Lipids (Part 3)

Question 0

Enzyme deficiency and typical symptoms of Niemann-Pick syndrome

Answer 0

Def: sphingomyelinase
Symptoms: Hearing problems, psychiatric problems, epilepsy, dysphagia, ataxia, learning difficulties, clumsiness

Question 1

Enzyme deficiency and typical symptoms for Gaucher’s Disease

Answer 1

Def: beta-glucocerebrosidase
Symptoms: Hepatomegaly, bone pain and crisis, collapsed vertebrae, splenomegaly, thrombocytopenia, anemia, osteonecrosis, osteopenia, Erlenmeyer flask deformity

Question 2

Enzyme deficiency and typical symptoms of Tay-Sachs Disease

Answer 2

Def: hexosaminidase
Symptoms: psychomotor deterioration, dementia

Question 3

Thickening, hardening, and loss of elasticity in artery walls

Answer 3

arteriosclerosis

Question 4

a form of arteriosclerosis caused by focal accumulation of lipids, complex carbs, blood, fibrous tissue, and calcium

Answer 4

atherosclerosis

Question 5

Discuss progression from fatty streaks to fibrous plaques to complicated lesions in atherosclerosis

Answer 5

Plaque deposited in blood vessels, inflammation allows lipids to come in and start consuming fat (foam cells), lumen decreases, accumulation of fibrous cap, then platelet thrombosis and fibrin deposits creating a necrotic core with debris

Question 6

Four detrimental effects of oxidized LDL

Answer 6

1 macrophages are transformed into foam cells
2 cytotoxic effects are exerted on endothilial cells
3 platelet activation is increased
4 migration and proliferation of smooth muscle cells stimulated

Question 7

(At least) Five modifiable risk factors for Coronary artery disease

Answer 7

1 hypertension
2 smoking
3 obesity
4 diet
5 alcohol
6 stress
7 high lipids

Question 8

(at least) five non-modifiable risk factors for coronary artery disease

Answer 8

1 gender
2 age
3 family history
4 race
5 diabetes mellitus

Question 9

Specific Concentrations of LDL

-optimal

Answer 9

<100 mg/dL

Question 10

Specific Concentrations of LDL

-near/above optimal

Answer 10

100-129 mg/dL

Question 11

Specific Concentrations of LDL

-borderline high

Answer 11

130-159 mg/dL

Question 12

Specific Concentrations of LDL

-high

Answer 12

160-189 mg/dL

Question 13

Specific Concentrations of LDL

-very high

Answer 13

> or equal to 190

VERY BAD

Question 14

Specific concentrations of total cholesterol

-desirable

Answer 14

<200 mg/dL

Question 15

Specific concentrations of total cholesterol

-borderline high

Answer 15

200-239 mg/dL

Question 16

Specific concentrations of total cholesterol

-high

Answer 16

> or equal to 240 mg/dL

Question 17

Specific concentration of low value HDL cholesterol

Answer 17

<40 mg/dL

Question 18

Specific concentration for High HDL cholesterol

Answer 18

> or equal to 60 (A GOOD THING)

Question 19

Specific concentrations of TGL

-desirable

Answer 19

<150 mg/dL

Question 20

Specific concentrations of TGL

-borderline

Answer 20

150-199 mg/dL

Question 21

Specific concentrations of TGL

-high risk

Answer 21

200-499 mg/dL

Question 22

Specific concentrations of TGL

-very high risk

Answer 22

> or equal to 500

Question 23

List five analytes used to predict risk for development of CAD

Answer 23

1 Apolipoprotein B-100 (on LDL)
2 Apo E
3 homocysteine
4 high sensitivity CRP
5 Lipoprotein

Question 24

three signs and symptoms of the metabolic syndrome

Answer 24

1 central obesity
2 hypertension
3 high blood glucose
4 high TGL
5 low HDL

Question 25

at least two risk factors of the metabolic syndrome

Answer 25

1 BMI >25
2 family history of diabetes mellitus
3 history of gestational diabetes
4 polycystic ovary syndrome

Question 26

five patient preparation instructions for proper lipid study specimen collections

Answer 26

1 12-14 hour fast (water only)
2 habitual diet and activity
3 stable weight over past 4 weeks
4 no acute/recent illness, injury, or surgery (MI or CABG)
5 no lipid raising or lipid lowering drugs
6 repeat in 1-4 weeks to diagnose

Question 27

Specific appearance of serum/plasma with expected chol or TGL concentrations
-normal TGL

Answer 27

clear

Question 28

Specific appearance of serum/plasma with expected chol or TGL concentrations
-increased cholesterol/LDL

Answer 28

orange/yellow tint

Question 29

Specific appearance of serum/plasma with expected chol or TGL concentrations
-TGL 200-499 mg/dL

Answer 29

hazy/turbid

Question 30

Specific appearance of serum/plasma with expected chol or TGL concentrations
-TGL >500 mg/dL

Answer 30

opaque/milky

Question 31

Reagents used in Liebermann-Burchard method

Answer 31

sulfuric acid, acetic anhydride

Question 32

reagents used in Abell method

Answer 32

cholesterol esters chemically hydrolyzed then perform Liebermann-Burchard

Question 33

Reagents used in enzymatic cholesterol methods

Answer 33

cholesterol esterase and oxidase

Question 34

HDL cholesterol precipitation methods

Answer 34

1 precipitate Apo B containing lipoproteins 2 centrifuge and analyze supernatant (HDL) 3 use direct assay to mask non-HDL fractions so they dont react with enzymes used to measure Cholesterol

Question 35

Friedewald formula to calculate LDL concentration

Answer 35

TC - (TGL/5 + HDL) = LDL

Question 36

TGL conc above which the Friedewald formula is invalid

Answer 36

TGL >400 mg/dL