Test 3 (semester 2) Flashcards
Bipedal
walks on two feet only
cladogram
a phylogenetic diagram that specifies unique features.
primates
- common ancestor
- brain approx. 370 cc (chimps) vs. 1300 cc (human)
- opposable thumb
- binocular vision
- rotating shoulders
binocular vision
allows you to see depth
Homo Habilis
Time: 2.2-1.5 mya
Habitat: Tanzania
Physical Feature: brain is 550 cc or more
Richard Leakey discovered: they use tools (stone), ate meat
Homo Erectus
Time: 1.6-700,000
Habitat: Africa to Asia
Physical feature: 800 cc brain (75%)
Used Flake axe and fire pits
Homo Neanderthalensis
Time: 130,000-30,000
Habitat: Europe to Asia
Physical feature: 1400 cc brain (bigger than ours), taller (5ft)
-cavemen (barried their dead), used spears/flake tool, furs, war??
Australopithecus
- afarensis: 4.1 mya, lesser snout, 3 ft tall, 450 cc brain, Johansen’s LUCY, Mary Leakey found footprints
- africanus 3-2.5 mya, South Africa?, 515 cc brain, more ape like limbs, R. Dart (1925)/ Taug dead side branch
- robustus: 2.2-1.4 mya, South Africa?, 530 cc brain, dead side branch
bacterial conjugation
pass plasmids through conjugation bridge/mating bridge/PILI (grow the bridge and pass DNA and could pass resistant genes)
Obligate anaerobe
dies when exposed to O2
Obligate aerobe
dies without O2
photoautotroph
use light like plants (for energy)
chemoautotroph
use chemical like nitrites and H2S for energy
chemoheterotroph
get energy by eating organic food
extremophile
love living in extreme environments
thermophiles: like hot places, cold places
(halophiles. ..)
protozoa
animal like protista
protista
cell type: eukaryote
size: most unicellular
reproduction: most asexual
energy source: half engulf; half photosynthesis
archea
ancient extremophiles with different cell wall and histones like eukaryotes
slime molds
example of a fungi like protist
-similar to mushrooms but lack characteristics of being a mushroom
mycellium
long continuous thread of fungus cells (underground)
cocci
round shaped
bacillus
long shaped
spirilla
spiral shaped
Protista
- cell type: eukaryote
- size: most unicellular
- reproduction: most asexual
- energy souce: half engulf, half photosynthesis
Fungus
- food: heterotrophic decomposers
- structure: made from bundles of hyphae (underground chain)
- mycelium: long continuous thread of fungus cells
- reproduces asexually: spores
- cell wall of: chitin
Uses of Fungi
food, alcohol, antibiotics
Fungus problems
ergot: hullucigen
destroy our crops
yeast infection
nail infection
hyphae
underground chain that makes fungus (mushrooms)
phloem
(to the lowum)
carries nutrients from leaves to roots
xylem
(to the skylum)
carries nutrients from roots to leaves
leaves
photosynthesis
6O2+6H2O=glucose+6O2
stomata
gas exchange
flowers
attract pollinators
seed bearing structures
- dry fruit (beans and almonds)
- wet fruit (grapes and watermelon)
(vegetables are actually fruit)
binary fission
asexual bacterial reproduction
ecology
the study between life forms and their environments
biosphere
is the region of earth where life exists
biomes
specific regions of earth identified by their climate and life forms
tropical rainforest
- high temperature, heavy rainfall
- tall trees
- cats, tucans, frogs, monkeys, crocodiles, bugs, sloths
savannah
- tropical, high temperature, less rainfall than tropical rainforest
- grasslands, scattered trees
- zebras, lions, rhinos, giraffes, elephants, leopard, hyenna, hornbird
desert
- hot, dry
- cacti, succulents
- rats, snakes, scorpions, foxes, owls
grassland (prairie)
-season droughts, occasional fires, less water and lower temperatures than savannas
deciduous forest
- warm summers, cold winters, moderate precipitation
- deciduous trees
- bears, deers, squirrels, hedgehogs, badger
coniferous forest (taiga)
- cold winters, heavy snowfall
- cone-bearing trees
- moose, eagle, gray wolf, bears
tundra
- very cold winters, permafrost (permanently frozen soil), high winds, little rainfall
- grasses, sedges
- reindeers, mammoth, snowy owl, polar bear, arctic fox
chaparral
- temperate, fires
- scrub forest
- squirrels, opossums, mountain lions, skunks, snakes, rabbits
ecosystem
a given area’s abiotic and biotic features
abiotic
nonliving, pH of soil, soil type, mineral supply, temperature range
biotic
light intensity, amount of rainfall, supply of gas, saprophytes, carnivores, herbivores, omnivores, living factors, predators, parasites
community
different populations of species living in the same area
ecological succession
the changes in an environments following a disturbance
pioneer species
the first species that moves into a damaged or new area (lichen, grass) (fire, volcano)
niche
an organisms habitat and role in that habitat
carnivore
only eats meat
herbivore
only eats fruits and vegetables
omnivore
eats both
range
geographical area where an organism is found
habitat
region in an ecosystem where a population exists
producer
a life form that does photosynthesis
consumer (primary and secondary)
if a life form gains energy by feeding on others
decomposer
a life form that breaks down waste
food chain
the pathway of food transferred from one trophic level to another
food web
a pattern of feeding an ecosystem’s interconnected food chains
trophic level
a feed level in the chains or web
10% rule
only about 10% of the energy in one trophic level is passed to the next
- energy is lost through waste, cellular respiration and growth
- only 10% is turned into biomass while the rest is lost as heat
why are most food chains 3-4 levels?
Most food chains are limited to 3-4 levels because there is simply not enough energy at the top of an energy pyramid to support another trophic level.
energy pyramid
emphasizes energy loss from each trophic level
numbers pyramid
depicts the number of organisms in each trophic level of an ecosystem
condensation
process of water vapor cooling to form clouds
evaporation
process of liquid water becoming a gas
precipitation
process of water vapor condensing and falling to earth
transpiration
process when water vapor exits plant leaves
greenhouse effect
sunlight brings in heat and the greenhouse gases trap in some heat. Some heat then escapes int space. However, since the greenhouse gases are growing, we are trapping in more heat and destroying the ozone layer.
Climate Change
Climate Change is due to the increasing greenhouse gases and the destruction of the earth’s ozone layer. Glaciers are melting, polar bears are drowning, sea levels are getting higher, tsunamis and hurricanes are getting bigger, melting glaciers, floods and warming tundra permafrost, increased fires, coral reef bleach, disease spread
deforestation
- causes: oil drilling, cattle ranching, mining, road construction, creating jobs
- results: loss of biodiversity, climate change
biological magnification
- process when the concentration of toxins accumulate through the levels of a food chain (pesticides)
- burning coal releases mercury into the environment (gets washed into the ocean and big fish have most mercury but if you eat a lot, you are harming your baby if you are pregnant
- result: eggs are weak, effects everyone that is part of the food chain, mercury destroys brain cells, causes brain problems in babies
ozone depletion
accumulation of chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) and freon
-result: more skin cancer in Australia, eye damage in Southern Hemisphere, human immune system effected, crops are being effected
acid rain
-excessive sulfer dioxide and nitric oxide from exhausts
domain (3)
archea, bacteria, eukaryote
hominid
the genus for Homo sapiens etc.
bacteria
prokaryote, domain, used to make antibiotics, and is a decomposer
antibiotic
kills off the ribosomes of the cell wall of bacteria
algae
protista, makes up 70% of oxygen that we breath
paramecium
protista, unicellular, protozoa,
ameoba
protozoa
chitin
makes up the cell wall of plants
cuticle
waxy coating on the leaves
pollen
the male gamete of the flower
roots
suck up nutrients, water, minerals in soil
store energy and sugars
keep plant in the ground
carpel
female reproductive organs
stamen
the male reproductive organ
anther
is the tip of the stamen and produces to pollen
Plantae
plant.
pollinator
spreads pollen and fertilizes other plants
water cycle
evaporation, condensation, (transpiration), precipitation
-transpiration is kind of like precipitation
CO2 Cycle
pg. 176 notes
