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Freshman Semester > Test 4- Anatomy 2 Renal Block > Flashcards

Test 4- Anatomy 2 Renal Block Flashcards

1
Q

Vocabulary/Abbreviations

  1. _____: in to something
  2. _____: out of something
  3. PCT: _____
  4. LOH: _____
  5. DCT: _____
  6. JGA: ______
A
  1. Afferent
  2. Efferent
  3. Proximal convoluted tubule
  4. Loop of Henle
  5. Distal convoluted tumble
  6. Juxtaglomerular apparatus
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2
Q

Functions of the kidneys

  1. Regulate blood ______
  2. Helps to regulate blood levels of ions like ______, ______, ______, ______, and ______
  3. Regulate blood ____
  4. Kidney excrete variable amount of ______ ions into urine and conserve ______ ions, bicarb is important buffer of ____
A
  1. Ionic composition
  2. Sodium/potassium/Calcium/Chloride/Phosphate
  3. pH
  4. Hydrogen/Bicarbonate/H+
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3
Q

Functions of the kidneys

  1. Regulate blood ______: adjust blood volume by conserving or eliminating water into the urine
  2. Regulate blood ______: kidneys excrete enzyme renin, The is activates renin-Angiotensin-aldosterone pathway; increased renin= increased blood pressure
  3. Maintain blood ______: separately regulates loss of water and loss of solutes in urine, kidney maintain relatively constant osmolarity close to 3000mOsm/liter
A
  1. Volume
  2. Pressure
  3. Osmolarity
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4
Q

Functions of the kidney

  1. Produce certain _____: kidneys produce the hormones calcitriol (active form of vitamin D) erythropoietin (stimulates production of RBC’s) and renin (hormone/enzyme)
  2. Regulate _____ levels: like the liver, the kidneys can use amino acid glutamine in gluconeogenesis, which can then release new glucose into the blood stream to help maintain Normal level
A
  1. Hormones

2. Blood glucose

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5
Q

Functions of the kidneys

  1. Excrete _________ substances: By forming urine, kidneys help body to get rid of ammonia and urea, Bilirubin, Creatinine, Uric acid. Drugs, environmental toxins
A
  1. Wastes and foreign substances
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6
Q

Anatomy of kidneys

  1. Located in ________ space: anatomically between last thoracic and 3rd lumbar vertebrae, partially protected by the 11th and 12th ribs. Right kidney is slightly lower than left
  2. The _______ face the spinal column
A
  1. Retroperitoneal space

2. Concave medial border (Hilum)

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7
Q

External Anatomy of the Kidney

Three external layers

  1. _____: outermost layer. Dense connective tissue anchors kidney to surrounding structure and retroperitoneal wall
  2. _____: Middle layer. Fatty tissue surrounding renal capsule, protection and holds kidney in place in cavity
  3. _____: Innermost layer. Smooth, transparent connective tissue covering that is continuous with ureters; helps maintain shape of kidney and offers protection
A
  1. Renal Fascia
  2. Adipose Capsule
  3. Renal capsule
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8
Q

Internal anatomy of the kidney

  1. ______ : contains all of the glomeruli and convoluted tubles of nephrons. Also makes columns that lay between pyramids
  2. _____: contains all of the loops of Henle and collecting ducts. Collection of all renal pyramids comprise the medulla
  3. _____: One portion of the medulla. 8-18 per kidney
  4. _____: narrow apex of the pyramid. Contains the papillary duct leading to minor calyx
A
  1. Cortex
  2. Medulla
  3. Pyramid
  4. Papilla
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9
Q

Internal anatomy of the kidney

  1. ______: space between renal pyramids. Is a portion of the renal cortex
  2. _____: a functional region within the kidney. Pyramid (medulla)+ overlying cortex + 1/2 each adjacent column (cortex)
  3. ______: small chambers that collect urine directly from papilla. 8-18 each kidney
  4. _____: larger chambers that collect urine from multiple minor calyces. 2-3 each kidney, extensions of ureters
A
  1. Columns
  2. Lobe
  3. Minor calyx
  4. Major calyx
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10
Q

Internal anatomy of the kidney

  1. ____: major calyces drain into one large chambers (pelvis). This mixes/collects all urine from entire kidney. Connects to the ureter outside of the kidney
  2. ____: The kidney is 3-dimensional, so in between the other structures there are spaces that house some adipose tissue, the blood vessels, and nerve supply
  3. ____: A region. Indentation of kidney where ureter emerges with blood and lymphatic vessels, and nerves
A
  1. Renal pelvis
  2. Renal sinuses
  3. Renal hilum
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11
Q

Blood supply

  1. Renal blood flow is ______ per minute
  2. _____ per kidney
  3. Total amount of blood in adult is _______
  4. Starts at ____ levels and then branches from there into smaller vessels
  5. This ______ allows for filtration, but not _______
A
  1. 1200ML
  2. 600mL
  3. 4500-5500mL
  4. Aortic
  5. Glomerulus/Reabsorption
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12
Q

Blood supply

1.-16.

A
  1. Aorta
  2. Renal artery
  3. Segmental artery
  4. Interlobar artery
  5. Arcutate artery
  6. Interlobular artery
  7. Afferent arterioles
  8. Glomerulus
  9. Efferent arterioles
  10. Peritubular capillaries
  11. Vasa recta (juxtameduallary nephrons only)
  12. Interlobular vein
  13. Arcuate vein
  14. Interlobar vein
  15. Renal Vein
  16. Inferior vena Cavae
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13
Q

Blood

  1. Blood flows into the ____ to get filtered
  2. It enters each _____, gets filtered through the ______, and exits the corpuscle to flow into a ______ system
  3. Blood is filtered in the glomerulus, where things can be _____ only
  4. When in the ____ capillaries/_____, blood will still act like it does in any other capillary in the body. Stuff will move in and out of the capillaries depending on _______
  5. This capillary action acts as a ________ filter
  6. Depending on the body’s needs, it can ______/______ more water/______ as needed
A
  1. Kidneys
  2. Corpuscle/Glomerulus/Capillary
  3. Removed
  4. Peritubular/Vasa recta/Pressure
  5. Secondary filter
  6. Reabsorb/Secrete/Solutes
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14
Q

Filtrate

Blood flows into the kidneys to get filtered

  1. As blood flows through, certain substances are removed from blood and placed into the urinary tubular system. This is known as ______
  2. Filtrate is first found in the _______ capsule
  3. From there it flows through the _____ and then into _______ ducts
  4. While in these ducts, things can still be _____ or ______
  5. Once the filtrate leaves the collecting duct, it is then called _____
A
  1. Filtrate
  2. Glomerular capsule (Bowmans capsule)
  3. Tubules/Collecting ducts
  4. Added/Removed
  5. Urine
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15
Q

The Nephron

  1. Function unit of the kidney- approximately _____ in each kidney

Nephron consist of two parts:

  1. ______: where blood is filtered. Glomerulus/Glomerular capsule (aka Bowman’s capsule)
  2. ______: Filtered contents (from blood; three parts). Proximal convoluted tubule attached to capsule. Loop of Henle (nephron loop)- middle section. Distal convoluted Tubule- distant from capsule, empty into collecting duct
  3. Corpuscle and both convoluted tubules reside in _____
  4. Only loop of Henle extends into the renal _____
A
  1. One million
  2. Renal corpuscle
  3. Renal Tubule
  4. Cortex
  5. Medulla
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16
Q

Nephrons

Two different types of nephrons

  1. ______: 85% of nephrons
  2. Renal corpuscles lie in ______ of renal cortex
  3. ____ loops of Henle
  4. ______ capillaries only
  5. ______: 15% of nephrons
  6. Renal corpuscles lie ______ in the renal cortex
  7. _____ loops of Henle
  8. Peritubular capillaries that give rise to the _______
  9. ______: capillary bed that extends into medulla surrounding the Loop of Henle
A
  1. Cortical Nephron
  2. Outer portion
  3. Short
  4. Peritubular
  5. Juxtamedullary nephron
  6. Deep
  7. Long
  8. Vasa Recta
  9. Vasa recta
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17
Q

Cortical Nephrons

  1. ______ nephrons
  2. _____ lie in the outermost portion of the cortex
  3. ______ limb of loop of Henle barely dips into he renal medulla
  4. After a hairpin turn, the ______ limb of the loop of Henle returns to the cortex
  5. Peritubular capillaries: arise from the ______ arterioles. Intermingle throughout the _____ and ______ tubules. These then flow into ________ veins and eventually back into _______ circulation
A
  1. Short
  2. Renal corpuscles
  3. Descending
  4. Ascending
  5. Efferent/Proxmial/Convoluted/Interlobular/Systemic
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18
Q

Juxtamedullary Nephrons

  1. Long nephrons: Renal corpuscles lie in the _____. ______ limb of loop of Henle dives deep into the renal medulla. Anatomy lends to very ____ and _______ urine. After a hairpin turn, the ascending limb of loop of Henle climbs back to the _____
  2. Peritubular capillaries: arise from the ______ arteriole. Intermingle throughout the ______ and ______ tubules. In the ________ nephrons only, a specialized capillary system exists coming off of these pretubular capillaries
A
  1. Cortex/Descending/Dilute/Concentrated/Cortex

2. Efferent/Proximal/Convoluted/Juxtamedullary

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19
Q

Juxtamedullary Nephrons

Vasa Recta

  1. Coming from the _____ capillaries, this type of capillary System dives deep into renal medulla

Flows Side by side each of the loops of Henle so that things can

  1. _____ of the capillaries and into the _____ as well
  2. ______ of the Filtrate and into the ______
  3. The design with the use of vasa recta is extremely important for keeping a constant ______ gradient so that things can flow in and out
A
  1. Peritubular
  2. Flow out/Filtrate
  3. Out of/Capillaries
  4. Osmotic pressure
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20
Q

Blood flow-Nephron

Afferent arteriole

  1. The arteriole coming into the _____/_______. Brings blood in for _______
  2. Wider lumen, thicker walls. Has much more capability to ____ or ____ when compared to ______ arteriole

Glomerulus

  1. Ball of twine like capillary structure that buds off of the ______ arteriole
  2. Modified simple squamous epithelial cells called ______
  3. Podocytes have fingerlike projections that wrap around the _______ capillaries
A
  1. Corpuscle/Glomerulus
  2. Constrict/Dilate/Efferent
  3. Afferent
  4. Podocytes
  5. Glomerular
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21
Q

Blood Flow- Nephron

Efferent arteriole

  1. The arteriole _______ the corpuscle/glomerulus
  2. Brings blood with larger solutes into the _______ capillaries and then back into ______ circulation
  3. Smaller lumen size, thinner walls. Smaller lumen size aids in ______ sometimes needed for _______ filtration
A
  1. Leaving
  2. Peritubular/Systemic
  3. Back pressure/Glomerular
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22
Q

Tubule Histology

  1. A single layer of ______ cells forms the entire wall of the glomerular capsule, renal tubule, and ducts
  2. Each section of cells has _____ differences that allow for ______ functions
A
  1. Epithelial

2. Minor/Different

23
Q

Rena Tubule Histology

PCT-Proximal convoluted tubule

  1. ________ cells with prominent microvilli brush border facing lumen (apical surfaces)
  2. ______ increase surface area for absorption and secretion
  3. ______ (thin descending and thin ascending limb portions). _____ epithelial cells
  4. Loop of Henle (thick ascending limb portion): _______ to low columnar epithelial cells
A
  1. Simple cuboidal epithelial
  2. Microvilli
  3. Loop of Henle/Simple squamous
  4. Simple cuboidal
24
Q

Renal Tubule Histology

DCT- distal convoluted tubule

  1. Most of DCT- _______ epithelial cells

Last part of DCT- simple cuboidal epithelial cells that contain:

  1. ______-receptors for ADH and aldosterone
  2. ______- help play a role in blood pH

Collecting Duct

  1. _______ epithelial cells that also contain:
  2. _______- receptors for ADH and aldosterone
  3. ______- help play a role in blood pH
A
  1. Simple cuboidal
  2. Principal cells
  3. Intercalated cells
  4. Simple cuboidal
  5. Principal cells
  6. Intercalated cells
25
Q

Terminology- Renal

Blood/Serum

  1. The fluid that enters the ______ arteriole and into the _____
  2. The fluid that gets ______ in glomerulus
  3. The leftover blood/serum and components not filtered into the glomerular capsule. Leaves the _____ via the _______ arteriole

Filtrate

  1. The fluid that were filtered out of blood at the ______
  2. The fluid that enters the _____ system at the glomerular capsule
  3. Fluid can still be _____/_____ over and over again

Urine

  1. Once the filtrate leaves the ______ ducts, it is now called Urine
A
  1. Afferent/Glomerulus
  2. Filtered
  3. Corpuscle/Efferent
  4. Glomerulus
  5. Renal tubular
  6. Reabsorbed/Secreted
  7. Collecting
26
Q

Terminology

  1. _______: water and many solutes found in blood move across the wall of the glomerulus, into the glomerular capsule (Bowmans capsule) and into tubules
  2. _______: Water and solutes that are now flowing through the tubule system can get reabsorbed (99% of filtrate is reabsorbed back into bloodstream)
  3. _______: due to the peritubular capillaries and vasa rect, there is still the chance to dump unwanted materials into filtrate such as wastes, drugs, excess ions
  4. ______: once out of the collecting duct, there is no more opportunity for exchange; expelling wast matter
A
  1. Glomerular filtration
  2. Tubular reabsorption
  3. Tubular secretion
  4. Excretion
27
Q

Urine Production- Analogy

Recycling center

  1. Garbage trucks dump smaller garbage (potential recyclables) into a mechanism that can sort out recyclables called _________
  2. Large items such as proteins/RBC’s that cannot make it through the filtration membrane are still in blood, exits glomerulus via _______
A
  1. Glomerular Filtration

2. Efferent arteriole

28
Q

Urine Production- Analogy

  1. ______ of useful products (while in tubule system)
  2. Wastes are secreted back into the ______ (filtrate) to be made into _____ and ______
A
  1. Reabsorption

2. Ducts/Urine/Excreted

29
Q

Glomerular Filtration

The amount that makes it into the glomerular capsule space and tubule system

  1. Adults create ______ of filtrate a day
  2. _____ is usually reabsorbed and returned to circulation
  3. Leaving only ______ of urine produced a day
A
  1. 150-180 liters
  2. 99%
  3. 1-2L
30
Q

Filtration Membrane

  1. Glomerular capillaries and podocytes form a _____ barrier in the capsule
  2. ______: allows water and certain solutes to pass into capsular space
  3. Prevents _____ plasma proteins, blood cells, platelets from getting into capsular space
A
  1. Leaky
  2. Loosely packed
  3. Most
31
Q

Filtration Membrane

Consists of three layers of filtration

  1. _______: prevents blood cells from passing, but allows all other components of blood plasma through
  2. ________: prevents large proteins from passing through
  3. _______: Prevents filtration of most other proteins
A
  1. Fenestrations of endothelial cells
  2. Basement membrane/Basal lamina
  3. Slit membranes between pedicels
32
Q

Mesangial cells and filtration membrane

  1. Interspersed throughout the _____ capillaries

Regulate surface area available for filtration

  1. When relaxed, surface area is ______
  2. When contracted, _____ area available
A
  1. Glomerular
  2. Maximal
  3. Reduced
33
Q

Glomerular Filtration Pressure

  1. Although still capillaries, pressure is ______ in these than in any other capillaries in the body
  2. _____ surface area
  3. Larger ______ for easier filtration
  4. Efferent arteriole is _____ than the afferent
  5. This then requires more pressure to get plasma ______ of the glomerulus through the ______ arteriole
  6. This pressure builds _____ into the glomerulus increasing filter pressure (______)
A
  1. Higher
  2. Larger
  3. Fenestrations
  4. Smaller
  5. Out/Efferent
  6. Backwards/Positive pressure
34
Q

Net Filtration Pressure

Glomerular blood hydrostatic pressure

  1. Pressure in glomerulus pushing ______ into capsular space
  2. Usually ______

Capsular hydrostatic pressure

  1. Hydrostatic pressure exerted by the fluid in capsular space that pushes _______ on the visceral glomerular membrane
  2. Known as ______
  3. Usually ______
A
  1. Outward
  2. 55mmHg
  3. Inward
  4. Back pressure
  5. 15mmHg
35
Q

Net filtration pressure

Blood colloid osmotic pressure

  1. Pressure due to _____ in blood plasma (mainly albumin)
  2. Opposes filtration: ______ on fluid/solutes to keep them in the _____ if possible
  3. Usually ______
A
  1. Proteins
  2. Pulls/Glomerulus
  3. 30mmHg
36
Q

Net filtration Pressure

  1. NFP is the pressure that is supposed to _______ filtration
  2. ______=GBHP-CHP-BCOP
  3. _______- Normal NFP in healthy kidneys
  4. As long as the NFP is a positive number, filtration will _____
  5. If NFP calculates into a negative number ______ is occurring
  6. Promoting filtration eventually leads to ______ production
A
  1. Promote
  2. NFP
  3. 10mmHg
  4. Occur
  5. No filtration
  6. Urine
37
Q

Glomerular Filtration Rate

  1. GFR= the amount of blood filtered by the _____ glomeruli into capsular space per unit time. _____ in average adult
  2. If GFR too fast- filtrate may pass too ______ and required substances may not be _______
  3. If GFR too slow- nearly all filtrate may be ______ and certain wastes may not be _______ efficiently
A
  1. Kidneys/125mL/min
  2. Quickly/Reabsorbed
  3. Reabsorbed/Excreted
38
Q

Calculating GFR

  1. An estimated rate only as it involves calculations and not actual ______
  2. Calculated using the serum creatinine levels and some or all of the following: _______, ______, ______, ______
A
  1. Measurements

2. Age/Race/Weight/Gender

39
Q

Calculating GFR

  1. ______: waste from the breakdown of muscle (normal
  2. As blood is filtered through the nephrons the kidney neither ______ or ________ this substance
  3. Should freely pass through the ______ membrane and be ______ out

In a normal healthy adult, the serum level should be near at the same level of the urine creatine clearance. (24hr urine collection)

  1. If the urine level is low this means the kidneys are not filtering the serum _______ properly (kidney damage)
  2. Usually means that the serum level will be _______
A
  1. Creatinine
  2. Reabsorbs/Metabolizes
  3. Filtration/Urinate
  4. Creatine
  5. Elevated
40
Q

GFR: Black vs Non Black

  1. In calculating the estimated GFR African American population had a much higher serum ______ level
  2. Generally have increased _____ mass
  3. Generally have higher rates of muscle ______
  4. When accounting for this shift of normal levels, it shows that the average African American patient will have a _________ GFR
  5. ______ above the normal levels for non black patients
A
  1. Creatinine
  2. Muscle
  3. Breakdown
  4. Higher normal
  5. 21%
41
Q

Glomerular Filtration Rte

  1. GFR directly related to ______ that determine net filtration pressure
  2. If GBHP drops by even 10mmHg, filtration in the glomerulus _______
A
  1. Pressure

2. Stops

42
Q

Glomerular Filtration Rate

Mechanisms that regulate GFR

  1. _____: innate actions that occur within the kidney
  2. _____: sympathetic nervous system input (or reduction of input)
  3. ______: Angiotensin II, Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP)
A
  1. Renal autoregulation
  2. Neural regulation
  3. Hormonal regulation
43
Q

GFR- Renal Autoregulation

Kidneys help maintain their own GFR by two mechanisms

  1. _______: Increased BP (as in exercise) causes stretching of afferent arteriole, this causes smooth muscle contraction of afferent arteriole, reduces renal blood flow, which reduces GFR
  2. This helps to preserve nephron integrity with increased _________
  3. When threat of increased BP is reduced, _______ arteriole May vasodilator to increase GFR to balance out the system
A
  1. Myogenic mechanism
  2. Blood pressure
  3. Afferent
44
Q

Myogenic mechanism

  1. Immediate increase in BP causes _________
  2. Myogenic vasoconstriction can cause _________
A
  1. Myogenic Vasoconstriction

2. Compensatory vasodilation

45
Q

GFR- Renal Autoregulation

Kidneys help maintain their own GFR by two mechanisms

  1. _________: The juxtaglomerular apparatus
  2. When GFR increases, rate through Tubules ______
  3. Reabsorption of ______, ______ and ______ reduce due to rate of flow
  4. _______ cells sense the increased levels of these in filtrate
  5. These levels inhibit the release of ________ (NO; Vasodilator)
  6. If NO inhibited, afferent arterioles _______, lowers _____
  7. Lowered GFR _____ rate through tubules
A
  1. Tubuloglomerular Feedback
  2. Increase
  3. Na+, Cl-/Water
  4. Macula Densa
  5. Nitric Oxide
  6. Constrict/GFR
  7. Slows
46
Q

Juxtaglomerular Apparatus (JGA)

  1. A complex structure that has the ability to affect ______ through autoregulation of ________ feedback
  2. Their is ______ JGA for every nephron

Contains

  1. _______: Found in the walls of the afferent arteriole
  2. _______: found in the walls of the distal convoluted tubule
  3. _______ (modified mesangial cells): Located between afferent arteriole, Efferent arteriole, and DCT
A
  1. Systemic blood pressure/Tubuloglomerular
  2. One
  3. Juxtaglomerular cells
  4. Macula densa cells
  5. Lacis cells
47
Q

Juxtaglomerular Apparatus (JGA)

  1. The _____ contain Juxtaglomerular cells

Modified smooth muscle cells that have two functions

  1. Detect when blood pressure is ______ (by sensing the lack of stretch of the afferent arteriole wall)
  2. They synthesize, store, the secrete _______, _______
  3. Renin causes a cascade of events that helps to ______ blood pressure when needed
A
  1. Afferent arterioles
  2. Too low
  3. Hormone/enzyme renin
  4. Increase
48
Q

Juxtaglomerular Apparatus (JGA)

  1. The distal convoluted tubule (where it meets the afferent arteriole) contains ______ cells

Closely packed specialized cells that have two functions

  1. Detect increase in ______ concentrations in the _____
  2. In response to this concentration check, these cells release _____ in various concentrations which act locally
  3. These trigger ______ of afferent arteriole
  4. This causes GFR to ______ which _____ the rate tubule flow
A
  1. Macula Densa
  2. NaCl/Filtrate
  3. ATP, adenosine
  4. Contraction
  5. Reduce/Reduces
49
Q

Juxtaglomerular Apparatus (JGA)

  1. _________: located in between the afferent, Efferent and distal convoluted tubule junction
  2. _____ or _____ to make small regulatory changes in response to the signals that the other JGA cells are sending
  3. Together the macula densa, juxtaglomerular cells, and lacis cells make the ___________
  4. This is _________ feedback
  5. Helps regulate _______ within the kidneys
A
  1. Lacis cells (modified Mesangial cells)
  2. Contract/Relax
  3. Juxtaglomerular Apparatus
  4. Tubuloglomerular
  5. Blood pressure
50
Q

GFR- Neural Regulation

  1. Blood vessels of the kidney are supplied by ________ fibers only
  2. At rest sympathetic stimulation is _____
  3. ______ and _______ arterioles are dilated
  4. Blood flow ____ and _____ of the glomerulus is relatively equal

With greater sympathetic stimulation (exercise, Flight/Fight)

  1. ______ of the afferent arteriole occurs
  2. Blood flow _______ into glomerulus
  3. _____ decrease- This also protects the nephrons from the rapid rise in blood pressure
A
  1. Sympathetic nervous system
  2. Low
  3. Afferent/Efferent
  4. Into/out
  5. Vasoconstriction
  6. Decreases
  7. GFR
51
Q

GFR- Hormonal Regulation

Two hormones control regulation of GFR

  1. _______: reduces GFR
  2. Very potent ______
  3. Mostly acts on ______ arterioles
  4. Reduces _____ blood flow
  5. _______: increases GFR
  6. Secreted by the ______
  7. Usually secreted in response to _______ in volume
  8. Markedly vasodilates ______ and _______ arterioles
  9. GFR _______
A
  1. Angiotensin II
  2. Vasoconstrictor
  3. Efferent
  4. Renal
  5. Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP)
  6. Atria (heart)
  7. Increase Afferent/Efferent
  8. Increases
52
Q

Active vs. Passive Movement

  1. _______ occurs when pressure gradients allow flow of something from high concentration to a low concentration; it does not require ______ to occur

Example: Glomerular filtration occurs from pressures alone, not from ATP expenditure

  1. _______ occurs usually against the concentration gradient and with the help of _______ expenditure

Example: Sodium/Potassium pumps (Na+/K+) expend energy converting ATP to ADP

A
  1. Passive movements/ATP energy

2. Active movement/ATP

53
Q

Tubular Reabsorption

  1. Normally ____ of filtrate is Reabsorbed
  2. Epithelial cells along the ______ and ______ reabsorb, but the PCT cells make the _______ contribution to Reabsorption
  3. Solutes that are both actively and passively Reabsorbed include: ______, ______, _____, _____, _____, _____, _____, ______, _____ and _____
A
  1. 99%
  2. Renal tubule/Ducts/Largest
  3. Glucose/amino acids/urea/sodium/potassium/calcium/chloride/magnesium/bicarbonate/phosphates

Freshman Semester (10 decks)

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