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Biology > Test #5 (Semester 2) > Flashcards

Test #5 (Semester 2) Flashcards

1
Q

Calorie

A

amount of heat energy it takes to raise 1 gram of water by 1˚C

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2
Q

Kilocalories (KCAL)

A

Calorie (found on food packages
equals 1000 calories
3500 calories: 1 pound

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3
Q

salivary glands

A

produces 1 liter of saliva a day

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4
Q

saliva

A

chemical digestion
95% water
mucin (slimy and lubricates)
amylase (breaks down starch)

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5
Q

mechanical digestion

A

chewing food in mouth, churning food in stomach

physical breaking of food into smaller pieces

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6
Q

chemical digestion

A

using enzymes break food down (mouth, stomach, small intestine)

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7
Q

esophagus

A

muscular tube leading to stomach

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8
Q

peristalsis

A

muscle contractions that move through the esophagus (moves food downwards)

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9
Q

epiglottis

A

blocks trachea

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10
Q

stomach

A

muscular sac
kicked at the end of the esophagus
churns and digests using pepsin and hydrochloric acid and pepsin
protective acid layer (mucus)

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11
Q

mouth/oral cavity

A

place of mechanical and chemical digestion

saliva and teeth

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12
Q

cardiac sphincter

A

doorway that leads into stomach

leaky valve leads to heartburn

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13
Q

pepsin

A

an enzyme that helps digest proteins

digests polypeptides/proteins

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14
Q

hydrochloric acid (HCL)

A

kills bacteria, turns on enzyme, and dissolve intracellular glues

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15
Q

small intestine

A

21 foot long tube: duodenum, jejunum, ileum
digestion follows the stomach, before large intestine (uses amylase, sucrase, lipase to digest)
absorbs with villi

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16
Q

villi

A

inner foldings of intestine to increase surface area for absorption of food particles/monomers into blood

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17
Q

liver

A

organ that cleans blood and makes bile
emulsifies fats
stores glucose as glycogen
converts food waste into urea

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18
Q

bile

A

made in the liver
stored in gallbladder
released to small intestine
breaks fat down into small particles

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19
Q

gallbladder

A

stores bile

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20
Q

pancreas

A 
organ that helps digestion and makes hormones
sodium bicarbonate (base)
amylase
trypsin/chymotrypsin
insulin and glucagon (hormones)
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21
Q

sodium bicarbonate

A

a base that neutralizes stomach acid

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22
Q

large intestine (colon)

A

a large tube that surrounds the small intestine
holds e. coli (symbiont: life living together) provides vitamin K
absorbs water and minerals and vitamins

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23
Q

nervous system

A

quick cell to cell communication through body

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24
Q

excretory system

A

cleans blood of nitrogen wastes

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25
endocrine system
set of glands that secrete hormones into the bloodstream
26
immune system
recognizes and destroys foreign invaders
27
digestion system
breaks food down to be absorbed by blood
28
respiratory system
brings oxygen into body to be absorbed by blood
29
circulatory system
carries gases, nutrients and wastes through body
30
absorption
pass of tiny pieces of food through the walls of the small intestine into the blood stream (uses diffusion, active transport and villi)
31
rectum
a short tube at the end of the large intestine where waste material is compressed into a solid form
32
excretion
cleans blood, removes waste | uses liver, kidney, and large intestine
33
kidney
filters blood, makes urine
34
filteration
removes urea, water, glucose, salts, and sugar
35
urea
the major molecules of excretion in the kidney system; toxic waste containing nitrogen; made by liver
36
nephron
long tubule in the kidney that filters urea, salts, and water from blood to make urinary excretion
37
reabsorption
returns to the blood (water, sugars)
38
secretion
adds toxins to urine (drugs. medicine)
39
hypothalamus
alerts the pituitary to release hormones
40
pituitary
releases FSH, LH, growth hormone, and ADH gamete production gonad hormone initiation tells body to do mitosis tells kidney to make concentrated urine/make less urine (caffein stops ADH so you pee more)
41
thyroid
makes thyroxine: stimulates metabolism
42
adrenal
makes adrenaline: increase "energy" by increasing blood sugar and heart rate
43
insulin
decreases glucose in blood by opening doorways into cells/building glycogen in liver
44
glucagon
increases glucose in blood by telling liver to break glycogen
45
diabetes
normally a liver stores sugar as glycogen insulin opens cells so they can take in glucose Type 1: doesn't make enough insulin Type 2: insulin unlocks glucose transporters, pancreas makes insulin, body doesn't respond (Insulin resistant) excess glucose causes: nerve damage, nephron damage, eye damage
46
fibrin
protein used for blood clotting (factor 8)
47
bladder
stores urine until it leaves body
48
urethra
urine leaves body through this tube
49
ureter
tube carrying urine produced in the kidneys to the urinary bladder
50
heart
muscular pump that moves blood
51
pacemaker
set of nerves that trigger beating of heart
52
heart beat
lup dup sound due to the closing of heart valves | leaky doorway: murmur: a valve that is not functioning properly
53
right atrium
blood drains into this | the blood contains lots of CO2
54
right ventricle
blood in right atrium flows here
55
left atrium
pulmonary veins return blood to this side of the heart
56
left ventricle
sends blood everywhere but lungs
57
aorta
carries blood out of the heart to the body
58
vein
carries blood towards heart | 3 layers of tissue with 1 way valves
59
artery
carries blood away from heart | 3 layers of tissue (thicker) no valves
60
capillary
exchanges food, waste, and gases with body cells | 1 thin layer
61
blood
consists of erythrocytes (RBCs), leukocytes (WBCs), and platelets plasma is the liquid (mainly water): has antibodies and fibrin
62
erythrocytes
red blood cells carries hemoglobin which binds to O2 carries gases
63
leukocytes
white blood cells (immune cells)
64
platelets
dead cells used in clotting
65
plasma
mainly water contains antibodies and fibrin cell food (glucose, amino acids) has hormones
66
lymphatic system
gets rid of excess blood from bruises
67
alveoli
sacs where oxygen diffuses into blood (in lungs)
68
trachea
tube to lungs
69
larynx
holds vocal chords
70
bronchi
branches into lungs
71
Why Breathe?
mitochondria will do cell respiration | O2=sugar to make energy/ATP and gas is created and needs to go out (breathing out CO2 and H20)
72
inhalation
air enters rib cage expands as rib muscles contract lung volume gets greater diaphragm pulls down (contracts)
73
exhalation
air leaves ribcage moves down and in lungs get smaller diaphragm moves up (relaxes)

Biology (13 decks)

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