Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Biology > Test 4 > Flashcards

Test 4 Flashcards

0
Q

Thymine

A

DNA nitrogenous base that pairs with adenine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
1
Q

Cytosine

A

Nitrogenous base that pairs with Guanine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Adenine

A

Nitrogenous Base that pairs with Thymine and Uracil

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Uracil

A

RNA nitrogenous base that pairs with Adenine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Nucleotide

A

Monomers (building blocks) of DNA or RNA

monomer of nucleic acids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

rRNA

A
  • Ribosomal RNA

- RNA that is in the ribosome and guides the translation of mRNA into a protein (acts as glue)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Translation

A

When the mRNA gets read by the ribosome and makes a protein

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Double Helix

A

The twisted ladder shape of DNA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Codon

A

Three base “word” that codes for a specific amino acid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Transcription

A

The process of synthesizing RNA by using one strand of a DNA molecule as a template

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

DNA Replication

A

The process of copying a DNA molecule

-process of copying the DNA molecule

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Mutation

A

A change in a cell’s genetic material. Once the genetic material ahs changed, the change is inherited by the offspring of that cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

tRNA

A
  • Transfer RNA

- This type of RNA carries the amino acid to the ribosome in order to construct a protein (protein synthesis)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Anticodon

A

On the end of the tRNA molecule this contains the three bases that are complementary to the codons on mRNA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Deoxyribose

A

The sugar of DNA (5 carbon)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Ribose

A

The sugar of RNA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Mutagen

A

A substance in the environment that causes a mutation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

D.N.A.

A
  • DeoxyriboNucleic Acid
  • the blueprints of life
  • the primary material that causes recognizable inheritable characteristics in related groups of organisms
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Genes

A

sequence of DNA that codes for a protein and thus determines a trait

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

How many subunits is DNA composed of?

A

4

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Who led major experiments and hit the conclusion that DNA is the genetic material in cells.

A

Griffith, Avery, Hershey, Chase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Griffith

A
  • discovered transformation
  • used to strains of bacteria (S and R)
  • the S strain had a capsule and the R strain didn’t
  • had experiments that led to the conclusion that genetic material could be transferred between cells
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Avery

A
  • wanted to determine whether the transforming agent in Griffith’s experiments was protein, RNA, or DNA
  • used enzymes to destroy each of these molecules (protein, RNA, DNA) in heat killed S bacteria
  • DNA is responsible for transformation in bacteria, RNA can transform R cells into S cells
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Hershey and Chase

A

-studied bacteriophages
-used radioactive isotopes (radioactive sulfur and phosphorous)
-DNA is the hereditary material
-

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
bacteriophages
- viruses that infect bacterial cells and cause the cells to produce viruses - made of protein and DNA - labeled with radioactive sulfer
25
Watson and Crick
- made a model of DNA's structure - discovered it was a double helix - DNA model is shaped as a double helix and each strand is made up of nucleotides - Crick recognized that DNA strands run antiparallel
26
Purine
Bases A and G | -have two rings of nitrogen and carbon atoms per base
27
Pyrimidines
Bases T and C | -have 1 ring of nitrogen and carbon atoms per base
28
Wilkins & Franklin
- Watson and Crick got information from them to determine the 3D structure of DNA - developed X-ray diffraction imageds of strands of DNA - Franklin used X-ray crystallography and discovered that DNA was a double helix
29
Chargaff
- Watson and Crick used information from him to determine the 3D structure of DNA - found that the amount of A always equals T, and the amount of G always equals C
30
DNA vs RNA
- deoxyribose vs ribose - thymine vs uracil - double strand vs single strand
31
Pauling
-Famous Caltech scientist, attempted to discover shape of DNA, outspoken against nuclear weapons
32
mRNA
- messenger RNA | - RNA that copies the coded message from DNA in the nucleus and carries the message into the cytoplasm
33
RNA polymerase
an enzyme that starts (catalyzes) the formation of RNA by using a strand of a DNA molecule as a template
34
Genetic code
the rule that describes how a sequence of nucleotides read in groups of three consecutive nucleotides (triplets) that correspond to specific amino acids, specifies the amino acid sequence of a protein
35
Start codon
AUG
36
Helicase
Enzyme that unwinds and unzips the DNA helix during DNA replication
37
DNA polymerase
Enzyme that builds the complementary strand in DNA replication
38
X-ray crystallography
the study of crystals and their structure by means of X-ray diffraction
39
Base pair rule
A bonds to T/U | C bonds to G
40
Antiparallel
The 2 strands run in opposite directions in DNA
41
Telomeres
extra DNA on the ends of a chromosome that shortens each time DNA copies
42
Telomerase
STEM cells, cancer cells, and embryo cells have active telomerase
43
Stop codon
signals to stop | carry no amino acids
44
Introns
in editing a DNA message, are removed and stay in nucleus
45
Exons
are used for RNA and exit to the ribosome so mRNA can leave the nucleus
46
Frame shift mutation
altering of nucleotide number that results in improper grouping of codons due to insert or deleted nucleotides
47
Gene Mutation
a mutation in one gene | -many are made but corrected during S phase
48
Base substitution
replacement of one nucleotide for another
49
Trisomy
when one chromosome has 3 pairs and not 2
50
Nondisjunction
chromosome mutation during meiosis where tetrad fails to seperate resulting in a gamete with extra or missing chromosome
51
"template"
DNA acts as a template because one DNA is used to print or replicate a bunch of other DNA
52
duplication
regions of DNA are repeated
53
chromosomal deletion
regions of chromosome are lost
54
chromosomal inversion
regions of chromosome are reversed
55
translocation
region of one chromosome is moved to a non homologous chromosome
56
Karyotypes
medical tool used to study chromosomes by arranging them by size and shape
57
amniocentesis
the extraction of fetal cells from the amniotic fluid to study chromosome abnormalities
58
ultrasound
the use of sound waves to create an image of a structure/fetus
59
Down's syndrome, cri du chat, klinefelters, turners
examples of chromosomal disorders.

Biology (13 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions