Test Flashcards
Which are disaccharides
Maltose and Sucrose
Sucrose is composed of..
glucose + fructose
Amylase hydrolyzes starch is in
mouth and small intestine
All of the following statements are true concerning glucogen
- acts to raise blood glucose levels
- proposed by alpha cells in the pancreatic islets
- action is antagonized by insulin
these hormones promote hyperglycemia
- cortisol
- growth hormone
- thyroxine
An adult patient has a fasting blood glucose of 35.. possible diagnosis?
insulinomia in the pancrease
An infant presented with the symptoms of failure to thrive, vomiting, and diarrhea and had a positive Benedicts test and negative glucose oxidise (dipstick) test on urine. Diagnosis?
Galactosemia
secondary diabetes may be caused by
- corticosteroid therapy
- cystic fibrosis
- pancreatic disease with islet cell insufficiency
All of the following statements concerning double (hybrid) diabetes are true
- Type 2 develop antibodies to the pancreatic beta cells
- patients may have elements of both type 1 and type 2
- weight gain in diabetic adolscents
infant with enlarged heart and generlized muscle weakness
Pompes disorder
normal thresh hold for glucose?
160-180 mg/dL
principle reagent in Benedicts (Clinitest) test..
Copper
FBS= 116 1/2 hr= 189 1 hr= 145 2 hr= 118 3 hr=116
impaired glucose test because FBS is high
For glucose tolerence test, first test showed little change in curve, second test showed normal curve.. Reason?
Malabsoprtion
O’Sullivan test is used for?
Gestational diabetes
the reagent that turns purple in a positive test for serum or urine ketones is?
sodium nitroprusside
Cause of Type B lactic acisosis
- Diabetes mellitus
- Liver disease
- salicylate or alcohol overdose
insulin measurements are used to evaluate
fasting hypoglycemia
the best use of C-peptide measurements
diagnosis os fasting hypoglycemia
patients with galactosemia have a deficiency of
galactase
principle of urinary microalbumin measurements
make a prediction of diabetic neuropathy
which metabolic CHO pathway has a INHIBITORY effect
glycogenolysis
what has the net effect of decreasing blood glucose
glycogenisis
insulin lowers blood glucose concentration by:
- increasing permeability of cell membrane
- inhibiting “new glucose” production by liver
- promoting glycogenesis
All are associated with Type 1 diabetes:
- 5% of all cases of diabetes
- an autoimmune process
- requires exogenous insulin for glucose control
best test for evaluating long-term glucose control and compliance:
hemoglobin A1c
specimens that require redraw when hemolyzed
- ALT
- AST
- LD
Which condition gives rise to highest aminotransferase elevations
viral hepatits
most specific test for acute pancreatits
LPS
what enzyme would be elevated afetr an episode of cerebral ischemia and subsequent hypoxia (Stroke)
CK
What is true concerning CK
levels are not expected to be affected by liver disease
Pagets disease is characterized by elevations in
ALP
the ALP isoenzyme that is most heat stable arises from what source
Placenta
what type of instrumentation is based on the principle of measuring light energy emission that occurs when a compound absorbs electromagnetic radiation, becomes excited, and re-emits energy at a lower and higher wavekength
fluorometry
instrumentation is based on the principle of measuring light flashes produced after a chemical reaction takes place
chemiluminescense
nephelometry is a method of assay based on the measurement of the light that is
SCATTERED by particles in suspension
what is used to isolate light within a narrow range of the spectrum in a spectrphotometer
monochromator
HYPERproteinemia may be caused by
severe vomiting and diarrhea
HYPOproteinemia may be seen by:
- liver failure
- massive IV infusions
- starvation
Deamination is a metabolic process by which amino acids
have an amino group removed, forming ammonia
at a pH 8.6, serum proteins are ____ charged and migrate towards the _____
negatively; anode
what is associated with beta-gamma bridging
hepatic cirrhosis
what charges in serum protein electrophoresis are seen in acute inflammations?
- decreased albumin
- increased alpha-1
- increased alpha-2
- decreased beta
- normal gamma
proteins of dipolar compounds containing both negative and positive charges. When a protein is at its isoelectric point, it will have
a net zero charge
what is a NEGATIVE acute phase reactant
Transferrin
Positive nitrogen balance means
nitrogen intake EXCEEDS excretion
if a physician orders a transthyretin (prealbumin), what are they assessing?
nutritional status
the biuret reaction is used to measure serum total protein. the reaction color is produced by
complexing of copper and amide nitrogens of peptide bonds
what correctly describes alpha-1-antitrypsin
inactivates elastase and collagenase; deficiency results in early cirrhosis or emphysema
what is the protein that is elevated in the urine of multiple myeloma
free light chains
increased CSF IgG is indicator of
Multiple sclerosis
plasma protein that binds free hemoglobin
haptoglobin
accumulation of branched chain amino acids
maple syrup urine disease
“sticky Platelets”
homocystinuria
T OR F: Whole blood glucose levels are expected to be HIGHER than plasma levels
F; lower
T OR F: GLYCOGENOLYSIS is best described as the lysing and metabolism of glucose for energy in the abscence of oxygen
F; glycolysis
DIABETES MELLITUS- Type 1 General cause (GC) Relative insulin concentration (RIC) Age group affected (AGA) Treatment (TX)
GC- B-cell destruction
RIC- decreased
AGA-
DIABETES MELLITUS- Type 2 General cause (GC) Relative insulin concentration (RIC) Age group affected (AGA) Treatment (TX)
GC- B-cell failure, insulin resistance
RIC- variable
AGA- >40
TX- weight loss, dietary changes, oral hypoglycemic meds
Describe patient preparation of 3-hr glucose tolerance test
- 12-16 hr fast (h2o only)
- discontinue CHO- altering meds
- Diet of at least 150g of CHO for 3 days prior to test
- maintain normal activity prior to and during test
LOOK AT CURVES!!
*
Associated FBS and three clinical symptoms of diagnosis of DM
FBS- > or equal to 126mg/dL
3 Clinical symptoms- polyuria, polyphagia, polydispsia, unexplained weight loss
KETONE BODIES;
A listing of of the three ketone bodies and their percentages in the blood
- B-hydroxybuterate- 78%
- Acetoacetate- 20%
- Acetone- 2%
Relative reactivity of each ketone body with acetest in the lab
- B-hydroxybuterate does not react
- Acetoacetate is 5x more reactive than acetone
normal biological process gives rise to ketone bodies
B-oxidation of fatty acids
reasons why increased levels of ketone bodies may be formed in diabetics
Diabetics do not have the means to get glucose into their cells for glycolysis for energy production. b-ox. then begins to oxidize fatty acids causing ketones
Three limitations of Beers Law
- very elevated concentrations are measured
- stray light is present
- incident light is not monochromatic
- sides of cuvette are not parallel
- solvent absorption is significant compared to solute absorption
2 general causes of alterations in serum total protein
- Absolute (time)
2. relative
List two biological functions of albumin
- transport of water insoluble substances
2. maintenance of colloid osmotic pressure
Differentiate two general mechanisms of an increased rate of entry of enzymes into the circulation including EACH process and two pathological causes of each
- Increased rate of production; enzyme induction, proliferation of cells that produce that enzyme
- Increased rate of release; hypoxia, chemicals and drugs, physical agents, microbiological agents, immune mechanisms, genetic defects, nutritional disorders
According to the principle of beers law, what is meant by linear range
the linear range is the range between where there is a relationship between absorbance and concentration
in myocardial infarction, what LD isoenzyme would be expected to increase
LD-1
what is true concerning the rise, peak, and fall of cardiac markers in MI
Total CK returns to normal after 3-4 days
