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22 spring: Physiology > Test 4: lecture 6 pregnancy > Flashcards

Test 4: lecture 6 pregnancy Flashcards

1
Q

Monotocous

A

1 offspring at birth

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2
Q

Multiparous

A

> 1 pregnancy and parturition

> 1 offspring at birth (litter)

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3
Q

Nulliparous

A

never pregnant

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4
Q

pluriparous

A

> 1 pregnancy and parturition

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5
Q

polytocous

A

litter bearers

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6
Q

first pregnancy

A

primiparous

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7
Q

uniparous

A

1 pregnancy and parturition
1 offspring at birth

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8
Q

viviparous

A

offspring delivered alive

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9
Q

organogensis

A

very early in pregnancy from embryo→ fetus

ewe 12-34 days

cow 12-45 days

mare 12-60 days

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10
Q

gestation length for cow

A

280

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11
Q

gestation length for mare

A

340

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12
Q

gestation length for ewe

A

146

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13
Q

gestation length for doe

A

146

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14
Q

sow gestation length

A

114

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15
Q

bitch gestation length

A

63

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16
Q

queen gestation length

A

63

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17
Q

parts of the oviduct

A

infundibulum

ampulla (where fertilization takes place)

isthmus

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18
Q

2 cell embryo

A

blastomere

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19
Q

stage of division of embryo

A

zygote

blastomere (2 Cell)

4-8 morula

blastocyst (fluid cavity and tight junctions on periphery(trophoblast), gap junctions internal cells (ICM))

hatching from ZP and implantation

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20
Q

what happens to hatched blastocyst in sheep cattle and pigs

A

elongated→ filamentous structure → increases surface area to allow uterus to see

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21
Q

maternal recognition of pregnancy

A

Process by which the pre-attachment conceptus signals its presence to the dam. The must occur before luteolysis or the female will return to estrus.

CL must be preserved to maintain pregnancy

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22
Q

normal luteolysis

A
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23
Q

if not pregnant the uterus will secrete ___

A

PGF2 alpha

in cow, ewe and sow the vein will transfer PGF to the uterine artery and cause luteolysis of the non pregnant CL

CL released oxytocin → if there is enough oxytocin the uterus will release PGF

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24
Q

___ will prevent oxytocin from CL from binding to receptors during pregnancy

A

interferon (IFN T)

In cows and sheep

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25
Q

___ prevents luteolysis in sows

A

estradiol (estrogen produced by the blastocyst)

E2 will force PGF into the lumen of the uterus instead of into the blood→ will lead to contractions of the uterus that moves the blastocyst around

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26
Q

in sows how many embryo needed for maternal recognition

A

4

evenly distributed between both horns

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27
Q

___ helps with maternal recognition in the mare

A

migration all over the uterus

28
Q

small or large amounts of PGF will cause luteolysis in mares and cows

A

cow, ewe and sow → large amounts

mare → small amounts

29
Q

what does progesterone do?

A

Histotrophic secretion

  • Closes cervix
  • Increases uterine tone
  • Suppresses myometrial activity

progesterone made by CL

30
Q

what animals are not luteal dependent

A

mare, ewe and cow

CL stops producing progesterone some time during pregnancy and the placenta will produce progestogens to maintain pregnancy

31
Q

human chorionic gonadotropin

A

HCG → has LH activity→ stimulate ovulation

human and cow

7-9 days days after implantation

  • Luteotropic –LH activity
  • Responsible for maternal recognition of pregnancy

Basis of most early pregnancy tests for women

32
Q

equine chorionic gonadotropin is produced by

A

chorionic girdle → borrow into endometrium and female body will attack and around 120 days will slough off

40-120 days of gestation

During early gestation cell from the chorionic girdle of the embryo burrow into the endometrium of the mare and form endometrial cups. These cups are arranged in a circle. The cups produce equine chorionic gonadotropin which is associated with the formation of secondary corpora lutea. The mare mounts an lymphocytic immune response to the cups and they are destroyed. ECG concentrations are elevated in the pregnant mare from day 40 to 120 days of gestation.
ECG can be administered to ewes to stimulate multiple ovulations.

33
Q

prostaglandins Interact with___ to regulate uterine blood flow

A

steroids and catecholamines

34
Q

PGE produced by the equine conceptus controls___ through the isthmus of the oviduct

A

transport of the equine embryo

35
Q

lactogen

A

produced to tell female to divert energy to the fetus and develop mammary gland

Placental lactogen is a polypeptide hormone produced by the placenta in cows, sheep, does, women, mice and rats. Placental lactogen is also known as chorionic somatomammotropin. Placental lactogen has prolactin and growth hormone-like activity. During pregnancy placental
lactogen influences maternal metabolism to direct nutrients to the fetus, promoting growth of the fetus. Placental lactogen also has lactogenic activity and stimulates mammary gland development. The somatotropic/lactogenic activity of this hormone varies between species.

36
Q

relaxin

A

Produced by the placenta and ovary

  • Women, mares, queens, bitches, sows
  • Softens and relaxes pelvic ligaments near term
  • Aid in expulsion of the fetus
37
Q

placentation in horse

A

Progesterone stimulates synthesis of glycocalyx

  • Endometrium covered by MUC-1 (prevents embryo from attaching)
  • Progesterone receptors down-regulate
  • MUC-1 decreases
  • Allows conceptus to contact endometrium
  • Attachment by interdigitation of trophoblastic and endometrial microvilli
  • Resulting in epitheliochorial placentation
38
Q

ruminants placentation

A

Binucleate cells form

  • Fuse with endometrial epithelium to form multinucleate cells (syncytium)
  • Chorion form papillae that project into uterine glands
  • Villi (cotyledons) form over caruncles to form placentomes

Binucleate cells form from trophoblast cells starting on day 17. The binucleate cells migrate and fuse with the underlying endometrial epithelium to form multinucleate cells or a syncytium. The cells may be involved in the immunologic protection of the conceptus and transfer of placental lactogen (produced by binucleate cells) to the maternal circulation. Early on the chorion form papillae that project into the lumen of the uterine glands and provide an anchor and absorptive surface. More complex microvilli (cotyledons) form over the caruncles to form the placentomes.

39
Q

cotyledon and caruncle =

A

placentomes → ruminants

40
Q

binucleate cells form and fuse with endometrial epithelium to form ___

A

multinucleate cells (syncytium)

ruminants

41
Q

function of the fetal membrane

A

Protection • Nutrient gas exchange • Substance transfer • Fetal wastes • Synthesis enzymes and hormones • Respiration

42
Q

chorion

A

trophoblast and mesoderm (2 layer)

43
Q

allantochorion

A

trophoblast, mesoderm and allantosis

44
Q

development of the allantois

A
45
Q

what kind of animals have a diffuse placentation

A

sow and mare

46
Q

___ have convex cotyledonary placentation

___ have concave

A

cow and giraffe

sheep and goat

47
Q

what kind of placenta does a dog have

A

zonary placentation

48
Q

what kind of placenta for human

A

discoidal placenta

49
Q

epitheliochorial

A

6 layers of tissue

no AB exchange

very little damage to endometrium at birth

50
Q

endotheliochorial

A

dogs and cats

5 cell layers

some Ig pass

some damage to endometrium during birth

51
Q

hemochorial

A

humans

3 layers

fetal tissue bathed in maternal blood

Ig pass easily

52
Q

deciduate

A

Maternal epithelium and submucosa are lost at parturition leaving a denuded endometrium

(humans)

53
Q

Indeciduate

A

Fetal membranes are expelled after birth leaving an intact epithelium.

(horses and cattle)

54
Q

how do epitheliochorial get Ig

A

no transfer (6 layers)

get from colostrum

55
Q

INF T will cause

A

decrease lymphocytes → prevent mother from attacking fetus

56
Q

___ will inhibit T lymphocyte activation

A

TGF beta

PGE2

uterine serpin

progesterone

57
Q

___ bind and cause lymphocyte death to protect fetus

A

Fas ligand

58
Q
A
59
Q

Fusion of pronuclei

A

syngamy

60
Q

4-8 cells

A

morula → usually passed to uterus

61
Q

cells on outside of blastocyst form __

A

tight junctions

trophoblast → fetal membrane

Na pump cause water to fill blastocoele

62
Q
A
63
Q
A
64
Q
A

part of the chorionic girdle that produces eCG from day 40-120 of 340 days in horses

65
Q

red dots are ___

on ___ side of the ___

attach to the ___ forming the ___

A

cotyledons

chorion side of the placenta

attach to the caruncle of the endometrium forming the placentomes

66
Q

area outside red

A

intercotyledon area

22 spring: Physiology (34 decks)

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