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Chemistry Module 1 > Carbohydrates (part one) > Flashcards

Carbohydrates (part one) Flashcards

1
Q

General structures of carbohydrates, including formula

A

Composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in ratio of 1:2:1

- (CH2O)n

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2
Q

What contains 3, 4, 5, 6, or more carbon atoms

A

Monosaccharides

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3
Q

Two monosaccharides liked together with the loss of a molecule of water

A

Disaccharides

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4
Q

Composition of lactose

A

Glucose + Galactose

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5
Q

Composition of maltose

A

Glucose + Glucose

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5
Q

Composition of sucrose

A

Glucose + Fructose

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6
Q

Composition of glycogen

A

multiple branching glucose chains

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7
Q

Reagent used to detect “reducing sugars”

A

Benedict’s reagent

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8
Q

Composition of starch

A

amylose and amylopectins (grains and starchy vegetables)

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9
Q

Significance of a Positive test for reducing sugars

A

Galactose isn’t detected by a dipstick

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10
Q

Two analogically important reducing sugars

A

Glucose and galactose

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11
Q

Carb digestion:

-which starch digestion begins and the enzyme responsible

A

In mouth and salivary amylase

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12
Q

Digestion of starch due to ______ _______ in the intestine

A

pancreatic amylase

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13
Q

four enzymes responsible or intestinal digestion

A

lactase, maltase, sucrase, and galactase

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15
Q

What organ do these metabolic pathways occur in and specific starting and ending products:
-glycolysis (anaerobic and aerobic)

A

Breakdown of glucose

anaerobic: Glucose—>Lactate/RBCs and skeletal muscle
aerobic: Pyruvate —> Acetyl CoA

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15
Q

What organ do these metabolic pathways occur in and specific starting and ending products:
-Glycogenesis

A

Making glycogen

Glucose —> Glucose-1-Phosphate —> Glycogen

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16
Q

What organ do these metabolic pathways occur in and specific starting and ending products:
-Kreb’s Cycle

A

*pyruvate to Acetyl CoA to ATP

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17
Q

What organ do these metabolic pathways occur in and specific starting and ending products:
-Glycogenolysis

A

Breaking down Glycogen

Glycogen —>Glucose-1-Phosphate—>Glucose

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18
Q

What organ do these metabolic pathways occur in and specific starting and ending products:
-Gluconeogensis

A

Making new glucose
non-CHO sources—>Glucose
non-CHO sources are amino acids, lactate, glycerol, and fatty acids

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19
Q

What organ do these metabolic pathways occur in and specific starting and ending products:
-Hexose monophosphate pathway

A

Glucose-6-phosphate to NADPH/liver

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20
Q

Specific site of production of Insulin

A

Beta cells of Islets of Langerhans of pancreas

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21
Q

Function of C-peptide

A

to ensure correct structure of insulin

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22
Q

Function of proinsulin

A

storage form of insulin

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23
Q

General effect of insulin on blood glucose concentration

A

decreased

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24
Q

Four specific anabolic effects of insulin

A

Increased glycogenesis, increased lipid synthesis, increased glycolysis, increased amino acid synthesis

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25
Q

action of insulin on cell membranes and resultant effect on blood sugar levels

A

Increase in cell membrane permeability to glucose and decrease in blood levels of glucose

26
Q

Specific effects of insulin on cells in the liver, muscle, and adipose tissue

A

Liver: INHIBITS glycogenolysis and gluconeogensis and STIMULATES glycogensis and fatty acid synthesis

Muscle: STIMULATES glycogenesis, glucose uptake and metabolism, amino acid uptake and protein synthesis and INHIBITS protein catabolism and amino acid release

Adipose Tissue: STIMULATES glycerol and fatty acid synthesis and INHIBITS lipolysis

27
Q

two specific catabolic effects of insulin

A

decreased hepatic glycogenolysis and gluconeogensis

28
Q

major factor that regulates the release of insulin

A

blood glucose concentration

29
Q

specific site of glucagon production

A

secreted by alpha cells of pancreatic Islets of Langerhans

30
Q

general effect of glucagon on blood glucose concentration

A

Increased glucose

31
Q

two specific glucose metabolism effects of glucagon

A

stimulates glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis to increase glucose; inhibits glucose consuming pathways in the liver

32
Q

major factor that regulates the release of glucagon

A

secreted when glucose is decreased

33
Q

General effect on blood glucose concentration (increase or decrease) of:
-Growth Hormone

34
Q

General effect on blood glucose concentration (increase or decrease) of:
-epinephrine

35
Q

General effect on blood glucose concentration (increase or decrease) of:
-adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH)

36
Q

General effect on blood glucose concentration (increase or decrease) of:
-cortisol

37
Q

General effect on blood glucose concentration (increase or decrease) of:
-thyroxine

38
Q

General effect on blood glucose concentration (increase or decrease) of:
-somatostatin

39
Q

General effect on blood glucose concentration (increase or decrease) of:
-somatomedins

40
Q

Hyperglycemia blood sugar value

A

Glucose >100mg/dL

41
Q

Hypoglycemia blood sugar value in adults

A

Glucose <50 mg/dL

42
Q

Three specific diagnostic criteria for diabetes mellitus and specific laboratory values associated with the diagnostic criteria

A

fasting blood glucose >126 mg/dL, 2 hour post-parandial glucose >200 mg/dL, clinical symptoms and random glucose >200 mg/dL

43
Q

Nine complications of diabetes

A
  1. Nephrophy (renal failure)
  2. Neuropathy (impaired sensation if feet)
  3. Heart disease and stroke
  4. Hypertension
  5. Blindness and retinopathy
  6. Amputations
  7. Dental disease
  8. Complications of pregnancy
  9. Life-threatening events
44
Q

four clinical symptoms used in the diagnosis of diabetes mellitus

A

polyuria, polyphagia, polydipsia, unexplained weight loss

45
Q

ESSAY

One specific cause of Type 1 diabetes mellitus

A

Beta cell destruction

46
Q

ESSAY

Five causes of beta cell injury in diabetes mellitus

A

genetic factors, environmental factors, viral causes, chemical causes, and autoimmune diseases

47
Q

ESSAY

Relative insulin concentration in Type 1 diabetes mellitus

A

Decreased to absent insulin

48
Q

ESSAY

Three general metabolic changes in Type 1 diabetes mellitus

A

inhibition of glycolysis; increased glycogenolysis, lipolysis, and gluconeogensis; increased levels of Acetyl CoA, converted to ketone bodies

49
Q

ESSAY

Treatment of Type 1 Diabetes mellitus

A

Administration of exogenous insulin

50
Q

ESSAY
Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus
-8 factors that predispose patients for the diease

A

older age, obesity, family history of disease, sex (females more prevalent than males), history of gestational diabetes, impaired glucose metabolism, physical inactivity, and race/ethnicity

51
Q

ESSAY
Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus
-two specific causes of the disease

A

insulin resistance and beta cell failure

52
Q

ESSAY
Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus
-two factors that may predispose a patient to develop the disease

A

genetic factors and environmental factors

53
Q

ESSAY
Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus
-relative insulin concentrations

54
Q

ESSAY
Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus
-treatment

A

weight loss, dietary changes, oral hypoglycemic agents

55
Q

A form of glucose intolerance diagnosed in some women during pregnancy

A

gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM)

56
Q

possible long term effect of GDM

A

women who had gestational diabetes have 35-60% chance of developing diabetes in next 10-20 years

57
Q

screening test for gestational diabetes

A

O’Sullivan Test

58
Q

Caused by a single gene defect that causes faulty insulin secretion

A

Maturity-onset diabetes of youth (MODY)

59
Q

Affected age group of MODY

A

Manifests before age 25

60
Q

Four conditions that may cause secondary diabetes

A

Pancreatic disease, cystic fibrosis, corticosteroid administration, hormonal disorders

61
Q

two-hour post parandial blood sugar levels associated with impaired glucose levels

A

140-199 mg/dL

62
Q

Fasting blood sugar levels in impaired glucose tolerance

A

Fasting plasma glucose 100-125 mg/dL

63
Q

Hemoglobin A1C level in Prediabetes diagnosis

Chemistry Module 1 (18 decks)

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