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Chemistry Module 1 > Test > Flashcards

Test Flashcards

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1
Q

Which are disaccharides

A

Maltose and Sucrose

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2
Q

Sucrose is composed of..

A

glucose + fructose

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3
Q

Amylase hydrolyzes starch is in

A

mouth and small intestine

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4
Q

All of the following statements are true concerning glucogen

A
  • acts to raise blood glucose levels
  • proposed by alpha cells in the pancreatic islets
  • action is antagonized by insulin
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5
Q

these hormones promote hyperglycemia

A
  • cortisol
  • growth hormone
  • thyroxine
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6
Q

An adult patient has a fasting blood glucose of 35.. possible diagnosis?

A

insulinomia in the pancrease

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7
Q

An infant presented with the symptoms of failure to thrive, vomiting, and diarrhea and had a positive Benedicts test and negative glucose oxidise (dipstick) test on urine. Diagnosis?

A

Galactosemia

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8
Q

secondary diabetes may be caused by

A
  • corticosteroid therapy
  • cystic fibrosis
  • pancreatic disease with islet cell insufficiency
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9
Q

All of the following statements concerning double (hybrid) diabetes are true

A
  • Type 2 develop antibodies to the pancreatic beta cells
  • patients may have elements of both type 1 and type 2
  • weight gain in diabetic adolscents
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10
Q

infant with enlarged heart and generlized muscle weakness

A

Pompes disorder

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11
Q

normal thresh hold for glucose?

A

160-180 mg/dL

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12
Q

principle reagent in Benedicts (Clinitest) test..

A

Copper

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13
Q 
FBS= 116
1/2 hr= 189
1 hr= 145
2 hr= 118
3 hr=116
A

impaired glucose test because FBS is high

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14
Q

For glucose tolerence test, first test showed little change in curve, second test showed normal curve.. Reason?

A

Malabsoprtion

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15
Q

O’Sullivan test is used for?

A

Gestational diabetes

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16
Q

the reagent that turns purple in a positive test for serum or urine ketones is?

A

sodium nitroprusside

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17
Q

Cause of Type B lactic acisosis

A
  • Diabetes mellitus
  • Liver disease
  • salicylate or alcohol overdose
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18
Q

insulin measurements are used to evaluate

A

fasting hypoglycemia

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19
Q

the best use of C-peptide measurements

A

diagnosis os fasting hypoglycemia

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20
Q

patients with galactosemia have a deficiency of

A

galactase

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21
Q

principle of urinary microalbumin measurements

A

make a prediction of diabetic neuropathy

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22
Q

which metabolic CHO pathway has a INHIBITORY effect

A

glycogenolysis

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23
Q

what has the net effect of decreasing blood glucose

A

glycogenisis

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24
Q

insulin lowers blood glucose concentration by:

A
  • increasing permeability of cell membrane
  • inhibiting “new glucose” production by liver
  • promoting glycogenesis
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25
Q

All are associated with Type 1 diabetes:

A
  • 5% of all cases of diabetes
  • an autoimmune process
  • requires exogenous insulin for glucose control
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26
Q

best test for evaluating long-term glucose control and compliance:

A

hemoglobin A1c

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27
Q

specimens that require redraw when hemolyzed

A
  • ALT
  • AST
  • LD
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28
Q

Which condition gives rise to highest aminotransferase elevations

A

viral hepatits

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29
Q

most specific test for acute pancreatits

A

LPS

30
Q

what enzyme would be elevated afetr an episode of cerebral ischemia and subsequent hypoxia (Stroke)

A

CK

31
Q

What is true concerning CK

A

levels are not expected to be affected by liver disease

32
Q

Pagets disease is characterized by elevations in

A

ALP

33
Q

the ALP isoenzyme that is most heat stable arises from what source

A

Placenta

34
Q

what type of instrumentation is based on the principle of measuring light energy emission that occurs when a compound absorbs electromagnetic radiation, becomes excited, and re-emits energy at a lower and higher wavekength

A

fluorometry

35
Q

instrumentation is based on the principle of measuring light flashes produced after a chemical reaction takes place

A

chemiluminescense

36
Q

nephelometry is a method of assay based on the measurement of the light that is

A

SCATTERED by particles in suspension

37
Q

what is used to isolate light within a narrow range of the spectrum in a spectrphotometer

A

monochromator

38
Q

HYPERproteinemia may be caused by

A

severe vomiting and diarrhea

39
Q

HYPOproteinemia may be seen by:

A
  • liver failure
  • massive IV infusions
  • starvation
40
Q

Deamination is a metabolic process by which amino acids

A

have an amino group removed, forming ammonia

41
Q

at a pH 8.6, serum proteins are ____ charged and migrate towards the _____

A

negatively; anode

42
Q

what is associated with beta-gamma bridging

A

hepatic cirrhosis

43
Q

what charges in serum protein electrophoresis are seen in acute inflammations?

A
  • decreased albumin
  • increased alpha-1
  • increased alpha-2
  • decreased beta
  • normal gamma
44
Q

proteins of dipolar compounds containing both negative and positive charges. When a protein is at its isoelectric point, it will have

A

a net zero charge

45
Q

what is a NEGATIVE acute phase reactant

A

Transferrin

46
Q

Positive nitrogen balance means

A

nitrogen intake EXCEEDS excretion

47
Q

if a physician orders a transthyretin (prealbumin), what are they assessing?

A

nutritional status

48
Q

the biuret reaction is used to measure serum total protein. the reaction color is produced by

A

complexing of copper and amide nitrogens of peptide bonds

49
Q

what correctly describes alpha-1-antitrypsin

A

inactivates elastase and collagenase; deficiency results in early cirrhosis or emphysema

50
Q

what is the protein that is elevated in the urine of multiple myeloma

A

free light chains

51
Q

increased CSF IgG is indicator of

A

Multiple sclerosis

52
Q

plasma protein that binds free hemoglobin

A

haptoglobin

53
Q

accumulation of branched chain amino acids

A

maple syrup urine disease

54
Q

“sticky Platelets”

A

homocystinuria

55
Q

T OR F: Whole blood glucose levels are expected to be HIGHER than plasma levels

A

F; lower

56
Q

T OR F: GLYCOGENOLYSIS is best described as the lysing and metabolism of glucose for energy in the abscence of oxygen

A

F; glycolysis

57
Q 
DIABETES MELLITUS- Type 1
General cause (GC)
Relative insulin concentration (RIC)
Age group affected (AGA)
Treatment (TX)
A

GC- B-cell destruction
RIC- decreased
AGA-

58
Q 
DIABETES MELLITUS- Type 2
General cause (GC)
Relative insulin concentration (RIC)
Age group affected (AGA)
Treatment (TX)
A

GC- B-cell failure, insulin resistance
RIC- variable
AGA- >40
TX- weight loss, dietary changes, oral hypoglycemic meds

59
Q

Describe patient preparation of 3-hr glucose tolerance test

A
  1. 12-16 hr fast (h2o only)
  2. discontinue CHO- altering meds
  3. Diet of at least 150g of CHO for 3 days prior to test
  4. maintain normal activity prior to and during test
60
Q

LOOK AT CURVES!!

A

*

61
Q

Associated FBS and three clinical symptoms of diagnosis of DM

A

FBS- > or equal to 126mg/dL

3 Clinical symptoms- polyuria, polyphagia, polydispsia, unexplained weight loss

62
Q

KETONE BODIES;

A listing of of the three ketone bodies and their percentages in the blood

A
  1. B-hydroxybuterate- 78%
  2. Acetoacetate- 20%
  3. Acetone- 2%
63
Q

Relative reactivity of each ketone body with acetest in the lab

A
  • B-hydroxybuterate does not react

- Acetoacetate is 5x more reactive than acetone

64
Q

normal biological process gives rise to ketone bodies

A

B-oxidation of fatty acids

65
Q

reasons why increased levels of ketone bodies may be formed in diabetics

A

Diabetics do not have the means to get glucose into their cells for glycolysis for energy production. b-ox. then begins to oxidize fatty acids causing ketones

66
Q

Three limitations of Beers Law

A
  1. very elevated concentrations are measured
  2. stray light is present
  3. incident light is not monochromatic
  4. sides of cuvette are not parallel
  5. solvent absorption is significant compared to solute absorption
67
Q

2 general causes of alterations in serum total protein

A
  1. Absolute (time)

2. relative

68
Q

List two biological functions of albumin

A
  1. transport of water insoluble substances

2. maintenance of colloid osmotic pressure

69
Q

Differentiate two general mechanisms of an increased rate of entry of enzymes into the circulation including EACH process and two pathological causes of each

A
  • Increased rate of production; enzyme induction, proliferation of cells that produce that enzyme
  • Increased rate of release; hypoxia, chemicals and drugs, physical agents, microbiological agents, immune mechanisms, genetic defects, nutritional disorders
70
Q

According to the principle of beers law, what is meant by linear range

A

the linear range is the range between where there is a relationship between absorbance and concentration

71
Q

in myocardial infarction, what LD isoenzyme would be expected to increase

A

LD-1

72
Q

what is true concerning the rise, peak, and fall of cardiac markers in MI

A

Total CK returns to normal after 3-4 days

Chemistry Module 1 (18 decks)

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