Drug Addiction

Question 1

metabolised

Answer 1

in the liver by enzymes, passed out in urine

Question 2

cross tolerance

Answer 2

can produce tolerance to another drug

Question 3

metabolic tolerance

Answer 3

amount of drug getting to the site

Question 4

functional tolerance

Answer 4

reduces activity of the sites

Question 5

before and after design

Answer 5

one group receives drug before task
another after task
final task, both receive drug before
tests the degree to which drugs have an affect

Question 6

conditioned drug tolerance

Answer 6

tolerance effects are maximised when administered in the same situation

Question 7

conditioned compensatory response

Answer 7

drug overdoses are more common in new environments

Question 8

exeroceptic

Answer 8

environment

Question 9

interoceptive

Answer 9

internal, private stimuli

Question 10

tobacco

Answer 10

nicotinergic cholinergic receptors

Question 11

smokers syndrome

Answer 11

chest pains, wheezing, coughing and susceptibility to infection

Question 12

Buerger’s disease

Answer 12

blood vessels to legs become restricted due to smoking

Question 13

alcohol scarring on liver

Answer 13

cirrhosis

Question 14

deterium tremens

Answer 14

hallucinations and delusions (withdrawal from alcohol)

Question 15

cocaine and stimulants

Answer 15

blocks dopamine transporters - increases dopamine in the synapse as its not taken back up

Question 16

opiods

Answer 16

binds to receptors that would usually bind to endorphins or enkephalins

Question 17

positive incentive theories of addiction

Answer 17

take the drug to obtain its hedonic effects (positive incentive)

fails to explain the link between hedonic value (like) and (want)

Question 18

physical dependance theory

Answer 18

addicted individuals take the drug to avoid the withdrawal

the longer the time since taking the drug (detoxified addicts) - the bigger the cravings

Question 19

intracranial self stimulation

Answer 19

stimulation to the pleasure centres of the brain

Question 20

mesotelencephalic dopamine system

Answer 20

important role in intracranial stimulation (dopaminergic neurons)

Question 21

drug self administration paradigm

Answer 21

rat presses leaver to inject drug or to stimulate pleasure centres

Question 22

conditioned place-preference paradigm

Answer 22

rat receives drugs in one area in one of two boxes - time spent in each box is measured

Question 23

nucleus accumbens

Answer 23

part of the mesotelencephalon pathway

• rats self administer to this pathway
• injections produce place preference
• lesions blocked self administration
• high extracellular levels of dopamine from events

Question 24

initial drug taking

Answer 24

can be viewed as tools
life experience
food restriction 
social interaction
peer pressure

predicted by behavioural traits - novelty seeking

Question 25

incentive sensitisation theory

Answer 25

one becomes sensitised to the drug in addiction prone individuals who are then motivated to take the drug

wanting - dopamine in nucleus accumbens
liking - dopamine is less important

transition - change in striatum (habit formation) and impairment of prefrontal cortex (loss of control)

Question 26

brief exposure to non-drug reinforcers

Answer 26

help addiction