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Biology > Test 5 > Flashcards

Test 5 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

genetics

A

the branch of science which studies the passing of traits from parents to offspring (heredity)

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2
Q

Heredity

A

The passing of traits from parents to offspring.

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3
Q

traits

A

unique characteristicsthat are passed down from parents through genes

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4
Q

dominant trait

A

the more powerful, stronger characteristic; the one that is seen

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5
Q

recessive trait

A

the less powerful, weaher characteristic; the one that is not seen

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6
Q

Gregor Mendel

A

Father of genetics. Austrian monk who experimented with pea plants and discovered Law of Dominance, Principle of Independent Assortment, and the Principle of Segregation.

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7
Q

Principle of Segregation

A

MENDEL’S 1ST LAW- states that when egg and sperm cells join, the paired genes segregate so that a sperm or an egg has 1 variation of the characteristic, not both.

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8
Q

Principle of Independent Assortment

A

MENDEL’S 2ND LAW- states that characteristics are inherited separately of one another.

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9
Q

Law of Dominance

A

MENDEL’S 3RD LAW- states that each inherited trait is determined by 2 genes, one from each parent.

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10
Q

Axial

A

Along the stem

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11
Q

Terminal

A

At the end of the stem

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12
Q

7 traits of pea plants

A 
Flower Color (D-purple & r-white)
Flower Position (D- axial & r- terminal)
Plant Height (D- tall & r- short/dwarf)
Pod Shape/Texture (D- full & r- constricted)
Pod Color (D- green & r- yellow)
Seed Shape (D- smooth & r- wrinkled)
Seed Color (D- yellow & r- green)
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13
Q

parental generation

A

The generation that begins a cross between organisms.

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14
Q

Filial

A

Offspring of the parental generation

F1: 1st generation

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15
Q

Punnett Square

A

a chart that shows all the possible combinations of alleles that can result from a genetic cross

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16
Q

phenotype

A

an organism’s physical appearance - visible traits

17
Q

genotype

A

an organism’s genetic makeup; the allele combination - not seen
e.g. Tt, ww, RR

18
Q

heterozygous

A

a trait in which one allelle is dominant and the other is recessive (hybrid)

19
Q

homozygous

A

a trait in which both alleles are either dominant or recessive (purebred)

20
Q

allelle

A

one variation of the gene for a particular trait- half of a genotype

21
Q

Codominance

A

When both dominant traits are evident

e.g. chickens with black and white feathers

22
Q

Independent assortment

A

When dominant traits are blended

23
Q

What did Gregor Mendel study?

A

He studied seven different characteristics in pea plants. (1856)

24
Q

What does P Generation stand for?

A

The Parental Generation

25
Q

What did Mendel observe?

A

Crossed different traits in the Parental (P) generation. All offspring in the First Fillial (F1) generation were alike and resembled only one parent.

26
Q

What does F1 Generation stand for?

A

The First Fillial Generation

27
Q

Inherited Characteristics

A

Inherited CharacteristicsCharacteristics are controlled by “factors”, which come in pairs: one from mom, and one from dad.

28
Q

Law of Dominance

A

One factor in a pair may dominate the other so that it has no effect.

29
Q

Dominant

A

Controlling factor (capital).

30
Q

Recessive

A

Hidden factor (lowercase).

31
Q

Law of Independent Assortment

A

Factors (genes) for different traits are separated and distributed to gametes independently of other genes.

32
Q

Law of SegregationDuring gamete formation, a pair of factors is segregated, or separated.

A

During gamete formation, a pair of factors is segregated, or separated.

33
Q

Law of Independent Assortment

A

Factors (genes) for different traits are separated and distributed to gametes independently of other genes.

34
Q

Law of SegregationDuring gamete formation, a pair of factors is segregated, or separated.

A

During gamete formation, a pair of factors is segregated, or separated.

35
Q

Incomplete Dominance

A

Niether factor dominates for a gene expression.

36
Q

Gene

A

The location on a chromosome for a specific trait.

37
Q

Homozygous Dominant

A

Both alleles for a trait are the same and dominant.

38
Q

Homozygous Recessive

A

Both alleles for a trait are the same and recessive.

39
Q

Monohybrid Crosses

A

Determining the genetic outcome based on a single gene. Each gene has more than one allele (expression).

Biology (13 decks)

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