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22 spring: Physiology > Test 4: parturition > Flashcards

Test 4: parturition Flashcards

1
Q

The physiological processes involved in the birth of offspring which includes the delivery of the fetus and fetal membranes through the vaginal canal and involution of the uterus.

A

parturition

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2
Q

Processes Involved with Parturition
• Myometrial ___

  • ____ of the birth canal
  • Maternal abdominal straining
  • Expulsion of the fetus
  • Expulsion of the ___
  • Onset of lactogenesis
  • Development of maternal behavior
A

contractions

Relaxation and dilation

fetal membranes and fluids

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3
Q

how does ACTH affect pregnancy

A

Increase fetal ACTH

  • Elevation of cortisol causes conversion of progesterone → estrogen by placenta
  • Estrogens increase and cause the synthesis of PGF-2alpha by the uterus

• Cervix softens • Uterus contracts

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4
Q

___ will decrease and ___ will increase to cause cervix to soften and uterus to contract

A

progesterone

estrogen

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5
Q

___ cause uterine contractions

A

PGF2alpha

oxytocin

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6
Q

___ are luteal dependent

A

doe

sow

bitch

camelids

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7
Q

___ are not CL dependent

A

will get progestogen from the conceptus

Ewe –after 50 days • Mare –after 60 days • Queen-after 45 days

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8
Q

cortisol in cattle, goats and swine

A

these are luteal dependent (need CL to produce progesterone throughout the entire pregnancy)

Cortisol stimulates placental estrogen production

  • Uterine release of PGF2α
  • Rapid luteolysis→ CL dies
  • Progesterone decreases

• Cervix relaxation • Uterine contractions

In cattle, goats, and sows, the circulating cortisol stimulates placental estrogen production causing uterine release of PGF-2α and rapid luteolysis of the CL, which results in a rapid decline in progesterone concentrations and subsequent uterine contractions. Cortisol production by the fetus during late gestation is essential for rapid lung maturation and the production of pulmonary surfactant, which is necessary for the survival of the fetus. Also during late gestation, there is an increase in estrogens and relaxin. Along with the rapid decline in progestogens and rise in prostaglandins, uterine contractions occur, the cervix softens and dilates, and parturition results. As the fetus enters the birth canal, The Ferguson Reflex occurs and oxytocin is released from the posterior pituitary. Oxytocin along with PGF-2α causes peristaltic uterine contractions, which result in delivery of the fetus and placenta. Estrogens are important in inducing receptors in the uterine tissue for oxytocin.

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9
Q

___ enzymes are needed to convert progesterone to estrogen(estradiol)

A

17 alpha hydroxylase

17-20 desmolase

aromatase

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10
Q

hormone profile of cow during parturition

A

cortisol increases and convert progesterone → estrogen

this causes release of PGF2alpha

progesterone decreases

cervix relaxes and uterine contraction

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11
Q

estrogen causes

A

secretion of the repro tract

increased contraction → oxytocin

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12
Q

how does PGF2 effect uterus

A
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13
Q

ferguson reflex

A

stretching of the cervix causes release of oxytocin which will cause uterus to contract → positive feedback

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14
Q

signs of parturition in cow

A

Relaxin → Relaxed pelvic ligaments

  • Elevated tail head
  • Edematous vulva
  • Udder development
  • “springers” → tail head ligaments relaxed (looks sprung up)
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15
Q

mare impending parturition

A

Relaxed pelvic ligaments

  • Relaxed vulva
  • Udder development
  • “Waxed” with colostrum → dried beads of colustrum
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16
Q

ewe impending parturition

A

relaxed ligament

udder development

(shear before lactation)

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17
Q

presentation longitudinal

A

fetus spine parallel to mothers

can be anterior or posterior (head or feet first)

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18
Q

transverse presentation

A

dorsal or ventral

spine of fetus is perpendicular to mother (fetus is sidways ( back or legs first)

19
Q

___ refers the relation of the fetus to the maternal pelvis

A

position

20
Q

what do you use to orient fetus position during longitudinal presentation

A

dorsum (spine) of the fetus

(spine to the spine of the mother, or spine to the belly of the mother (upside down))

21
Q

__ is used to determine position during transverse presentation

A

head

(transverse = spine perpendicular to spine of mother)

22
Q

___ is the relation of the fetus extremities to the body

A

posture

flexed or extended

23
Q

normal parturition of a horse

A

Anterior longitudinal presentation

  • Dorso-sacral position
  • Extended head and forelegs Posture
24
Q

___ is the normal presentation in polytocous animals

A

anterior or posterior longitudinal presentation (head first or butt first)

25
Q

stages of parturition

A

Stage I – myometrial contractions

Stage II – expulsion of fetus

Stage III – expulsion of fetal membranes and uterine involution

26
Q

stage 1 of parturition

A

myometrial contractions (organized)

  • cervical relaxation
  • birth canal dilation
  • fetal positioning (dorso pubic to dorso sacral position → rolls over)
  • ends with chorioallantois rupture
27
Q

stage II of parturition

A

uterine contractions

  • abdominal contractions (ferguson reflex → contractions cause dilation and stretch which cause oxytocin which cause more contractions)
  • passage of fetus through birth canal
28
Q

stage III of partuition

A

expulsion of fetal membranes

• involution of uterus

Myometrial contractions continue after expulsion of the fetus and help to expel the fetal membranes. There is vasoconstriction of the arteries of the villi/microvilli and endometrium which help decrease the size of the villi and allow them to be released from the uterine crypts/ microcaruncles. There are also proteolytic enzymes that help to degrade the placental connection in cotyledonary type of placentae.

With the exception of the mare, females of the domestic animals may eat the expelled fetal membranes.

Uterine Involution

  1. Evacuate the uterus of any fetal fluids and fetal membranes
  2. Compress the uterine vasculature
  3. Reduce the size of the uterus

repeated release of oxytocin associated with frequent suckling. lochia discharge

29
Q
A

amnion

feet ventrally and nose

chorion has ruptured

30
Q

__ tethers the amnion to the allantosis

A

mesamnion - will cause amnion to rupture during birth

(not in horse)

31
Q

uterine involution

A

cow 30-50

ewe 30 days

mare 7-10 days

sow 9-10 days

bitch 4-5 weeks

32
Q
A

caruncle- on uterus

brown fluid/vaginal discharge → lochia

33
Q

4 drugs to induce parturition

A

glucocorticoids- help mature fetus- surfactant

estrogens- not in food animals

PFG 2 alpha- lyses corpus luteum and forceful contraction

oxytocin- contractions

34
Q

when can you induce a cow

A

<7-14 days before due

35
Q

when can you induce a mare

A

>330 days pregnant

36
Q

when can you induce a ewe or doe?

A

<5 days before due

37
Q

when can you induce a sow

A

<3 days before due

38
Q
A

anterior longitudinal

dorsal sacral (back of fetus against sacrum)

posture: head to right side

39
Q
A

presentation: anterior longitudinal
position: dorsal sacral
posture: right leg and neck extended, left leg flexed at shoulder

40
Q
A

presentation: posterior longitudinal
position: dorsal sacral

posture:

41
Q
A

posterior longitudinal

dorsal sacral

legs flexed at the hip (breach)

42
Q
A

dorsal transverse

R cepheloilial (head of fetus to R ilium of mare)

43
Q
A

ventral transverse

cephilo L ilium

all limbs extended

22 spring: Physiology (34 decks)

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