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Chemistry Module 1 > Proteins > Flashcards

Proteins Flashcards

0
Q

Specific sequence of amino acids

A

Primary structure

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1
Q

Four protein structures

A

Primary
Secondary
Tertiary
Quaternary

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2
Q

Uniting of several protein units or a protein plus another structure

A

Quaternary structure

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3
Q

Folding of chain into a compact 3-D conformation with a specific shape

Confers specific biological properties

A

Tertiary structure

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4
Q

Recurring spatial arrangement of amino Acids in three- dimensional space

A

Secondary structure

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5
Q

Protein denaturation disrupts the bonds that hold _____,_____, and _____ structures together

A

Secondary, tertiary, and quaternary

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6
Q

What is happening when proteins lose their biological function?

A

Denaturation

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7
Q

Processes that can denature proteins: 4

A
  1. Extreme temperatures
    2 pH change
  2. Detergents, metals, organic solvents
  3. Mechanical mixing
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8
Q

Biological Functions of proteins 8

A
  1. Transport
  2. Cellular receptors
  3. Catalysis
  4. Structure
  5. Nutrition
  6. Maintenance of oncotic pressure
  7. Host defense
  8. Hormonal
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9
Q

Definition of “acute phase reactant”

A

Proteins that increase or decrease in response to an acute phase (inflammation, infection, MI, tumor, surgery, trauma, etc.)

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10
Q

List three negative acute phase reactants

A

Transthyretin, (Prealbumin), Albumin, Transferrin

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11
Q

What is the importance of the different solubility characteristics of albumin and globulins?

A

*Albumin is water soluble where as Globulins are water insoluble

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13
Q

Four examples of globular proteins

A

Albumin
Globulins
Histones
Protamine

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14
Q

Three examples of fibrous proteins

A

Collagen
Elastin
Keratin

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14
Q

Definition of nitrogen balance

A

Equals an equilibrium between intake and output

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15
Q

Six examples of conjugated proteins

A 
Nucleoproteins
Mucoproteins
Glycoproteins
Lipoproteins
Metalloproteins
Phosphoproteins
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16
Q

What is positive nitrogen balance?

A

When intake exceeds use or output

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17
Q

How does positive nitrogen balance impact patient health?

A

It is associated with general good health especially important in growing children, pregnant women, body builders

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18
Q

What is a negative nitrogen balance?

A

Use or output exceeds intake

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19
Q

How does negative nitrogen balance impact patient health?

A

It is seen in metastic cancer, severe infections, trauma, surgery, burns, and starvation

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20
Q

Two names for the plasma protein commonly analyzed for nitrogen balance assessment

A

Transthyretin or Prealbumin

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21
Q

HYPERproteinemia caused by relative changes

A
  1. Inadequate water intake

2. Excessive water loss (severe vomiting, diarrhea)

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22
Q

ESSAY QUESTION

Two general processes which may cause total protein abnormalities

A

Relative (apparent) change (due to changes in water volume)

True (absolute) change

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23
Q

HYPERproteinemia caused by absolute changes

A
  1. increased production (malignancy, such as multiple myeloma
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24
Q

HYPOproteinemia caused by relative changes

A
  1. increased plasma water volume (water intoxication, massive IV infusion, salt retention syndromes)
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26
Q

HYPOproteinemia caused by absolute changes

A
  1. increased loss (end-stage renal disease, such as nephrotic syndrome; severe blood loss; trauma; severe burns)
  2. Low protein intake or starvation
  3. Decreased production (liver disease)
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27
Q

Definition of hemodilution

A

Increase in body water, causing an apparent decrease in plasma protein concentration

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28
Q

Define hemoconcentration

A

Decrease in body water, causing an apparent increase in plasma protein concentration

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29
Q

Function of albumin

A
  1. transport of water-insoluble compounds

2. maintenance of colloid osmotic pressure

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30
Q

Function of Transthyretin (prealbumin)

A
  1. indicator of nutritional status along with retinol binding protein (RBP)
  2. Transports thyroid hormones and retinol
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31
Q

Albumin reference range know units

A

3.5 to 5.0 g /dL

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32
Q

Hypoalbuminemia

-three general causes

A
  1. decreased production
  2. decreased intake
  3. increased loss
33
Q

Causes for decreased production in hypoalbuminemia

A
  1. Liver diease

2. Hereditary analbuminemia (rare)

34
Q

Causes for decreased intake in hypoalbuminemia

A
  1. GI disease

2. Starvation

35
Q

Causes for increased loss in hypoalbuminemia

A
  1. Renal disease

2. Severe burns

36
Q

Names of three plasma proteins in alpha1 globulins

A

Alpha1 antitrypsin
Alpha1 acid glycoprotein
Alpha1 fetoprotein

37
Q

Functions of alpha1 antitrypsin

A

to inactivate protease enzymes (elastase, collagenase)

38
Q

Low levels of alpha1 antitrypsin is associated with what disease?
High levels?

A
  • Low: juvenile-onset cirrhosis and emphysema due to M protein deficiency
  • High: stress states
39
Q

Functions of alpha1 acid glycoprotein

A

functions to inactivate progesterone

40
Q

Alpha1 acid glycoprotein

  • increased in what?
  • decreased in what?
A
  • stress, RA, SLE (lupus), and crohn’s disease

- malnutrition, severe liver damage, protein loss (GI and renal)

41
Q

Alpha1 Fetoprotein source of elevated levels?

A

synthesized in fetal liver and peaks in second trimester of pregnancy

42
Q

Alpha1 Fetoprotein

  • Prenatal marker for neural tube defects increased in?
  • Prenatal marker decreased in?
A
    • increased in spin bifid a, anencephaly

- decreased in downs syndrome

43
Q

List the three alpha2 globulins

A

Haptoglobin
Alpha2 Macroglobulin
Ceruloplasmin

44
Q

Function of haptoglobin

A

Function to bind free hemoglobin in plasma in ratio of 1 haptoglobin to 2 hemoglobins and transport it to RES to be degraded

45
Q

When is haptoglobin decreased?

A

-decreased in hemolytic anemia as it’s busy binding hemoglobin up

46
Q

Alpha2 Macroglobulin function

A

Functions as a protease inhibitor ( trypsin, chymotrypsin, throbmbin, etc.)

47
Q

Alpha2 Macroglobulin is increased in what?

A

increased in nephrotic syndrome

48
Q

Ceruloplasmin function

A

Functions as a copper-transporting protein

49
Q

Ceruplasmin is increased in what? (5)

A
  1. Infections
  2. Malignancy
  3. Hodgkin’s disease
  4. Acute leukemia
  5. Rheumatoid arthritis
50
Q

Name the four beta globulins

A

Transferrin
Beta2 Microglobulin
Hemopexin
C-Reactive Protein

51
Q

Function of transferrin

A

function is to transport iron (and copper)

52
Q

Why is transferrin measured?

A

to diagnose and monitor iron deficiency anemia

53
Q

Transferrin

  • decreased in what?
  • increased in what?
A
  • Decreased in acute phase or protein-losing conditions

- Increaded in iron-deficiency anemia and pregnancy

54
Q

Beta2 Microglobulin function

55
Q

Why is Beta2 Microglobulin measured?

A

To assess renal tubular function as it is small enough to be filtered by kidney

56
Q

Beta2 Microglobulin

  • increased in?
  • decreased in?
A
  • increased in neoplasm, especially those associated with B-lymphocytes
57
Q

Hemopexin functions

A

functions to bind heme after hemoglobin breakdown

58
Q

C-Reactive Protein

A

Very sensitive but non-specific marker for systemic inflammation

59
Q

C-Reactive Protein

-Elevated in what?

A

elevated in persons with cardiovascular disease. Strong predictor of future coronary events

60
Q

What are the relative risk categories for hear disease based on CRP predictions?

  1. Low risk
  2. Average risk
  3. High Risk
A

< 1.0 mg/L

  1. 0 - 3.0 mg/L
  2. 0 mg/L
61
Q

What are the functions of gamma globulins?

A

to respond to antigenic stimuli to recognize, destroy, and eliminate antigens

62
Q

Function of IgG

A

Functions as the major ansi-viral and antibacterial antibody

63
Q

Functions of IgA

A

Functions to provide external surface protection against microorganisms

64
Q

Functions of IgM

A

Functions as the first immunoglobulin produced during an immune response

65
Q

Functions of IgD

A

May play a role in the activation of B-lymphocytes

66
Q

Functions of IgE

A

Associated with allergic (atopic) reactions (asthma, anaphylaxis, etc.)

67
Q

Clinical symptoms for multiple myeloma

A

Bone pain, punched out lesions on bone X-ray

68
Q

Lab findings associated with multiple myeloma

A 
Plasma protein increased (10-12)
Paraproteins present
Hyperviscosity of plasma 
Bence-Jones protein in urine 
50% have increased IgG; 25% have increased IgA
69
Q

Specific source of paraprotein in multiple myeloma

A

Malignant neoplasm involving a single clone of plasma cells

70
Q

Clinical symptoms for Waldenstom’s macroglobulinemia

71
Q

Lab findings associated with Waldenstom’s macroglobulinemia

A
  • increase in IgM from mature B-lymphocytes
  • plasma hyperviscosity
  • 80% have Bence-Jones protein in urine
  • Rouleaux and plasmacytoid lymphs
72
Q

Specific source of paraprotein in Waldenstom’s macroglobulinemia

A

Arise from lymphoid tumors (lymphomas or chronic lymphocytic leukemia)

73
Q

Monoclonal gammopathy

A

-increase in one type of immunoglobulin only

74
Q

Poly clonal gammopathy

A
  • due to infection
  • increase in IgG in autoimmune response
  • increased IgA in skin, respiratory, or renal infections
  • increased in IgM in viral infections or malaria
75
Q

Hypogammaglobulinemia

A
  • Lack of one or more immunoglobulins due to B-lymphocyte malfunction
  • Highly susceptible to bac infections
  • treat with IV immunoglobulins
76
Q

Agammaglobulinemia

A
  • Genetic Defect
  • decrease of IgG
  • recurrent infections
  • treat with immunoglobulins, antibiotics, BMT
77
Q

Plasma Protein Reference Range UNITS

A

6.4 to 8.3 g/dl

78
Q

Ceruplasmin decreased in (3)

A

Wilson’s disease, malnutrition, and chronic hepatitis

Chemistry Module 1 (18 decks)

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