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Biology > Test 4 > Flashcards

Test 4 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
0
Q

Thymine

A

DNA nitrogenous base that pairs with adenine

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1
Q

Cytosine

A

Nitrogenous base that pairs with Guanine

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2
Q

Adenine

A

Nitrogenous Base that pairs with Thymine and Uracil

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3
Q

Uracil

A

RNA nitrogenous base that pairs with Adenine

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4
Q

Nucleotide

A

Monomers (building blocks) of DNA or RNA

monomer of nucleic acids

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5
Q

rRNA

A
  • Ribosomal RNA

- RNA that is in the ribosome and guides the translation of mRNA into a protein (acts as glue)

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6
Q

Translation

A

When the mRNA gets read by the ribosome and makes a protein

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7
Q

Double Helix

A

The twisted ladder shape of DNA

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8
Q

Codon

A

Three base “word” that codes for a specific amino acid

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9
Q

Transcription

A

The process of synthesizing RNA by using one strand of a DNA molecule as a template

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10
Q

DNA Replication

A

The process of copying a DNA molecule

-process of copying the DNA molecule

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11
Q

Mutation

A

A change in a cell’s genetic material. Once the genetic material ahs changed, the change is inherited by the offspring of that cell

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12
Q

tRNA

A
  • Transfer RNA

- This type of RNA carries the amino acid to the ribosome in order to construct a protein (protein synthesis)

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13
Q

Anticodon

A

On the end of the tRNA molecule this contains the three bases that are complementary to the codons on mRNA

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14
Q

Deoxyribose

A

The sugar of DNA (5 carbon)

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15
Q

Ribose

A

The sugar of RNA

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16
Q

Mutagen

A

A substance in the environment that causes a mutation

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17
Q

D.N.A.

A
  • DeoxyriboNucleic Acid
  • the blueprints of life
  • the primary material that causes recognizable inheritable characteristics in related groups of organisms
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18
Q

Genes

A

sequence of DNA that codes for a protein and thus determines a trait

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19
Q

How many subunits is DNA composed of?

A

4

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20
Q

Who led major experiments and hit the conclusion that DNA is the genetic material in cells.

A

Griffith, Avery, Hershey, Chase

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21
Q

Griffith

A
  • discovered transformation
  • used to strains of bacteria (S and R)
  • the S strain had a capsule and the R strain didn’t
  • had experiments that led to the conclusion that genetic material could be transferred between cells
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22
Q

Avery

A
  • wanted to determine whether the transforming agent in Griffith’s experiments was protein, RNA, or DNA
  • used enzymes to destroy each of these molecules (protein, RNA, DNA) in heat killed S bacteria
  • DNA is responsible for transformation in bacteria, RNA can transform R cells into S cells
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23
Q

Hershey and Chase

A

-studied bacteriophages
-used radioactive isotopes (radioactive sulfur and phosphorous)
-DNA is the hereditary material
-

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24
Q

bacteriophages

A
  • viruses that infect bacterial cells and cause the cells to produce viruses
  • made of protein and DNA
  • labeled with radioactive sulfer
25
Q

Watson and Crick

A
  • made a model of DNA’s structure
  • discovered it was a double helix
  • DNA model is shaped as a double helix and each strand is made up of nucleotides
  • Crick recognized that DNA strands run antiparallel
26
Q

Purine

A

Bases A and G

-have two rings of nitrogen and carbon atoms per base

27
Q

Pyrimidines

A

Bases T and C

-have 1 ring of nitrogen and carbon atoms per base

28
Q

Wilkins & Franklin

A
  • Watson and Crick got information from them to determine the 3D structure of DNA
  • developed X-ray diffraction imageds of strands of DNA
  • Franklin used X-ray crystallography and discovered that DNA was a double helix
29
Q

Chargaff

A
  • Watson and Crick used information from him to determine the 3D structure of DNA
  • found that the amount of A always equals T, and the amount of G always equals C
30
Q

DNA vs RNA

A
  • deoxyribose vs ribose
  • thymine vs uracil
  • double strand vs single strand
31
Q

Pauling

A

-Famous Caltech scientist, attempted to discover shape of DNA, outspoken against nuclear weapons

32
Q

mRNA

A
  • messenger RNA

- RNA that copies the coded message from DNA in the nucleus and carries the message into the cytoplasm

33
Q

RNA polymerase

A

an enzyme that starts (catalyzes) the formation of RNA by using a strand of a DNA molecule as a template

34
Q

Genetic code

A

the rule that describes how a sequence of nucleotides read in groups of three consecutive nucleotides (triplets) that correspond to specific amino acids, specifies the amino acid sequence of a protein

35
Q

Start codon

A

AUG

36
Q

Helicase

A

Enzyme that unwinds and unzips the DNA helix during DNA replication

37
Q

DNA polymerase

A

Enzyme that builds the complementary strand in DNA replication

38
Q

X-ray crystallography

A

the study of crystals and their structure by means of X-ray diffraction

39
Q

Base pair rule

A

A bonds to T/U

C bonds to G

40
Q

Antiparallel

A

The 2 strands run in opposite directions in DNA

41
Q

Telomeres

A

extra DNA on the ends of a chromosome that shortens each time DNA copies

42
Q

Telomerase

A

STEM cells, cancer cells, and embryo cells have active telomerase

43
Q

Stop codon

A

signals to stop

carry no amino acids

44
Q

Introns

A

in editing a DNA message, are removed and stay in nucleus

45
Q

Exons

A

are used for RNA and exit to the ribosome so mRNA can leave the nucleus

46
Q

Frame shift mutation

A

altering of nucleotide number that results in improper grouping of codons due to insert or deleted nucleotides

47
Q

Gene Mutation

A

a mutation in one gene

-many are made but corrected during S phase

48
Q

Base substitution

A

replacement of one nucleotide for another

49
Q

Trisomy

A

when one chromosome has 3 pairs and not 2

50
Q

Nondisjunction

A

chromosome mutation during meiosis where tetrad fails to seperate resulting in a gamete with extra or missing chromosome

51
Q

“template”

A

DNA acts as a template because one DNA is used to print or replicate a bunch of other DNA

52
Q

duplication

A

regions of DNA are repeated

53
Q

chromosomal deletion

A

regions of chromosome are lost

54
Q

chromosomal inversion

A

regions of chromosome are reversed

55
Q

translocation

A

region of one chromosome is moved to a non homologous chromosome

56
Q

Karyotypes

A

medical tool used to study chromosomes by arranging them by size and shape

57
Q

amniocentesis

A

the extraction of fetal cells from the amniotic fluid to study chromosome abnormalities

58
Q

ultrasound

A

the use of sound waves to create an image of a structure/fetus

59
Q

Down’s syndrome, cri du chat, klinefelters, turners

A

examples of chromosomal disorders.

Biology (13 decks)

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