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22 spring: Physiology > Test 4: lactation > Flashcards

Test 4: lactation Flashcards

1
Q

suckle

A

To give a neonate milk from an udder
– To draw milk from the udder

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2
Q

Suckling

A

A young unweaned animal

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3
Q

Lactation

A

Production of milk
– Period following parturition when milk is secreted from
mammary glands

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4
Q

protherian

A

monotremes

platypus

young hatched from egg

mammary gland has no nipples

milk secreted onto hair

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5
Q

methatherian

A

marsupials

Short gestation

  • Offspring not well developed at birth
  • Young crawl to nipple and remain attached delayed implantation
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6
Q

___ are true placental mammals

A

eutherian

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7
Q
A

primary mammary bud (ectodermal)

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8
Q
A

secondary mammary bud

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9
Q
A

3rd step of mammary development: primary, secondary, canalization

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10
Q

camel has how many teats

A

4 teats with two canals per teat

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11
Q

cows have how many teats

A

4 teats: 1 canal/cistern

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12
Q

mare have how many teats

A

2 with 2-3 ducts per teat

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13
Q

goats have how many teats

A

2 teats: 1 canal/cistern

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14
Q

ewe have how many teats

A

2 with 1 canal/cistern

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15
Q

how many teats for sow

A

a bunch with 2-3 ducts per teat

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16
Q

bitch have how many teats

A

8- abdomen and thoracic with 5-6 ducts per teat

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17
Q

primates have how many teats

A

2 with 8-10 ducts per teat

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18
Q
A
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19
Q

suspensory system of the udder

A

medial and lateral suspensory ligamant

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20
Q

milk vein

A

develops in cows

subcutaneous abdominal vein

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21
Q
A
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22
Q

yellow elastic tissue is found where in the udder

A

midline → strong suspensory

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23
Q
A
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24
Q
A

lacting buck→ holding the scrotom

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25
Q

do stallions have teats?

A

no

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26
Q

do boars have teats?

A

yes

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27
Q

3 ways to prevent infection in mammary gland

A

Physical Barriers
– Streak canal (smooth muscle, keratin)
– Rosette of Furstenberg

Cellular Immunity
– Granulocytes, lymphocytes, macrophages

Humoral immunity
– Immunoglobulins

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28
Q

what secrete milk

A

secretory epithelium of the alveoli, larger ducts and gland cistern

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29
Q

The alveoli and ducts are surrounded by ____that contract to allow milk letdown to occur.

A

myoepithelial cells

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30
Q
A
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31
Q

isometric growth of the mammary gland

A

Increase in adipose tissue and supporting tissue

Independent of reproductive hormones

Occurs between birth and puberty

32
Q

allometric growth of mammary gland

A

Increase in glandular tissue

Dependent on steroid hormones

After puberty
– Prolactin and growth hormone cause rapid duct development

With each estrus cycle
– Estrogens stimulate duct growth and branching

– Progesterone causes alveoli to form at the end of each duct

33
Q

causes alveoli to form at the end of each duct

A

Progesterone

34
Q

stimulate duct growth and branching

A

Estrogens

35
Q

___ hormone cause rapid duct development

A

Prolactin and growth

36
Q

anterior pituitary mammary development

A

Regulation of ovarian hormones

Direct effect on prolactin and growth hormones

Indirectly by its control on ACTH and TSH

37
Q

___ hormones act directly on the mammary gland

A

Estrogen- duct growth and branching

Progesterone- formation of alveoli

Placental lactogen-

Prolactin

Oxytocin- parturition and contraction of uterus and endometrial role

38
Q

throughout pregnancy estrogen stimulates the ___

A

ductile system

39
Q

During the second half of gestation ___ acting with estrogen is responsible for full alveolar growth, which occurs rapidly

A

Progesterone

40
Q

___ progesterone concentrations inhibit final differentiation of the alveoli and prevent milk secretion during pregnancy.

A

high

41
Q

___ are metabolic hormones that directly effect the function of the mammary gland

A

Growth Hormone- effect metabolism

Corticosteroids- effect metabolism

Thyroid hormone

Insulin- glucose concentration

GI Hormones

42
Q

local hormones for mammary glands

A

prolactin

parathyroid hormone related peptide

leptin

43
Q

lactogenesis is inhibited by ___hormones

A

estrogen and progesterone

44
Q

Drop in progesterone and estrogen at parturition allows release of ___

A

prolactin

45
Q

___ released at parturition stimulates release of prolactin

A

Oxytocin

46
Q

prolactin activates what key signaling molecule?

A

STAT 5 → critical for lactation to take place

47
Q

prolactin and growth hormone change the ___ mammary gland in to the ___ mammary land

A

proliferative

lactating

48
Q

___ is the maintenance of lactation

A

galactopoiesis

49
Q

___ is needed for galactopoiesis

A

(maintenance of lactation)

Prolactin is necessary

Growth hormone, insulin, ACTH, TSH play a role

Regular suckling stimulus maintains prolactin secretion

50
Q
A
51
Q

Sensory nerves of teats carry impulses to hypothalamic-pituitary axis results in release of ___

A

oxytocin

52
Q

Oxytocin causes contraction of the ____ cells

A

myoepithelial

53
Q

milk let down

A

Efficiently evacuates alveoli and small ducts

Systemic reflex

Sensory nerves of teats carry impulses to hypothalamic-pituitary axis results in release of oxytocin

Oxytocin causes contraction of the myoepithelial cells

Increases pressure within gland

54
Q

FIL

A

(glycoprotein)(feedback inhibitor of lactation)
Produced in mammary epithelial cells

During milk stasis

Decreases secretory cell # & activity

Decreases prolactin receptors

Results in increase in secretory cell apoptosis

Negative feedback on milk & lactose synthesis

55
Q

the mammary gland must be emptied regularly to remove ___

A

FIL

56
Q

____contains antibodies that have been sequestered from the dam’s blood by selective and active transport to the mammary gland during the last few weeks of pregnancy.

A

Colostrum

57
Q
A

epitheliochorial

6 layers

no AB exchange

(horse, cattle, goats, pigs)

58
Q
A

endotheliochorial

some AB exchange

4 layers

(dogs and cats)

59
Q
A

haemochorial

AB exchange

(humans)

60
Q

there is direct transfer of ___ from blood to milk

A

immunoglobulins

61
Q

there is a modified transfer of ___ from blood to milk

A

glucose and fatty acids

62
Q

there is a synthesis transfer of ___ from blood to milk

A

proteins and fats

63
Q

lipids in milk are made of ___

A

triglycerides

From blood: phospholipids and cholesterol

fat in milk made in smooth ER by breaking down long chain fatty acids

64
Q

Non-ruminants tend to use ___ in lipogenesis while ruminants use ___

A

glucose

acetate

65
Q

During a single milking, the last portion of milk removed from the mammary gland is___ than the first milk removed.

A

4 to 8 times higher in fat

66
Q

lactose is formed by ___

A

glucose, lactic acid, pyruvate and hexose

67
Q

hyoglycemia will increase or decrease the amount of lactose in the milk?

A

decrease

68
Q

___ increases the galactosyl transferase’s affinity to glucose 1000 X

A

alpha-lactalbumin

69
Q

High concentrations of progesterone suppress ___ and inhibit milk secretion during pregnancy.

A

alpha-lactalbumin

70
Q

3 types of protein in milk

A

–Casein –Lactoglobulin –Lactalbumin

71
Q

most important mineral in milk is ___

A

calcium

72
Q

___ drains dam’s calcium reserves

A

lactation

73
Q

somatic cell count

A

measure of milk quality

cells located in the udder

<2% epithelial cells

most cells are leukocytes

<100,000 cell/ml milk - no infection

>250,000 cells / ml milk - infection

74
Q
A

involution (drying off)

75
Q

involution

A

Lactation length is variable

After peak lactation:
– gradual decrease in active alveoli
– involution of epithelial tissue
– loss of secretory activity
– increase of connective tissue

Hastened by:
– decrease gland emptying
– estrogen
– bromocriptine

22 spring: Physiology (34 decks)

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