Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

22 spring: Physiology > test 3: lecture 4 > Flashcards

test 3: lecture 4 Flashcards

1
Q

Tony’s heart rate is 90 BPM, his left ventricular end diastolic volume is 135 mL, and his end systolic volume is 35. What is his cardiac output? (Remember to show units of measurement!)

A

CO= SV x HR

SV= EDV-ESV

135-35= 100x90

9000ml/min

9 L/min

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q
A

C. decreased capacity for passive stretch

heart A is less compliant- less stretchy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Based on your understanding of the cardiac cycle, can you postulate what a phonogram from a patient with an aortic stenosis might sound like?

A

AS would be aortic valve not closing all the way

AS can be heard during systole

lub swish dub

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Based on your understanding of the cardiac cycle, can you postulate what a phonogram from a patient with an PDA might sound like?

A

continuous swish

happens all the time, systole and diastolic

pda= patent ductus arterious

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

what kind of stenosis occurs during systole

A

pulmonic and aortic and PDA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

what kind of stenosis occurs during diastole

A

tricuspid and mitral and PDA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Which of the following could increase cardiac output (in healthy heart)?

A.Increasing afterload

B.Decreasing end-diastolic volume

C.Increasing preload

D.Decreasing stroke volume

A

c increasing preload

(more ventricle stretching= more blood in ventricles= more tension in the wall produced by the end-diastolic pressure)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

____ the pressure in the static circulation ( 7 mmHg)

A

mean circulatory filling pressures

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

___ represents a potential energy that propels blood through the circulation

A

blood pressure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

why the 2nd increase?

A

blood going through right side of the heart

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

change in pressure/ resistance

A

flow

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

what is at each dot

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

MAP

A

mean arterial pressure

pressure gradient across the systemic circuit

ΔP ≈ MAP

•pressure in aorta minus pressure in the venae cavae just before emptying into right the atrium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

PAP

A

pulomonary arterial pressure (15mmHg)

ΔP ≈ PAP

•Pressure gradient across pulmonary circuit

pressure in pulmonary arteries minus pressure in pulmonary veins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

knowing flow between the pulmonary and systemic circuit is equal, and pressure in systemic is greater than pulmonary. What can you conclude about the resistance in each circuit?

A

systemic has more resistance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

•The pressure gradient in the ___circuit is much greater than the pressure gradient in the ___circuit. Even so flow is equal

A

systemic

pulmonary

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

poiseuille’s equation

A

flow is basically

Resistance = 1 / (44)

flow= ΔP/R

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

____ = combined resistance of all blood vessels within the systemic circuit

A

Total peripheral resistance (TPR)

flow= ΔP /R

cardiac output (flow)= MAP/TRP

  • Flow = cardiac output (CO)
  • ΔP = mean arterial pressure (MAP)
  • R = total peripheral resistance (TPR)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

MAP/TPR

A

Cardiac output (flow) = mean arterial pressure/ total peripheral resistance

Flow= ΔP/R

  • Flow = cardiac output (CO)
  • ΔP = mean arterial pressure (MAP)
  • R = total peripheral resistance (TPR)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Large arteries have high elastin, leading them to:

A
  • Expand as blood enters during systole
  • Recoil during diastole

(dicrotic notch= increase in aortic pressure after the valve closes after systole)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

what is the consequence of having elastin in large arteries?

A

elastin allows for expansion and recoil during diastole

this leads to more steady flow of blood through the arteries through diastole and systole

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

mean arterial pressure

A

MAP = (SP + (2 x DP))/3

spend more time in diastole then systole

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

pulse pressure

A

systolic - diastolic

waveforms change based where in the body you are

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

why do pulse pressure waves in different areas look different

A

each bump is where blood spilts at a fork, small amount of blood will go backwards at the fork- causes turbulence

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

explain why pulse pressure looks different for same area

A

top from younger person with elastic walls

bottom from older person with stiff walls, the pressure created from hitting a stiff wall and then moving backward is bigger then the pressure from hitting a elastic wall,

therefore the backwards pressure of the stiff wall merges with the pressure of the earlier wall, creating one big pressure wave backwards

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

what happens to pulse pressure when you increase stroke volume

A

increase pulse pressure and increase mean pressure

increase the pressure during systolic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

what happens to pulse pressure if you decrease the HR?

A

diastolic pressure decreases, MAP decreases

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

what happens to pulse pressure if you increase stroke volume and decrease HR?

A

mean pulse pressure stays the same

increase the systolic pressure and decrease the diastolic pressure

29
Q

3 ways to change pulse pressure

A

increased SV, decreased HR, decreased arterial compliance

30
Q

if you decrease arterial compliance what happens to pulse pressure?

A

mean stays the same but the systolic increases and the diastolic decreases

31
Q

what happens to pulse pressure if you increased the total peripheral resistance

A

mean would go up

systolic and diastolic pressures would increase

32
Q

what happens to pulse pressure if you decrease arterial compliance, increased total peripheral resistance

A

MAP would increase and both the diastolic and the systolic pressures would increase

33
Q

what happens to pulse pressure during a PDA or aortic regurgitation?

A

MAP goes down, diastolic down, systolic up

34
Q

pulse pressure

A

different between the systolic and diastolic pressures in a vessel

basically the amplitude= systolic- diastolic

35
Q

laminar blood flow

A

blood in the center of the tube flows faster then blood closest to the edges because the edges have higher resistance

36
Q

predicts flow patterns in different flow conditions

A

reynold’s number

37
Q

korotkoff sounds

A

hear the turbulence of blood through the cuff

when taking blood pressure, increase pressure to no sound, the slowly decrease pressure until you hear a sound (these are korotkoff sounds- 5 types)

1) Crisp, snapping (systolic pressure)
2) Quieter swooshing (auscultatory gap)
3) Louder, crisp tapping
4) Muted thumping (first diastolic sound)
5) Silence (second diastolic sound)

38
Q

2 ways to measure CO

A

CO= HR x SV

or

CO= MAP/TPR

39
Q

____ provide resistance to blood flow

A

arterioles

  • More than 60% of Total Peripheral Resistance (TPR) is from arterioles
  • Resistance is regulated through action on smooth muscle
40
Q

branching in capillaries does what to the speed of blood

A

decreases the flow

allows time for gas exchange

41
Q

movement of material across capillary walls has two purposes

A

1.Exchange materials between blood and cells

  • Diffusion
  • Transcytosis
  • Mediated transport (brain)

2.Maintain normal distribution of extracellular fluid

  • Filtration = movement out of capillary into interstitial space
  • Absorption = movement into capillary from interstitial space
42
Q

Exchange materials between blood and cells in the capillaries occur through

A
  • Diffusion
  • Transcytosis
  • Mediated transport (brain)
43
Q

maintenance of normal distribution of ECF in the capillaries occurs by __

A
  • Filtration = movement out of capillary into interstitial space
  • Absorption = movement into capillary from interstitial space
44
Q

is there more filtration or absorption closer to arterioles in capillaries?

A

more filtration toward the arterioles

45
Q

what direction if the net hydrostatic pressure in capillaries?

A

net pushing filtrate out

hydrostatic pressure gradient: force due to blood pressure (Pcap)

46
Q

___: osmotic force of proteins

A

•Oncotic pressure ∏CAP

net oncotic pressure is into the capillaries (trying to balance the amount of proteins on either side

47
Q

what direction is net oncotic pressure?

A

into the capillaries

pressure from protein gradient

48
Q

which is stronger hydrostatic forces vs osmotic pressure in capillaries

A

hydrostatic is stronger

there is a net filtration out of the capillaries

force of hydrostatic pressure out of capillary is greater then force of osmotic pressure from oncotic pressure(protein pressure in)

49
Q

starling forces

A

measure flow across a membrane

(filtration vs absorption)

Q = K[(Pc-Pi) - σ (πc-πi)]

Q = flow

K= filtration coefficient

Pc= capillary hydrostatic pressure

Pi = interstitial hydrostatic pressure

σ = reflection coefficient

πc= capillary oncotic pressure

πi= interstitial oncotic pressure

Positive Q = Filtration Negative Q = Absorption

50
Q

positive Q with the starling formula results in ___

A

filtration (movement out of the capillary)

Q = K[(Pc-Pi) - σ (πc-πi)]

51
Q

negative Q for the starling forces results in ___

A

absorption

(net movement into the capillary)

Q = K[(Pc-Pi) - σ (πc-πi)]

52
Q

Filtration coefficient

A

used in starling forces to determine direction of flow

K= filtration coefficient

Q = K[(Pc- Pi) - σ(πc- πi)]

  • hydraulic permeability of capillary wall
  • Net volume filtered in 1 min by 100gm of tissue for a 1mm Hg change
  • Varies from tissue to tissue (depending on capillary density in each tissue type)
53
Q

Reflection coefficient

A

σ= reflection coefficient

Starling Forces: determine flow= Q = K[(Pc- Pi) - σ(πc- πi)]

  • the relative impediment to the passage of a substance through the capillary membrane
  • Between 0 (water) and 1 (albumin)
54
Q

if reflection coefficient is 0 what does that mean

A

very easy for substance to move through capillary membrane

water has a σ (reflection coefficient) of 0

while albumin has a σ (reflection coefficient) of 1

used in the starling force equation: Q = K[(Pc- Pi) - σ(πc- πi)]

55
Q

if reflection coefficient is 1 what does that mean

A

very hard for substance to move through capillary membrane

water has a σ (reflection coefficient) of 0

while albumin has a σ (reflection coefficient) of 1

used in the starling force equation: Q = K[(Pc- Pi) - σ(πc- πi)]

56
Q

decrease in intracapillary hydrostatic pressure would cause ___

A

net flow back into capillary instead of out of capillaries

can be caused during circulatory shock

57
Q

if you increase ___ hydrostatic pressure, edema will happen

A

intracapillary hydrostatic pressure

net out even bigger then normal

can be caused by : •Renal retention of salt and water (kidney failure)•High venous blood pressure (standing too long; heart failure)

58
Q

___ plasma proteins will cause edema

A

decreasing

this will decrease oncotic pressure back into the capillaries, resulting in an even bigger net pressure out of the capillaries

can be caused by •Renal retention of salt and water (kidney failure)•High venous blood pressure (standing too long; heart failure)•

59
Q

___ capillary permeability will cause edema

A

increasing

it allows protein to leave, which will decrease the oncotic pressure back into the capillaries, net result would be higher pressure out of capillaries

can be caused by •Renal retention of salt and water (kidney failure)•High venous blood pressure (standing too long; heart failure)

60
Q

doing what to lymph return will cause edema

A

blocking

lymph can’t enter the systemic system again causing back flow into tissues

61
Q

The body can adjust flow through the following areas in an effort to regulate capillary filtration

A

•Arterioles

•Metarterioles

  • Directly connect arterioles to venules
  • Function as shunts to bypass capillaries

•Precapillary sphincters

•Contract and relax in response to local factors only

62
Q

___ is considered the volume reservoir

A

veins

very complaint - expands with little change in pressure

63
Q

2 mechanisms of venous return

A

•Skeletal muscle pump

  • One-way valves in peripheral veins
  • Skeletal muscle contractions/relaxation pumps blood towards heart

•Respiratory pump

•Inspiration creates negative pressure and subsequent blood flow towards thoracic cavity

64
Q

how does skeletal muscle pump work in venous return

A
  • One-way valves in peripheral veins
  • Skeletal muscle contractions/relaxation pumps blood towards heart
65
Q

how does respiratory pump in venous return

A

Inspiration creates negative pressure and subsequent blood flow towards thoracic cavity

66
Q

An increase in venomotor tone leads to

A
  • Increased central venous pressure
  • Decreased venous compliance
  • Increased venous return

(venomotor tone comes from smooth muscle tension in the veins)

67
Q

increasing or decreasing venous compliance will increase venous return

A

decreasing

descreasing = less compliant= less stretchy

think steel tube- if you run into a steel wall you are more likely to bounce back faster and harder then a stretchy tube, this means when venous return hits against decreased compliant valves of the veins it will get to heart faster

68
Q

If cardiac output is 5.3L/min, and mean arterial blood pressure is 80 mmHg, what is the total peripheral resistance? (Remember to show units of measurement!)

A

CO= MAP/TPR

5.3 L/min= 80 mmHg/TPR

TPR= 15 mmHg (L/min)

22 spring: Physiology (34 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions