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Biology > Test #2 (Semester 2) > Flashcards

Test #2 (Semester 2) Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Natural Selection

A

process by which individuals that are better suited to their environment survive and reproduce most successfully; also called survival of the fittest

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2
Q

Common Ancestor

A

the shared ancestor of new, different species that arose from one population

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3
Q

Evolution (descent with modification)

A

change in a kind of organism over time; process by which modern organisms have descended from ancient organisms

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4
Q

Fossils

A

some sort of preserved remain of a life form (extinct or still alive)

Types: petrification, amber (sap), tar, ice, sedimentary rock)

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5
Q

petrification (mineralization)

A

when a structure trapped in sediments is replaced by minerals

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6
Q

relative dating

A

estimates the age of a fossil based on its placement in a layer of rock

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7
Q

radiometric dating

A

uses mathematical formulas to study the amount of radioactive isotopes in a fossil

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8
Q

why do isotopes decay?

A

they are unstable because they have the wrong number of neutrons

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9
Q

where are radioactive isotopes found

A

natural processes like solar radiation and star formation

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10
Q

half life

A

the amount of time it takes half a radioactive isotope to decay into a new stable element

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11
Q

C-14/U-238

A

C-14: carbon 14; becomes N in 5,730 years (used to study recent bones)
U-238 becomes Pb in 4.5 billion years (used to study petrified fossils)

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12
Q

John Baptiste Lamarck

A

Proposed that by using or not using certain body parts, an organism develops certain characteristics. He thought that these enhanced characteristics would be passed on to offsprings. “INHERITANCE OF ACQUIRED TRAITS”
ex: kangaroos didnt used to have big legs, giraffes stretched to get food

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13
Q

Why was Lamarck wrong?

A

Because the characteristics would have modified the DNA in order to be inherited and there is no evidence of this

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14
Q

Darwin

A

Father of EVolution
noticed that the plants and animals throughout the continent all had a definite South American character. They were distinct from the species of Europe. Even the fossils he found were unique. Some fossils were gigantic versions of modern day animals. His observations supported the idea that species living in SOuth America today were descended from ancestrial species on that continent

upbringing: men were doctors, interested in natural theology

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15
Q

gradualism

A

the slow processes of mountain building and erosion suggested an Earth that must be very old
these slow and gradual processes occurring over vast spans of time could cause enormous change on earth

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16
Q

Lyell

A

influenced Darwin greatly

gradualism

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17
Q

Galapagos

A

the islands Darwin went to

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18
Q

Thomas Malthus

A

essay explains how human suffering was due to the fact that populations grow faster than resources can be produced

All life must struggle/compete to exist

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19
Q

adaptation

A

a trait that allows an organism to survive in its environment

  • help survive
  • help attract a mate
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20
Q

homologous structures

A

similar structure found in more than one species that shared a common ancestor

21
Q

vestigial structures

A

remnant of a structure that may have had a larger function in a species ancestors but has a lesser function today.
ex: whale hip bones, snakes leg bones

22
Q

peppered moths

A

the dark moths live better in the dark forest/places with polution; the light moths live better in the ligh forest

23
Q

pesticide resistant

A

if the bugs survive being sprayed with a pesticide, they will reproduce and have babies who are resistant to the pesticide

24
Q

antibiotic restistance

A

the germ is resistant to medicine so it wont die and it will reproduce

25
Q

Malaria resistant

A

if you are a carrier of sickle cell

helpful in Africa

26
Q

HIV resistant

A

some people are missing CCR5 protein (doorknob) which allows itself to multiply in your cell

27
Q

lactose intolerance

A

the gene to allow you to digest it turns off; stays on (mutation) in people in places that drink a lot of milk

28
Q

homeotic genes

A

regions of DNA that are responsible for turning on and off other genes. they regulate the timing of gene activities

29
Q

HOX genes

A

a regulatory gene essential in embryological development and determine where the regions of the body should be
ex: HOX6 controls position and number of vertebrae; Pitx-1 controls jaws and fins)

30
Q

remodeling

A

when trait in an ancestor may be used for a different purpose in the ancestor

31
Q

forms of DNA variations

A

mutations
crossing over
independant assortment
random fertilization

32
Q

taxonomy

A

the study of naming all organisms and placing them in groups

33
Q

Carolus Linnaeus (Karl von Linne)

A

father of taxonomy

developed binomial nomenclature

34
Q

binomial nomenclature

A

has two main characteristics, a two part Latin name for each species and a hierarchy, or ordering of species into broader and broader groups. A two part name or binomial is the genus (first part) and the species within the genus

35
Q

Scientific name

A

the two names used global to refer to a life form

36
Q

classification

A 
the part of taxonomy where life forms are grouped with others with similar ancestry or appearance
Domain (Dumb)
Kingdom (Kids)
Phylum (Playing)
Class (Catch)
Order (On)
Family (Freeways)
Genus (Go)
Species (Splat)
37
Q

Human classification

A 
Animalia
Chordata, Mammalia, Primate
Homnid
Homo
Homo Sapien
38
Q

cladogram

A

a phylogenic diagram that specifies unique features

39
Q

spontaneous generation (Abiogenesis)

A

the idea that life could be created from inanimate objects

40
Q

Miller

A

placed gases in a flask to represent Earth’s ancient atmosphere. used electric sparks to represent lightning as an energy source. The experiement produced a variety of small organic molecules that are essential to life including amino acids (CH4, NH3, H2, energy)

41
Q

Panspermia

A

some organic matter (monomers) could come from space on meteorites

42
Q

Primordial soup

A

collection of the monomers and polymers in the oceans

43
Q

ribozymes

A

pieces of RNA that act like enzymes and can help to self copy

44
Q

formation of pre-cells

A

cell like collection of polymers that can have life like gratis

  • can divide
  • can store and use enzymes
  • act as protective containers
45
Q

first life

A
  1. 6 billion years ago
    - prokaryote
    - unicellular
    - consumer
    - anaerobic (doesnt need oxygen)
    - asexual
46
Q

Redi

A

maggot origins

47
Q

Pateur

A

microbe origins
boiled broth and put in a “swanneck flask”
bacteria gets stuck in neck
there are microscopic life forms in the air

48
Q

JPL polymers

A

attempted to make polymers

need monomers, energy, catalyst

49
Q

Big bang

A

planets started to form 5 billion years ago

Biology (13 decks)

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