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Biology > Test #1 (Semester 2) > Flashcards

Test #1 (Semester 2) Flashcards

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1
Q

plasmid

A

small circular DNA molecules that replicate separately from the much larger bacterial chromosome, used as vectors to insert DNA

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2
Q

vector

A

gene carriers to insert DNA during genetic engineering (plasmid, viruses, liposomes)

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3
Q

restriction enzymes

A

cutting tools used for making recombinant DNA or DNA profiles (protects bacteria against viruses)

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4
Q

sticky ends

A

single stranded ends of the DNA and are used to join together the fragments created by restriction enzymes

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5
Q

probe

A

labeled complementary piece of nucleic acid used to find a specific gene within a mass of DNA (during southern blots)

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6
Q

genetic engineering

A

insertion or modification of genes to produce desired proteins

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7
Q

recombinant DNA

A

formed when two fragments of DNA cut by the same restriction enzyme come together,and join by base pairing.

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8
Q

gel electrophoresis

A

Electric gradient moves DNA through agarose gel creating Readable pattern of DNA fragments.

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9
Q

Which fragments move through electrophoresis faster? why?

A

Small because they can work their ways through the gel easier

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10
Q

DNA has what charge?

A

negative because it moves toward the positive electrode in electrophoresis

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11
Q

PCR

A

tool that copies DNA pieces quickly

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12
Q

Uses for DNA profiling

A

Solve crimes, identify bodies, identify paternity, diagnose genetic diseases

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13
Q

What enzyme is needed in PCR?

A

DNA polymerase (to copy DNA)

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14
Q

Steps to add a gene into a bacteria

A

Main goal - deliberately remove genetic material from one organism and insert it into a bacteria
Form genetic clones
• Gene is identified by a probe
• cut gene using restriction enzyme
• cut plasmid using same restriction enzyme
• Insert gene into a plasmid, sticky ends fuse
• Plasmid inserts gene into a bacteria
• bacteria makes of desired protein

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15
Q

What proteins are genetically engineered in bacteria

A

insulin, factor VII, cellulase (jeans), “snow” protein

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16
Q

Southern blot

A

uses probes to bind to DNA bands in gel to make a permanent Xray image of DNA profile

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17
Q

Steps of DNA profile

A
  • collect DNA/cell sample
  • Extract DNA from cell and purify
  • copy DNA with PCR
  • cut DNA with restriction enzymes
  • sort DNA pieces with electrophoresis
  • tag DNA bands with probe
  • make permanent with Southern blot
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18
Q

where can you get DNA in a fingerprint?

A

any cell (blood, semen, skin, hair root)

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19
Q

agarose

A

used to make the gel in electrophoresis

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20
Q

Human Genome Project

A

international project that found the DNA code of humans

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21
Q

who were the heads of the human genome project?

A

James watson (started), Dr. Francis (finished)

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22
Q

Craig Venter

A

created a fast way of sequencing a gene using computers

23
Q

gene sequencing

A

uses electrophoresis to find the order of the bases of a gene/piece of DNA

24
Q

liposome

A

small ball of lipids with a gene inside that acts as a vector to insert DNA during engineering

25
Q

gene insertion

A

process using vector to put a gene into another life form

26
Q

chromatography

A

technique used to separate molecules (dyes) using paper and solvent (water)

27
Q

Transgenic

A

an organism with a new gene inserted into it/ GMO

28
Q

GMO

A

genetically modified organism

29
Q

genetic engineering

A

any process that uses restriction enzymes to alter DNA

30
Q

How to make recombinant DNA

A

use restriction enzyme to cut the DNA then using the sticky ends, insert a different set of DNA

31
Q

Adult Stem Cells

A

cells present in adult tissue that generate replacement cells

32
Q

Embryonic Stem Cells

A

cells of an embryo that have not differentiated (determined what cells they will be)

33
Q

Invitro fertilizations (IVF)

A

fertilizations that takes place outside a female’s body

34
Q

Therapeutic Cloning

A

Nuclear transplantation of a patient’s own DNA to make stem cells with identical genetic information.

35
Q

Reproductive Cloning

A

Implanting an embryo into the uterus of a surrogate mother to create an organism that is genetically identical to the donor of the nucleus.

36
Q

Differentiation

A

when stem cells receive the genetic signal to become a specific type of cell

37
Q

Regeneration

A

regrowth of lost tissue or destroyed parts of organs

38
Q

Pluripotent

A

stem cells with the potential to differentiate into most any type of cell

39
Q

Multipotent

A

adult stem cells are multipotent and can differentiate into a limited variety of cell types (bone marrow and umbilical chord)

40
Q

How genetically modified foods/transgenic organisms are created

A

it gets a genetic change in each of its cells that a researcher has introduced; the modification may add a gene from a different species and thereby create a transgenic plant

41
Q

Color blindness

A

Inheritance=X-linked Recessive;; Symptoms=can range from slight difficulty in telling different shades of a color apart to not being able to identify any color

42
Q

hemophilia

A

Inheritance=X-linked Recessive [males];; Symptoms=uncontrollable bleeding

43
Q

How clones are created

A

a diploid somatic nucleus is inserted into an egg from which the nucleus has been removed

44
Q

blastocyst

A

3-5 day old embryo

  • Blastocell= hollow center
  • inner cell mass= ball of cells-embyro-foetus
  • turns into stem cells
45
Q

sex linkage

A

genes that occur on the sex chromosome are inherited differently in men and women

46
Q

DNA fingerprinting

A

using electrophoresis and enzymes to identify aspects of DNA

47
Q

Ashanti DeSilva

A

immune dificiency

  • missing an enzyme so has no immune system
  • added a gene to her white blood cells
  • one of the first successful cases
48
Q

PGD

A 
preimplantation genetic diagnosis
-take egg & sperm in a dish (do IVF)
-cell is withdrawn
-DNA sequencing
-only healthy babies are injected into uterus
(DNA is studied for genetic diseases)
49
Q

Golden rice

A

enriched (healthier) rice made with the gene for beta carotene
(rice that helps eyes)

50
Q

Dolly

A

first successfully cloned animal

51
Q

Somatic Nuclear Transfer

A

Cloning

the production of identical cells without fertilization

52
Q

Microsort

A

-dye sperm sex chromosomes
-X chromosome hold more dye and becomes charged
-seperate sperm by their charge
(family balancing, genetic disease through gender)

53
Q

Jesse Gelsinger

A

an 18-year old with a rare metabolic disorder

-died after receiving an experimental gene therapy

Biology (13 decks)

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