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Biology > Test 3 > Flashcards

Test 3 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

cell cycle

A

series of events that takes place in a cell from one division to the next

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2
Q

Mitosis

A

the process in which the nucleus divides and forms 2 identical nuclei

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3
Q

prophase

A

what phase of mitosis are the chromosomes visible, nuclear membrane and nucleolus disappear, centrioles move toward poles of the cell, spindles stretch across the cell from centriole to centriole

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4
Q

Metaphase

A

what phase of mitosis do double stranded cromosomes line up across the midline, the centromeres attach to a spindle fiber

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5
Q

anaphase

A

centromeres divide, 2 strands of each chromosome separate and head toward opposite ends of the cell

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6
Q

telophase

A

the centrioles and spindles start to disappear, a new nuclear membrane appear aound each mass of chromosomes and a new nucleolus appear in the nucleus

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7
Q

asexual reproduction

A

a new organsim produces from only one parent

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8
Q

meiosis

A

process of reduction division by which the chromosome number is reduced by half

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9
Q

haploid

A

cell with single set of chromosomes (human egg or sperm)

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10
Q

gametes

A

term for sex cells (egg or sperm)

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11
Q

karyotype

A

visual display of 23 homologous pairs of chromosomes

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12
Q

zygote

A

fertilized egg after union of gametes

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13
Q

homologous chromosomes

A

matching pair of chromosomes; one from each parent

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14
Q

crossing over

A

exchange of genes between two non-sister chromatids during prophase 1

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15
Q

prophase 1

A

homologous chromosomes synapse; from tetrads; crossing over occurs

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16
Q

sex chromosomes

A

23rd pair of chromosomes; determine sex: XX; XY

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17
Q

metaphase 1

A

homologous chromosomes alight opposite; spindles attach to only one side

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18
Q

anaphase 1

A

homologous chromosomes separate; called reduction division

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19
Q

metaphase 2

A

sister chromatids align in middle; spindle fibers to both sides of the centromere

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20
Q

anaphase 2

A

sister chromatids separate to opposite poles

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21
Q

independent assortment

A

shuffling of homologous chromosomes at metaphase 1

22
Q

diploid

A

contains full chromosome complement

23
Q

polar body

A

produced during oogenesis

24
Q

tetrad

A

pairs of homologous chromosomes joined together

25
Q

telophase 1

A

end of meiosis 1, 2 diploid cells are formed

26
Q

telophase 2

A

formation of 4 haploid cells

27
Q

prophase 2

A

basically like mitosis but with 2 cells

28
Q

meiosis 1

A

formation of 2 diploid cells with the sister chromatids are still attached

29
Q

meiosis 2

A

no replication occurs during this part and at the end 4 haploid cells are formed when the sister chromatids are split apart

30
Q

somatic cells

A

body cells

31
Q

G1, S, and G2

A

the 3 parts of interphase

32
Q

interphase

A

in what part of the cell cycle does the cell spend the majority of its time

33
Q

cytokinesis

A

cytoplasm divides in 2 daughter cells

34
Q

autosome

A

a chromosome that is not a sex chromosome

35
Q

chromatin

A

thin twisted thread of DNA; it appears in non-dividing cells; uncoiled DNA that is tightly wound around proteins

36
Q

chromosomes

A

consist of DNA and protein; rod like structure and is seen when the chromatin shortens and thickens

37
Q

chromatid

A

strand of doubled chromosomes that contains identical parts; attached at the centromere

38
Q

centromere

A

chromatids are attached at the point

39
Q

cell plate

A

how plant cells divide; the thing that splits them in half

40
Q

tumor

A

an abnormally growing mass of body cells

41
Q

benign tumor

A

an abnormally growing mass of body cells that remain at their original site

42
Q

malignant tumor

A

an abnormally growing mass of body cell that spread into neighboring tissues and other parts of the body

43
Q

metastasis

A

the spread of abnormally growing mass of body cells that has spread via circulatory system beyond their original site

44
Q

cancer

A

cells that dont respond to the signal that regulate their group

45
Q

centrioles

A

cell organelle that aids in division only in animal cells. replicate, move to poles, emit spindle and later are located by nucleus

46
Q

histone

A

the proteins that the chromatins wrap around to form the chromosomes

47
Q

cell equator

A

the center of the cell

48
Q

aster

A

connected to centrioles; act as a substitute cytoskeleton

49
Q

carcinogen

A

agents that cause cancer

50
Q

oncogenes

A

genes that cause cancer

51
Q

chemotherapy

A

inject you with chemicals

lose your hair, nausea, tired

52
Q

radiation therapy

A

they use high radiation to disrupt the cell division

Biology (13 decks)

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