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Biology > Test #4 (Semester 2) > Flashcards

Test #4 (Semester 2) Flashcards

1
Q

gametes

A

human sex cells
sperm and egg
(haploid: have 23 chromosomes)

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2
Q

meiosis

A

the process that makes gametes

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3
Q

primary oocyte

A

the diploid cell in the ovary at prophase I

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4
Q

ovulation

A

the process in which an egg is released

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5
Q

ovum

A

egg

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6
Q

Why is only one ovum made if meiosis forms 4 cells?

A

for each of the primary oocyte that goes under meiosis, only one of the four cells produced survives as the ovum. The other three cells, called polar bodies, break down. (MALES) In contrast, for each primary spermatocyte that undergoes meiosis, all four cells produced normally developed into sperm cells.

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7
Q

testes

A

reproductive organ releases hormones that cause changes to the body associated with puberty
also create spem cells

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8
Q

How many sperm can a male make each day?

A

400,000,000

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9
Q

ovary/female gonad

A

where the eggs are made

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10
Q

gonads

A

sex organs (ovaries/testes)

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11
Q

follicle

A

a cluster of cells that surround, protect, and nourish a developing cell

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12
Q

oviduct/fallopian tube

A

a 10cm long tube that carries the egg to the uterus
(where fertilization normally takes place)
(cilia move the egg in the tube to the ovary)

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13
Q

uterus/womb

A

a muscular sac that holds and protects the baby

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14
Q

cervix

A

bottom opening of the womb

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15
Q

vagina

A

the tube exiting the uterus

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16
Q

scrotum

A

a sac-like structure that contain the testes. sperm cannot develop at normal body temperature, so the scrotum is to house the testes outside the main body cavity (1-3 degrees celsius), cooler than normal body temperature

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17
Q

seminiferous tubules

A

inside the testes, they produce sperm, release testosterone, and stimulates sperm production

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18
Q

epididymis

A

contains nutrients, where the sperm mature

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19
Q

vas deferns

A

the muscular tube that propels the sperm towards the urethra

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20
Q

what are the three glands that make semen?

A

seminal vesicles, prostrate glands, bulbourethral glands (cowper glands)

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21
Q

dual functions of urethra

A

during ejaculations, muscular contraction propel sperm from the epididymis through the connecting ducts called the vas deferns and finally through the urethra. The urethra is also the tube through which urine flows

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22
Q

hypothalamus (male and female)

A

detects low hormone levels triggers master gland

female: if you aren’t pregnant, it tells you to begin menstrual cycle all over again

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23
Q

pituitary (male)

A

releases:
LH: luteinizing hormone/start making testosterone
FSH: follicle stimulating hormone/starts making sperm

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24
Q

testosterone (male)

A

does secondary sex traits

muscle, facial hair

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25
pituitary (female)
releases: LH: luteinizing hormone/start making estrogen FSH: follicle stimulating hormone/start making eggs
26
estrogen
sex traits: fat | triggers: breasts, endometrium (lining in uterus sheds), butt
27
what happens at day 14 of menstrual cycle?
LH peaks, triggers ovulation, follicle becomes corpus luteum
28
corpus luteum (yellow body)
makes progesterone and estrogen so that the uteral lining gets really thick so you can hold the baby
29
menstruation
period; when corpus luteum dies
30
HCG
if pregnant, embryo starts making estrogen and HCG so your lining stays thick. HCG is in your urine when you are pregnant but it only happens when your embryo implants. (pregnancy tests test for HCG in your urine but only works 2 weeks after sex because sperm takes 2-3 days to find egg and egg takes time to implant)
31
zygote
diploid organism formed during fertilization
32
fertilization
fusing of ovum to sperm
33
blastulation
formation of blastocyst
34
blastocyst
hollow ball of cells with an inner cell mass
35
trophoblast
outer cells of blastocyst that become extra embryonic tissues
36
how do cells specialize?
cells talk to each other through chemical messages and convince cells around it to specialize
37
gastrulation
infolding of blastocyst forming germ/gastrula layers (3 cells layers)
38
gastrula layers
endoderm: inside; forms lungs and digestive tract mesoderm: middle; forms muscles and bones ectoderm: outside; skin cells, brain cells
39
amniotic sac
protects the developing baby
40
spina bifida
in the first couple of weeks the spine seals but does not seal completely due to folic acid deficiency
41
Trimesters
1st: 1-12 weeks 2nd: 16-24 weeks 3rd: up until 36 weeks
42
first trimester
SrY gene turns on mother provides food, waste disposal, water, oxygen organs begin to form (liver, brain, heart but dont function yet) size: no bigger than a kumquat
43
placenta
combined baby tissue and uterine wall that filters blood into embryo
44
umbilical chord
tube joining mother and embryo blood
45
second trimester
remaining systems form (but lungs) mother's body still doing all the work size: 14 inches (1-2 pounds)
46
third trimester
all organs form (but lungs) | size: 18 inches (6 pounds)
47
oxytocin
hormone that tells your uterus to contract
48
prolactin
triggers when the mother goes into labor; when hormone is released, the mother starts making milk
49
water breaks
amniotic sac breaks
50
capsid
outer protein coat of virus
51
parasite
uses host organelles to make offspring (copies DNA and RNA)
52
host specific
only targets a certain host ex: chicken pox used to only infect chickens
53
HIV
virus that uses protein knob to bind to immune cells (need 2 keys to get into 2 locks CCR5); bind to CD4 and CCR5 on T cells
54
lytic
insert genetic info and lyse cell (pg 190 in notes)
55
lysogenic
insert genetic info which inbeds with in host genes and eventually destroy host steps: bind to host cell, insert nucleic acid, nucleic acid binds to host DNA (dormant), when host reproduces DNA also does virus, environmental trigger starts lytic phase
56
retroviral infection
lysogenic viruses that insert RNA
57
reverse transcription
turn RNA into DNA
58
non specific defense
when a barrier does not distinguish one invader from another; any body part that prevents ANY pathogens from entering the body
59
key barrier
skin
60
chemical barriers
saliva, tears, sweat
61
barrier in trachea
mucus: bacteria sticks to it
62
second line of defense
macrophages, inflammatory
63
macrophages
attack and engulf any invader | do endocytosis/phagocytosis: eat the virus/bacteria
64
inflammatory response
a nonspecific defense against an infection characterized by redness swelling heat pain; triggered when your injured cells release histamine; swell: blood carries white blood cells to protect from infection and pushes on nerves; hot: heat kills bacteria; itch: irritation alerts you to take care of wound why benedryl: anti histamine/blocks histamine
65
third line of defense
a targeted or specific defense that attacks only pathogens or cells that it sees as intruders (non self); sometimes cancer cells. T cells and B cells
66
B cells
turn into plasma and memory cells; plasma make antibodies
67
antibodies
neutralize bateria
68
T cells killer/cytoxic
pop cell membrane of bacteria infected cell
69
immunity
the body is resistant to a pathogen because you have been exposed to it before
70
antigen receptors
any foreign substance/protein that triggers the immune system often found on the outside of viruses, bacteria, etc
71
pathogen
disease causing organism or virus

Biology (13 decks)

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