test 4.3

Question 1

what is the characteristics of assertion behavior

Answer 1

• heightened or forceful physical behavior
• goal-directed
• no intent to injure
• often legitimate within the rules

Question 2

what is the characteristics of aggression behavior

Answer 2

-physical or verbal act directed towards someone with the intention to injure them

Question 3

what are constitutive rules

Answer 3

formal rules governing how a sport should be played

Question 4

what are normative rules

Answer 4

norms or unwritten rules for how a sport is to be played

Question 5

• sole aim is to injure the target

- act represents an end in and of itself (what type of aggression)

Answer 5

hostile aggression

Question 6

• aim is to gain a competitive advantage

- act represents a mean to an end (what type of aggression)

Answer 6

instrumental aggression

Question 7

what is the instinct theory

Answer 7

• freud once argued that behavior was motivated by two drives (eros and Thanatos)
• Aggression behavior discharges tension from the aggressive drive, providing a catharsis (release)

Question 8

why does the instinct theory not work

Answer 8

• people who aggress become more aggressive
• motor activity failed to reduce the frequency of aggression
• competitive activities raised HS boy’s post-comp aggression levels

Question 9

what is the frustration-aggression hypothesis

Answer 9

• aggression reduces frustration
• goal blockage leads to frustration
• similar to instinct theory without invoking messy concept of drives

Question 10

what is the social learning theory

Answer 10

-aggression is learning through observing other and them having similar behavior reinforced
-re-enactment of bandura’s classic bobo dolls
experiment

Question 11

what are the FACILITATORS of social learning

Answer 11

• generalized expectancies for reward
• situational expectancies for reward
• reward values

Question 12

what are the INHIBITORS of social learning

Answer 12

• generalized expectancies for punishment
• situational expectancies for punishment
• punishment values

Question 13

what is game reasoning (bracket morality)

Answer 13

moral reasoning diverges between sport and other life contexts

Question 14

when does bracket morality begin in children

Answer 14

at 6th grade or by age of 11

Question 15

true or false

children are more accepting of aggression behavior than are adults

Answer 15

false because children are less accepting

Question 16

true or false

aggression behavior increases with age

Answer 16

true

Question 17

which gender is more aggressive both in and out of sport

Answer 17

males

Question 18

true or false

girls are more assertive than boys are in life but not in sport

Answer 18

true

Question 19

true or false

participation in contact and collision sports increase perceptions of the legitimacy of aggression

Answer 19

true

Question 20

true or false

aggression is viewed as being more legitimate for athletes at lower level of sport

Answer 20

false it is at higher levels of sport

Question 21

what is excitation transfer

Answer 21

arousal from irrelevant sources can be mislabeled as anger in provocative situation, and lead to aggression

Question 22

what are the personal factors that lead to aggression

Answer 22

• narcissism
• male
• self-efficacy and outcome expectation for aggression
• attitudes toward violence

Question 23

what are the situational factors that lead to aggression

Answer 23

• provocation (insults, slight, verbal/physical aggression)
• frustration
• pain and discomfort (hot temperature, loud noise, unpleasant odors)
• aggressive cues
• drugs
• incentives