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22 spring: Physiology > Test 4: lecture 4: male > Flashcards

Test 4: lecture 4: male Flashcards

1
Q

function of testis

A

endocrine → testosterone

exocrine → sperm

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2
Q

Synthesize and secrete testosterone in response to LH

A

leydig cells (interstitial cells)

outside the seminiferous tubule

similar to theca cells in female

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3
Q

sertoli cells

A

sustentacular cell (nurse cells)

blood-testis barrier
• Convert testosterone to DHT and estrogen in response to FSH
• Secrete androgen-binding protein, inhibin, AMH

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4
Q

___ connect sertoli cells and prevent things from passing into the lumen of the seminiferous tubule

A

tight junction

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5
Q

three regions of the epididymis

A

caput (head)

corpus (body)

cauda (tail)

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6
Q

roles of the epididymis

A

absorb fluid (principle cells)

movement

maturating of sperm

storage of sperm

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7
Q

how does sperm maturation work in the epididymis

A

Plasma membrane undergoes changes

  • Cytoplasmic droplet is removed (fall off the tail of the sperm)
  • Sperm start swimming
  • Maturation is completed inside the female
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8
Q

functions of the accessory sex glands

A

seminal plasma → nutrient sperm, protect sperm, lubrication

prostaglandins cause smooth muscle contraction → will cause uterus to contract and move sperm into uterine tubes

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9
Q

seminal plasma

A

Lubricate during copulation

  • Neutralize acidic female tract
  • Nourish and protect viable sperm, help target nonviable sperm for destruction
  • Maintain membrane stabilization/delay capacitation
  • Promote sperm transport in female tract
  • Induce ovulation in some species → camalids (llama)
  • Mediate sperm binding to uterine tube epithelial cells
  • Contribute to copulatory plug

The amount of SP and semen concentration that enters the uterus
varies

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10
Q

columns of the penis

A

corpus spongiosum → glands penis (area around the urethra

corpus cavernosum→ fill with blood → rigidity

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11
Q

round spermatids morph into elongated spermatids

A

Spermiogenesis:

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12
Q

creates haploid spermatocytes

A

meiosis

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13
Q

the mitotic phase of spermatogenesis; produces spermatocytes from spermatogonia (diploid)

A

Spermatocytogenesis

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14
Q

spermatogenesis

A

the production of spermatozoa
• Spermatocytogenesis: the mitotic phase of spermatogenesis;
produces spermatocytes from spermatogonia (diploid)

• Meiosis: creates haploid spermatocytes

• Spermiogenesis: round spermatids morph into elongated spermatids

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15
Q

undifferentiated male germ cell

A

Spermatogonium(a)

• Males are born with a finite number of spermatogonia

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16
Q

produced by mitosis of spermatogonia and will undergo meiosis

A

Spermatocyte

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17
Q

the haploid result of meiosis

A

spermatids

Round: still have lots of cytoplasm and organelles

Elongated: have shed much of cytoplasm and organelles; have a tail.

18
Q

The release of elongated spermatids from the Sertoli cell into the lumen of the seminiferous tubule

A

spermiation

19
Q

the haploid product of spermatogenesis.

A

spermatozoa

spermatogonia→ spermatocytes→ haploid spermatocytes → spermatids → spermatozoa

Spermatogonia produce an infinite number of spermatozoa

20
Q

spermatogenesis

A

mitosis (connects to each other by bridge)

meiosis

21
Q

compare mitosis vs meiosis in male and female

A
22
Q

retinoic acid is important for

A

differentiation of spermatogonia(4N) to spermatocytes (2N)

(mitosis → type A→ type B cells)

mitosis → meiosis

23
Q

how does sperm move in seminiferous tubule

A

contraction of the tubule

spermatids have tails but they have not learned to swim yet

24
Q

___ cells convert testosterone to DHT

A

Sertoli

25
Q

___ enhances concentrations of androgens in the testes

A

Androgen binding protein (ABP)

26
Q

___ triggers production of testosterone in Leydig cells

A

LH

27
Q

LH enhances production of StAR which will

A

help move cholesterol into mitochondria

28
Q

___ Promotes spermatogeneis, spermatocyte maturation, and spermiation; synthesis of ABP, inhibin, activin, estrogen

A

FSH

29
Q

negative feedback of spermatogenesis

A
30
Q

hormone in spermatogenesis

A

LH binds to leydig cells and cause the release of testosterone

testosterone moves across the basement membrane into the sertoli cell

FSH binds to sertoli cell and causes the release of ABP and aromatase, the ABP and testosterone move into the lumen of the seminiferous tubule

aromatase converts testosterone → estrogen (estradiol)

estrogen will travel back into leydig cell and increase testosterone release

31
Q

why are abusers of anabolic steroids frequently infertile?

A

negative feedback

anabolic steroid reduce FSH and LH which leads to decrease of testosterone in the seminiferous tubules

32
Q

what happens to DNA in sperm

A

moves from histones to protamine

allows for super coiling → inactivates

33
Q

pathway of ejaculation

A

Seminiferous tubules
Rete testis
Efferent ductules
Epididymis
Vas deferens

34
Q

phases of sexual response for males

A

Erection: parasympathetic response

Emission: sympathetic response

Ejaculation: sympathetic response

35
Q

Upon ovulation, sperm are released and undergo ___prior to fertilization

A

hyperactivation and capacitation

increase Calcium into the sperm (fast swimming)

increased fluidity → plasma membrane changes

36
Q

what causes the breakdown of the zona pellucida

A

binding of sperm

acrosome reaction

37
Q

binding of sperm causes

A

acrosome reaction

breakdown of the zona pellucida and release of cortical granules into the perivitelline space

this causes ZP to harden and prevent polyspermy

meoisis II is resumed and completed

38
Q

granules from the sperm are released into the ___ during the acrosome reaction

A

perivitelline space

(slow block → calcium release causes hardening of the ZP that prevents other sperm from entering)

39
Q

fertilization causes the formation of ___ that fuse to form the zygote

A

pronucleus

40
Q

prepuberty

A

Hypothalamic pituitary gonadal axis is suppressed, and GnRH secretion is maintained at low levels

41
Q

gonadostat hypothesis

A

during prepuberty sex organs work but they are very sensitive to negative feedback → kept turned off. At puberty something changes and they are less sensitive and now work

Puberty
Hypothalamus becomes less sensitive to negative feedback, and a new set point is created
• GnRH increases

  • FSH and LH increase
  • Steroid hormone levels rise

Secondary sex characteristics develop

42
Q

steps of meiosis

A

22 spring: Physiology (34 decks)

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