exam 1 lecture 1 + 2 Flashcards
___ is the study of normal function
physiology
what are some necessary functions for life?
reproduction
metabolism/waste removal
movement
growth
detect and respond to changes in the environment
boundaries (cell membranes)
what factors are necessary for survival
normal body temperature
water
normal atmospheric pressure
nutrients
what are some basic concepts that are shared throughout the organization of the body
diffusion
cell communication/ signaling
enzymatic principles
homeostasis
energy requirements are similar
example of an organ that works for several organ system
liver
heart
kidney
endocrine
ect.
where is external environment found in the body?
GI tract
lungs
urinary and reproductive tracts
body fluids are compartmentalized by barriers which are ___
selectively permeable
another name for extracellular fluid
milieu interieur
what makes up the extracellular fluid
plasma and interstitial fluid
what % of body weight is water?
60
total body water can be broken into what two things?
intracellular fluid
extracellular fluid
____ is subdivided into plasma and interstitial fluid
extracellular fluid
intracellular or extracellular has more fluids?
intracellular (⅔)
extracellular (⅓)
some function of plasma membrane between ICF and ECF
obtain O2 and nutrients
getting rid of waste products
why is there a change in concentration of solutes from ICF to ECF
creates concentration gradient= potential energy
example of nonpolar molecules that are easily transported across the plasma membrane
gases (O2 and CO2 )and fatty acids
examples of ions and polar molecules that are not easily transported across the plasma membrane
glucose
proteins
Na+
how do substances move across the plasma membrane
active transport (requires energy)
channels
diffusion
___ is a state of reasonably stable balance between physiological variables of the internal environment
homeostasis
what organ system does not serve a primary purpose of maintaining homeostasis?
reproductive
goal of homeostasis is to keep parameters at the ___ in ever changing conditions
set point
how does homeostasis work?
what is a set point
ideal range
can change depending on what is happening in the body
___ is a detected change results in a response in the opposite direction of the original change
negative feedback
___ is a detected change results in a response in the same direction
positive feedback
blood glucose level is an example of which feedback?
negative
drop in glucose causes increase in glucose
high glucose leads to storage of glucose
parturition is an example of what type of feedback?
positive
how does parturition trigger positive feedback
stretch→ oxytocin → more stretch → more oxytocin ect.
explain feed forward regulation of homeostasis
anticipates change in regulated variables
aims to allow for a faster response to challenge and a quicker return to homeostasis
Pavlov Dog
torpor is an example of changing/resetting the ___
set point
multiple systems usually control a single parameter
-fail safe in the event that one regulatory system is not functioning
aestivation
hibernation when it is too hot
three types of muscle
skeletal
smooth
cardiac
the somatic nervous system innervates the
skeletal muscles
these kinds of muscles are innervated by the autonomic nervous system
smooth and cardiac
muscle breakdown
epimysium → whole muscle
perimysium → fascicle
endomysium → muscle fiber/cell
myofibril
what makes muscle fiber/cell special
multinucleated
composed of myofibrils which are the contractile proteins of the cell
what is the purpose of the sarcoplasmic reticulum?
contains calcium needed for muscle/sarcomere contraction
Triad in skeletal muscle is made of
T tubule
sarcoplasmic reticulum
satellite cells in skeletal muscle
stem cells : live on outside of muscle cell
what is the make up of skeletal muscle
–Water (55-78%)
Proteins (15-23%)- Sarcoplasmic proteins (30-35% of total protein)•Stroma proteins (10-15% of total protein)•Myofibrillar proteins (52-56% of total protein)
Lipids (1-20%)
Carbohydrates (1-2%)
Other (ash, nucleic acid, soluble organic compounds) (<3%)
what does the Z line do
anchors thin filaments (actin)
consists of alpha-actinin and Cap Z
what links myosin together?
M line
consists of M protein, myomesin and creatine kinase
I band
mostly thin filaments
A band
thick and thin filaments
H zone
no thin filaments
the Z line is made of
alpha actinin and CapZ
M line is made of ___
M protein, myomesin and creatine kinase
structure of myosin
two heavy chains
4 light chains
the heavy chains of myosin is made of
–N-terminal residues of the heavy chain form a globular domain
–ATP and actin bind on opposite sides
The light chains of myosin is made of
–RLC: regulatory light chain
–ELC: essential light chain
in myosin each heavy chain gets how many light chains?
two
Myosin II has the ability to split ___and release energy
ATP
how does myosin II form
heavy chains dimerize at the tail and then form together
what are two other proteins found in Myosin II other then heavy chains and light chains
protein C
myomesin
how does actin form
G actin will bind into strands/filaments → F actin will dimerize into double helical actin strands → troponin complex and tropomyosin keeps every thing in place
–Monomeric actin (__-actin) has 1 polypeptide chain
G
–G-actin polymerizes to form filaments (___-actin)
F
___ ends = plus end on actin filaments
barbed
pointed ends = ___ end
actin filaments
minus
where will G-actin (monomeric actin) associate and dissociate when in filaments?
from the ends
caping protein for actin
tropomodulin
___ regulates actin polymerization and depolymerization at the pointed ends
tropomodulin
___ has binding sites for troponin
tropomyosin
CapZ
capping protein on actin that prevents growth or shrinking from the Z disc (barbed end)
–Regulates actin polymerization and depolymerization at the barbed ends
two capping proteins of actin
CapZ (barbed end)
Tropomodulin (pointed end)
make up of troponin
3 proteins
•Troponin-T: binds tropomyosin
•Troponin-I: binds troponin-T and troponin-C, and actin in the absence of Ca2+
•Troponin-C: binds Ca2+
•Troponin-T: binds ____
tropomyosin
•Troponin-I: binds ____
troponin-T and troponin-C, and actin in the absence of Ca2+
inhibits cross linking
troponin C binds to ___
calcium
binding of ___ to troponin complex is critical for crossbridging
calcium
___ regulates actin polymerization and depolymerization at the barbed ends of actin
cap Z
what regulates actin filament length and ATPase activity
nebulin
Titin
very big
–Forms elastic connections between Z-line and myosin filaments
what anchors the thick filament to the Z disc?
titin
___ filaments connect Z disks to one another and to the sarcolemma
intermediate
dystrophin
–Along with other associated proteins, stabilizes the sarcolemma with the cytoskeleton and extracellular matrix
muscular dystrophy
what protein helps anchor the sarcomere to the cytoskeleton and ECM
dystrophin
what part of the sarcomere will shorten during contraction?
H zone (band without thin)
I band ( band just thin)
what parts of the sarcomere stay the same during contraction
A band, Z line and M line
