not they’re right or wrong
  • researchers change the way you sort
  • those with frontal damage cant change the way they sort them
39
Q

paired image subtraction technique

A

brain images of lots of tasks, estimate activity by subtracting normal from active

brain at rest = default mode
brain structures active during task are less active during rest mode = default mode network

40
Q

tests of aggressive and defensive behaviour

A

intruder paradigm

elevate plus maze

41
Q

pavlovian conditioning

A

pairing neutral stimulus with an unconditional stimulus, that elicits an unconditional response

42
Q

operant conditioning

A

rate at which a voluntary response in increased by reinforcement or decreased by punishment

  • self stimulation paradigm (pleasure centres in the brain excited)
43
Q

conditional taste aversion

A

avoidance response that develops to tastes of food following illness

44
Q

neophobic

A

scare of new things

45
Q

marris water maze

A

tests spatial awareness in rats

46
Q

radial arm maze

A

spatial abilities in rats

Neuroscience (15 decks)

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