Test 3 (semester 2) Flashcards
0
Q
Bipedal
A
walks on two feet only
1
Q
cladogram
A
a phylogenetic diagram that specifies unique features.
2
Q
primates
A
- common ancestor
- brain approx. 370 cc (chimps) vs. 1300 cc (human)
- opposable thumb
- binocular vision
- rotating shoulders
3
Q
binocular vision
A
allows you to see depth
4
Q
Homo Habilis
A
Time: 2.2-1.5 mya
Habitat: Tanzania
Physical Feature: brain is 550 cc or more
Richard Leakey discovered: they use tools (stone), ate meat
5
Q
Homo Erectus
A
Time: 1.6-700,000
Habitat: Africa to Asia
Physical feature: 800 cc brain (75%)
Used Flake axe and fire pits
6
Q
Homo Neanderthalensis
A
Time: 130,000-30,000
Habitat: Europe to Asia
Physical feature: 1400 cc brain (bigger than ours), taller (5ft)
-cavemen (barried their dead), used spears/flake tool, furs, war??
7
Q
Australopithecus
A
- afarensis: 4.1 mya, lesser snout, 3 ft tall, 450 cc brain, Johansen’s LUCY, Mary Leakey found footprints
- africanus 3-2.5 mya, South Africa?, 515 cc brain, more ape like limbs, R. Dart (1925)/ Taug dead side branch
- robustus: 2.2-1.4 mya, South Africa?, 530 cc brain, dead side branch
8
Q
bacterial conjugation
A
pass plasmids through conjugation bridge/mating bridge/PILI (grow the bridge and pass DNA and could pass resistant genes)
9
Q
Obligate anaerobe
A
dies when exposed to O2
10
Q
Obligate aerobe
A
dies without O2
11
Q
photoautotroph
A
use light like plants (for energy)
12
Q
chemoautotroph
A
use chemical like nitrites and H2S for energy
13
Q
chemoheterotroph
A
get energy by eating organic food
14
Q
extremophile
A
love living in extreme environments
thermophiles: like hot places, cold places
(halophiles. ..)
15
Q
protozoa
A
animal like protista
16
Q
protista
A
cell type: eukaryote
size: most unicellular
reproduction: most asexual
energy source: half engulf; half photosynthesis
17
Q
archea
A
ancient extremophiles with different cell wall and histones like eukaryotes
18
Q
slime molds
A
example of a fungi like protist
-similar to mushrooms but lack characteristics of being a mushroom
19
Q
mycellium
A
long continuous thread of fungus cells (underground)
20
Q
cocci
A
round shaped
21
Q
bacillus
A
long shaped
22
Q
spirilla
A
spiral shaped
23
Q
Protista
A
- cell type: eukaryote
- size: most unicellular
- reproduction: most asexual
- energy souce: half engulf, half photosynthesis
24
Fungus
- food: heterotrophic decomposers
- structure: made from bundles of hyphae (underground chain)
- mycelium: long continuous thread of fungus cells
- reproduces asexually: spores
- cell wall of: chitin
25
Uses of Fungi
food, alcohol, antibiotics
26
Fungus problems
ergot: hullucigen
destroy our crops
yeast infection
nail infection
27
hyphae
underground chain that makes fungus (mushrooms)
28
phloem
(to the lowum)
| carries nutrients from leaves to roots
29
xylem
(to the skylum)
| carries nutrients from roots to leaves
30
leaves
photosynthesis
| 6O2+6H2O=glucose+6O2
31
stomata
gas exchange
32
flowers
attract pollinators
33
seed bearing structures
- dry fruit (beans and almonds)
- wet fruit (grapes and watermelon)
(vegetables are actually fruit)
34
binary fission
asexual bacterial reproduction
35
ecology
the study between life forms and their environments
36
biosphere
is the region of earth where life exists
37
biomes
specific regions of earth identified by their climate and life forms
38
tropical rainforest
- high temperature, heavy rainfall
- tall trees
- cats, tucans, frogs, monkeys, crocodiles, bugs, sloths
39
savannah
- tropical, high temperature, less rainfall than tropical rainforest
- grasslands, scattered trees
- zebras, lions, rhinos, giraffes, elephants, leopard, hyenna, hornbird
40
desert
- hot, dry
- cacti, succulents
- rats, snakes, scorpions, foxes, owls
41
grassland (prairie)
-season droughts, occasional fires, less water and lower temperatures than savannas
42
deciduous forest
- warm summers, cold winters, moderate precipitation
- deciduous trees
- bears, deers, squirrels, hedgehogs, badger
43
coniferous forest (taiga)
- cold winters, heavy snowfall
- cone-bearing trees
- moose, eagle, gray wolf, bears
44
tundra
- very cold winters, permafrost (permanently frozen soil), high winds, little rainfall
- grasses, sedges
- reindeers, mammoth, snowy owl, polar bear, arctic fox
45
chaparral
- temperate, fires
- scrub forest
- squirrels, opossums, mountain lions, skunks, snakes, rabbits
46
ecosystem
a given area's abiotic and biotic features
47
abiotic
nonliving, pH of soil, soil type, mineral supply, temperature range
48
biotic
light intensity, amount of rainfall, supply of gas, saprophytes, carnivores, herbivores, omnivores, living factors, predators, parasites
49
community
different populations of species living in the same area
50
ecological succession
the changes in an environments following a disturbance
51
pioneer species
the first species that moves into a damaged or new area (lichen, grass) (fire, volcano)
52
niche
an organisms habitat and role in that habitat
53
carnivore
only eats meat
54
herbivore
only eats fruits and vegetables
55
omnivore
eats both
56
range
geographical area where an organism is found
57
habitat
region in an ecosystem where a population exists
58
producer
a life form that does photosynthesis
59
consumer (primary and secondary)
if a life form gains energy by feeding on others
60
decomposer
a life form that breaks down waste
61
food chain
the pathway of food transferred from one trophic level to another
62
food web
a pattern of feeding an ecosystem's interconnected food chains
63
trophic level
a feed level in the chains or web
64
10% rule
only about 10% of the energy in one trophic level is passed to the next
- energy is lost through waste, cellular respiration and growth
- only 10% is turned into biomass while the rest is lost as heat
65
why are most food chains 3-4 levels?
Most food chains are limited to 3-4 levels because there is simply not enough energy at the top of an energy pyramid to support another trophic level.
66
energy pyramid
emphasizes energy loss from each trophic level
67
numbers pyramid
depicts the number of organisms in each trophic level of an ecosystem
68
condensation
process of water vapor cooling to form clouds
69
evaporation
process of liquid water becoming a gas
70
precipitation
process of water vapor condensing and falling to earth
71
transpiration
process when water vapor exits plant leaves
72
greenhouse effect
sunlight brings in heat and the greenhouse gases trap in some heat. Some heat then escapes int space. However, since the greenhouse gases are growing, we are trapping in more heat and destroying the ozone layer.
73
Climate Change
Climate Change is due to the increasing greenhouse gases and the destruction of the earth's ozone layer. Glaciers are melting, polar bears are drowning, sea levels are getting higher, tsunamis and hurricanes are getting bigger, melting glaciers, floods and warming tundra permafrost, increased fires, coral reef bleach, disease spread
74
deforestation
- causes: oil drilling, cattle ranching, mining, road construction, creating jobs
- results: loss of biodiversity, climate change
75
biological magnification
- process when the concentration of toxins accumulate through the levels of a food chain (pesticides)
- burning coal releases mercury into the environment (gets washed into the ocean and big fish have most mercury but if you eat a lot, you are harming your baby if you are pregnant
- result: eggs are weak, effects everyone that is part of the food chain, mercury destroys brain cells, causes brain problems in babies
76
ozone depletion
accumulation of chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) and freon
-result: more skin cancer in Australia, eye damage in Southern Hemisphere, human immune system effected, crops are being effected
77
acid rain
-excessive sulfer dioxide and nitric oxide from exhausts
78
domain (3)
archea, bacteria, eukaryote
79
hominid
the genus for Homo sapiens etc.
80
bacteria
prokaryote, domain, used to make antibiotics, and is a decomposer
81
antibiotic
kills off the ribosomes of the cell wall of bacteria
82
algae
protista, makes up 70% of oxygen that we breath
83
paramecium
protista, unicellular, protozoa,
84
ameoba
protozoa
85
chitin
makes up the cell wall of plants
86
cuticle
waxy coating on the leaves
87
pollen
the male gamete of the flower
88
roots
suck up nutrients, water, minerals in soil
store energy and sugars
keep plant in the ground
89
carpel
female reproductive organs
90
stamen
the male reproductive organ
91
anther
is the tip of the stamen and produces to pollen
92
Plantae
plant.
93
pollinator
spreads pollen and fertilizes other plants
94
water cycle
evaporation, condensation, (transpiration), precipitation
| -transpiration is kind of like precipitation
95
CO2 Cycle
pg. 176 notes
