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Biology > Test #4 (Semester 2) > Flashcards

Test #4 (Semester 2) Flashcards

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1
Q

gametes

A

human sex cells
sperm and egg
(haploid: have 23 chromosomes)

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2
Q

meiosis

A

the process that makes gametes

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3
Q

primary oocyte

A

the diploid cell in the ovary at prophase I

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4
Q

ovulation

A

the process in which an egg is released

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5
Q

ovum

A

egg

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6
Q

Why is only one ovum made if meiosis forms 4 cells?

A

for each of the primary oocyte that goes under meiosis, only one of the four cells produced survives as the ovum. The other three cells, called polar bodies, break down. (MALES) In contrast, for each primary spermatocyte that undergoes meiosis, all four cells produced normally developed into sperm cells.

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7
Q

testes

A

reproductive organ releases hormones that cause changes to the body associated with puberty
also create spem cells

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8
Q

How many sperm can a male make each day?

A

400,000,000

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9
Q

ovary/female gonad

A

where the eggs are made

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10
Q

gonads

A

sex organs (ovaries/testes)

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11
Q

follicle

A

a cluster of cells that surround, protect, and nourish a developing cell

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12
Q

oviduct/fallopian tube

A

a 10cm long tube that carries the egg to the uterus
(where fertilization normally takes place)
(cilia move the egg in the tube to the ovary)

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13
Q

uterus/womb

A

a muscular sac that holds and protects the baby

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14
Q

cervix

A

bottom opening of the womb

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15
Q

vagina

A

the tube exiting the uterus

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16
Q

scrotum

A

a sac-like structure that contain the testes. sperm cannot develop at normal body temperature, so the scrotum is to house the testes outside the main body cavity (1-3 degrees celsius), cooler than normal body temperature

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17
Q

seminiferous tubules

A

inside the testes, they produce sperm, release testosterone, and stimulates sperm production

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18
Q

epididymis

A

contains nutrients, where the sperm mature

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19
Q

vas deferns

A

the muscular tube that propels the sperm towards the urethra

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20
Q

what are the three glands that make semen?

A

seminal vesicles, prostrate glands, bulbourethral glands (cowper glands)

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21
Q

dual functions of urethra

A

during ejaculations, muscular contraction propel sperm from the epididymis through the connecting ducts called the vas deferns and finally through the urethra. The urethra is also the tube through which urine flows

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22
Q

hypothalamus (male and female)

A

detects low hormone levels triggers master gland

female: if you aren’t pregnant, it tells you to begin menstrual cycle all over again

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23
Q

pituitary (male)

A

releases:
LH: luteinizing hormone/start making testosterone
FSH: follicle stimulating hormone/starts making sperm

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24
Q

testosterone (male)

A

does secondary sex traits

muscle, facial hair

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25
Q

pituitary (female)

A

releases:
LH: luteinizing hormone/start making estrogen
FSH: follicle stimulating hormone/start making eggs

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26
Q

estrogen

A

sex traits: fat

triggers: breasts, endometrium (lining in uterus sheds), butt

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27
Q

what happens at day 14 of menstrual cycle?

A

LH peaks, triggers ovulation, follicle becomes corpus luteum

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28
Q

corpus luteum (yellow body)

A

makes progesterone and estrogen so that the uteral lining gets really thick so you can hold the baby

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29
Q

menstruation

A

period; when corpus luteum dies

30
Q

HCG

A

if pregnant, embryo starts making estrogen and HCG so your lining stays thick. HCG is in your urine when you are pregnant but it only happens when your embryo implants. (pregnancy tests test for HCG in your urine but only works 2 weeks after sex because sperm takes 2-3 days to find egg and egg takes time to implant)

31
Q

zygote

A

diploid organism formed during fertilization

32
Q

fertilization

A

fusing of ovum to sperm

33
Q

blastulation

A

formation of blastocyst

34
Q

blastocyst

A

hollow ball of cells with an inner cell mass

35
Q

trophoblast

A

outer cells of blastocyst that become extra embryonic tissues

36
Q

how do cells specialize?

A

cells talk to each other through chemical messages and convince cells around it to specialize

37
Q

gastrulation

A

infolding of blastocyst forming germ/gastrula layers (3 cells layers)

38
Q

gastrula layers

A

endoderm: inside; forms lungs and digestive tract
mesoderm: middle; forms muscles and bones
ectoderm: outside; skin cells, brain cells

39
Q

amniotic sac

A

protects the developing baby

40
Q

spina bifida

A

in the first couple of weeks the spine seals but does not seal completely due to folic acid deficiency

41
Q

Trimesters

A

1st: 1-12 weeks
2nd: 16-24 weeks
3rd: up until 36 weeks

42
Q

first trimester

A

SrY gene turns on
mother provides food, waste disposal, water, oxygen
organs begin to form (liver, brain, heart but dont function yet)
size: no bigger than a kumquat

43
Q

placenta

A

combined baby tissue and uterine wall that filters blood into embryo

44
Q

umbilical chord

A

tube joining mother and embryo blood

45
Q

second trimester

A

remaining systems form (but lungs)
mother’s body still doing all the work
size: 14 inches (1-2 pounds)

46
Q

third trimester

A

all organs form (but lungs)

size: 18 inches (6 pounds)

47
Q

oxytocin

A

hormone that tells your uterus to contract

48
Q

prolactin

A

triggers when the mother goes into labor; when hormone is released, the mother starts making milk

49
Q

water breaks

A

amniotic sac breaks

50
Q

capsid

A

outer protein coat of virus

51
Q

parasite

A

uses host organelles to make offspring (copies DNA and RNA)

52
Q

host specific

A

only targets a certain host ex: chicken pox used to only infect chickens

53
Q

HIV

A

virus that uses protein knob to bind to immune cells (need 2 keys to get into 2 locks CCR5); bind to CD4 and CCR5 on T cells

54
Q

lytic

A

insert genetic info and lyse cell (pg 190 in notes)

55
Q

lysogenic

A

insert genetic info which inbeds with in host genes and eventually destroy host
steps:
bind to host cell, insert nucleic acid, nucleic acid binds to host DNA (dormant), when host reproduces DNA also does virus, environmental trigger starts lytic phase

56
Q

retroviral infection

A

lysogenic viruses that insert RNA

57
Q

reverse transcription

A

turn RNA into DNA

58
Q

non specific defense

A

when a barrier does not distinguish one invader from another; any body part that prevents ANY pathogens from entering the body

59
Q

key barrier

A

skin

60
Q

chemical barriers

A

saliva, tears, sweat

61
Q

barrier in trachea

A

mucus: bacteria sticks to it

62
Q

second line of defense

A

macrophages, inflammatory

63
Q

macrophages

A

attack and engulf any invader

do endocytosis/phagocytosis: eat the virus/bacteria

64
Q

inflammatory response

A

a nonspecific defense against an infection characterized by redness swelling heat pain;
triggered when your injured cells release histamine;
swell: blood carries white blood cells to protect from infection and pushes on nerves;
hot: heat kills bacteria;
itch: irritation alerts you to take care of wound
why benedryl: anti histamine/blocks histamine

65
Q

third line of defense

A

a targeted or specific defense that attacks only pathogens or cells that it sees as intruders (non self); sometimes cancer cells.
T cells and B cells

66
Q

B cells

A

turn into plasma and memory cells; plasma make antibodies

67
Q

antibodies

A

neutralize bateria

68
Q

T cells killer/cytoxic

A

pop cell membrane of bacteria infected cell

69
Q

immunity

A

the body is resistant to a pathogen because you have been exposed to it before

70
Q

antigen receptors

A

any foreign substance/protein that triggers the immune system often found on the outside of viruses, bacteria, etc

71
Q

pathogen

A

disease causing organism or virus

Biology (13 decks)

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