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22 spring: Physiology > exam 2 14 > Flashcards

exam 2 14 Flashcards

1
Q

primary function of lungs?

A

gas exchange

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2
Q

supportive function of gas exchange

A

mucocillary clearance

air conditioning

regulation of airflow

heat exchange

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3
Q

what kind of lungs for a squamate?

A

•Squamates (lizards, snakes) don’t have diaphragms, instead use axial musculature that they also use for movements, so they often can’t breath while running!

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4
Q

turtle lung structure

A
  • Some have a layer of muscle surrounding their entire lungs
  • Others have diaphragm-like structure
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5
Q

O2 and CO2 move by ___, from an area of high to low partial pressure

A

simple diffusion

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6
Q
A

A = alveolar duct

B = capillaries

C = individual alveoli

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7
Q
A

pneumocyte= alveolar type 1 cells

blue= cytoplasm of an endothelial cell

arrows = blood gas barrier

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8
Q

Ficks law

A

Vgas= A/T (D)(P1-P2)

The amount of gas that moves across a sheet is:

  • Proportional to the area of the sheet•Inversely proportional to its thickness
  • P1 is the partial pressure on one side, P2 on the other
  • A=area
  • V= flow (V is volume, the • means over time, so vol over time is flow, right?)
  • D = diffusion, a constant, how big and how soluble the molecule is
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9
Q

CO2 diffuses ___ than O2 – it’s MW is similar, but it is way more soluble

A

20x faster

Diffusion constant is higher than O2 (ficks law)

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10
Q

conducting airway

A

•Trachea → mainstem bronchi → lobar bronchi → segmental bronchi → → → terminal bronchioles (smallest without alveoli)

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11
Q
A

bronchus (can see cartilage and alveolar)

blue= pulmonary artery (deoxygenated)

red= pulmonary vein (oxygenated)

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12
Q
A

smaller bronchi/bronchioles (smooth = no cartilage= deeper airway) and alveoli

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13
Q

what blood vessel type runs along conducting airway

A

arteries-

veins will branch off earlier and do their own thing

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14
Q

holes in alveolar

A

pores of kohn- function unknown

air bypass hurt alveoli

tissue repair- crawl

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15
Q
A

alveolar ducts

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16
Q

•Progression of ____ in larger airways to simple cuboidal and squamous in the alveoli

A

pseudostratified columnar

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17
Q

respiratory epithelium is found ___

A

conducting airway

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18
Q

alveolar epithelium is found

A

respiratory zone

alveoli- where gas exchange takes place

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19
Q

conducting airways has what type of epithelium

A

respiratory epithelium

20
Q

4 types of cells in conducting airway

A
  • Basal Cells
  • Ciliated Cells
  • Goblet Cells
  • Club cells
21
Q

basal cells are found in __ and act as __

A

conducting airway

stem cell

22
Q

___ act as the stem cells in conducting airway

A

basal cell

23
Q
A

goblet cells

mucous producing

•Mucins fill and expands the apical portion of the cell, forcing the nuclei to the basal position and giving it a goblet shape

24
Q
A

ciliated cells

  • “multiciliated” or “motile ciliated” ∼300 motile cilia into the periciliary layer
  • Critical for propelling the mucus layer up the airway
  • “Mucocilliary clearance”
  • Terminally differentiated
25
Q

____ beat in unidirection to move stuff out of lungs. this is called ___

A

ciliated cells

mucocillary clearance

26
Q

what does it mean when ciliated cells are terminally differentiated?

A

can not turn into anything else

can’t reproduce or change

27
Q

mucociliary clearance

A

sweeps particles out of lungs

28
Q

club cells

A
  • Cuboidal, non-ciliated
  • Produce “secretoglobins” AKA “uteroglobins”, thought to have innate immune functions
  • Also produce some surfactant proteins
  • Expression of cytochrome p450 enzymes allows for detoxification of xenobiotics
  • In mice, these can serve as a stem cell in smaller airways that lack basal cells. Unclear in other species
29
Q

cub cells produce ___ thought to have innate immune functions

A

“secretoglobins” AKA “uteroglobins”, thought to have innate immune functions

30
Q

club cells produce __ to help with detoxification of xenobiotics

A

cytochrome p450

31
Q

what works as stem cells in mice in smaller airways

A

club cells

no basal cells in smaller airways, club cells will take over the job

32
Q

ionocytes

A

Unknown function, but express high levels of CFTR(cystic fibrosis), thought to regulate mucous viscosity and thus mucociliary clearance

33
Q

tuft cells

A

Unknown function, hypothesized to modulate Th2 immune responses (i.e. allergy, parasites)

34
Q

neuroendocrine cells

A

Modulate Th2 immune responses (i.e. allergy, parasites)

How are these different from tuft cells? Good question.

Recently demonstrated to act as oxygen sensors

35
Q

what type of cells in respiratory zone?

A

alveolar type 1 and alveolar type 2 cells

alveolar macrophages

36
Q

where gas exchange happens

A

alveolar type 1 cells- very thin- very big

37
Q

___ cells are large, squamous•Cover 95% of lung surface area•Ultrathin•Facilitate gas exchange between air and blood

A

alveolar type 1 cells

38
Q

alveolar type II cells

A
  • Cuboidal, non-ciliated, possess lamellar bodies
  • Produce surfactant proteins and phospholipids
  • Facultative Stem / Progenitor Cell!
39
Q

main function of alveolar type II cells

A

produce surfactant

40
Q

what type of cell acts as stem cells in alveolar epithelium?

A

alveolar type 2- usually makes surfactant but in times of need can act as a stem cell

41
Q

function of pulmonary surfactant

A

•Decreases surface tension preventing the alveolar sac from collapsing

42
Q

pulmonary surfactant are made in __ and secreted by __

A

lamellar bodies

type 2 alveolar cells

43
Q

surfactant is hydrophilic. True or false

A

false

hydrophobic- type C most hydrophobic protein in the body- helps increase rate and spread of surfactant phospholipids over the surface of the lung

44
Q

why have alveolar macrophage

A

no ciliated cells to get particles out

macrophages will eat anything bad left over

45
Q
A

Pulmonary artery

•Thin wall•Less smooth muscle (still more than a vein though!)•Low pressure, 1/8 of systemic BP

Systemic artery (e.g. leg)

•Very thick wall•Lots of smooth muscle

46
Q

capillary bed formation in frog lungs

A

intussusceptive angiogenesis (make pillars to increase surface area

47
Q

bronchial circulation

A

•A smaller vessel, the bronchial artery, arises from the aorta (1% of cardiac output) and supplies oxygenated blood to the conducting airways to feed their metabolic functions

provides oxygenated blood to conducting airway

22 spring: Physiology (34 decks)

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