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Freshman Semester > Test 2- Anatomy 1 > Flashcards

Test 2- Anatomy 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Nervous System function

  1. _________ provides for generation of nerve impulses (action potentials) that communicate with and regulate most body tissues
  2. Responsibility for maintaining homeostasis is shared by the _____ and _________
  3. Nervous system regulates body activities by responding rapidly using _________
  4. Endocrine system responds more slowly by use of ________
A
  1. Nervous system
  2. Nervous system/Endocrine System
  3. Nerve impulses
  4. Hormones
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2
Q

Nervous system function

  1. _______ is the branch of medical science that deals with the normal functioning and disorders of the nervous system
A
  1. Neurology
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3
Q

Nervous System structures

  1. Central nervous system consist of: _______, ______
  2. Peripheral nervous system consist of: _______, _______, _______
  3. The nervous system comprises of the ______, ______, _______, ______, _______, and ________
A
  1. Brain/Spinal cord
  2. Cranial nerves, 12 pairs/Spinal nerves, 31 pairs/Peripheral nerves
  3. Brain/Spinal cord/Spinal nerves/Ganglia/Enteric Plexuses/Sensory receptors
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4
Q

Functions of the Nervous System

  1. ______ detect changes in the internal or external environment
  2. Sensory neurons are _______ neurons
  3. ________ analyze and store information, make decisions
  4. _______ respond to decisions, carry information from brain and spinal cord to ______
  5. Motor neurons are _______ neurons
A
  1. Sensory receptors
  2. Afferent
  3. Integrative
  4. Motor neurons/Effectors
  5. Efferent
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5
Q

General organization of the Nervous System

  1. ______ is sensation from body wall, limbs, head, special sense. Motor control of skeletal muscle (Voluntary control)
  2. ______ is sensation from internal organs like heart, lungs, bladder. Motor control of smooth and cardiac muscle gland (Involuntary control)
  3. _______ Is sensation from gastrointestinal tract. Motor control of smooth muscle and glands of the gastrointestinal tract (Involuntary control)
A
  1. Somatic
  2. Autonomic
  3. Enteric
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6
Q

Organization of the nervous system

  1. _______ consist of all nervous tissue outside the central nervous system
  2. Each subdivision of the PNS has both ______ and _____ neurons.
  3. The motor part of the autonomic nervous system consist of two branches _______ and _______
A
  1. Peripheral nervous system
  2. Sensory/motor
  3. Sympathetic/Parasympathetic
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7
Q

Terms associated with assemblages of neurons

  1. _____ is an association (a bundle) of neuronal axons in the Peripheral Nervous system
  2. ______ is a group of neuronal cell bodies in the Peripheral nervous system (plus associated tissues)
A
  1. Nerve/Peripheral nervous system

2. Ganglion/Peripheral nervous system

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8
Q

Terms associated with assemblages of neurons

  1. ______ is an association (a bundle) of neuronal axons in the Central nervous system
  2. _______ is an association (a bundle) of (unmyelinated) nerve cell bodies in the Central nervous system
  3. ______ is an extensive network of nerves found within the peripheral nervous system
A
  1. Tract/Central nervous system
  2. Nucleus/Central nervous system
  3. Plexus/Peripheral nervous system
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9
Q

Cells of the Nervous system

  1. ______ are cells that have the property of electrical excitability, and are specially adapted to _____ and transmit _______
  2. _______ are cells of the nervous system that support, nourish and protect the _____
A
  1. Neurons/Produce/Action Potentials

2. Neuroglia/Neuons

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10
Q

Structure of a typical neuron

  1. The basic parts of a neuron are _______ and nerve fibers comprising of ______, and ______
  2. Name adaptations for neurons are ______ and _______
A
  1. Cell body/Axon/Dendrites

2. Axoplasm (the cytoplasm of an axon)/Axolemma (the plasmalemma of axon)

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11
Q

Structure of a typical neuron

  1. Like most cells, neurons have nucleus, cytoplasm, and typical organelles…… Also they have specialized forms of typical organelles, primarily the ________, which are prominent ______ of the __________
A
  1. Nissl bodies/Clusters/Rough ER
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12
Q

Structure of a typical neuron

  1. ________: Receiving portion of a neuron. Typically short, tapering, highly branched
  2. _______: Propagates impulses to another neuron, muscle, or nerve. Can approximate three feet long in humans
A
  1. Dendrite

2. Axon

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13
Q

Structure of a Typical neuron

Axon is

  1. Virtually always only a ______ axon per neuron
  2. Typically arises from an elevation in the cell body called the ______
  3. First part is called the ______
  4. Impulses (action potentials) generally arise in the ______, ______, and _______
A
  1. Single
  2. Axon Hillock
  3. Initial Segment
  4. Trigger zone/Junction of hillock/initial segment
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14
Q

Structure of a typical neuron

  1. Axon contains: _______, ________, ________
  2. Axon does not contain: _______
A
  1. Mitochondria/Microtubules/Neurofibrils

2. Rough endoplasmic reticulum

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15
Q

Structure of a typical neuron

  1. Axon and collaterals end by dividing into _______, which end in either ______ or _______
A
  1. Axon terminals (telodendria)/Synaptic end bulbs/Varicosities
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16
Q

Structure of a typical neuron

  1. What are the 2 substructures of cytoskeleton and their function?
A
  1. -Neurofibrils:intermediate filaments, provide cell shape and support
    • Microtubles: tublin, participate in moving material between the cell body and axon
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17
Q

Axonal Transport

  1. _______: 1-5mm per day, Transports axoplasm to growing or generating axons. One way only form ______ to ______
  2. _______: 200-400mm per day. Two way transport both 3._____ and 4._____ from 5._____. Uses 6.______ as tracks and motors. Transports organelles and materials that are used to form 7._____, ______, and _______
A
  1. Slow axonal transport/Cell body/Axon terminals
  2. Fast axonal transport
  3. Toward
  4. Away
  5. Cell body
  6. Microtubules
  7. Axolemma membranes/Synaptic end bulbs/ Synaptic vesicles
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18
Q

Classifying Neurons

  1. ______ is based on the number of processes (axons or dendrites) extending from the cell body
  2. ______ have several dendrites and only one axon and are located throughout the brain and spinal cord
A
  1. Structural classification

2. Multipolar neurons

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19
Q

Classifying Neurons

  1. ______ have one main dendrite and one axon. They are used to convey the special senses of sight, smell, hearing and balance
  2. _______ Contain one process which extends from the body and divides into a central branch that functions as an axon and as a dendritic root. This structure is often employed for sensory neurons that convey touch and stretching information from the extremities
A
  1. Bipolar neurons

2. Unipolar (pseudounipolar) neurons

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20
Q
  1. ________ not excitable cells. Smaller, more numerous than neurons, play a supporting role, and make up about half the volume of the CNS.
  2. In cases of injury or disease, ______ multiply to fill in the spaces formerly occupied by _______
A
  1. Neuroglia

2. Neuroglia/Neurons

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21
Q

Neuroglia cells and locations

  1. Neuroglia of the CNS: _________, ________, ________, ________
  2. Neuroglia of the PNS: _______, _________
A
  1. Astrocytes/oligodendrocytes/Microglia/Ependymal Cells

2. Schwann cells (neurolemmocytes)/Satellite cells

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22
Q

Neuroglia

  1. __________: Regulate the composition of the extracellular fluid in the CNS; help form the blood brain barrier, take up excess neurotransmitters, may influence formation of neural synapses
  2. _______: myelinate axons in the CNS
  3. ________: Phagocytes of the CNS
A
  1. Astrocytes
  2. Oligodendrocytes
  3. Microglia
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23
Q
  1. _________: Line the ventricles of the brain; produce, monitor, and aid in circulation of CSF; help form the blood CSF barrier
  2. ________: Myelinate axons in the PNS
  3. _________: second type of PNS neuroglia. They provide structural support and regulate exchange of materials between neuronal cell bodies and interstitial fluid
A
  1. Ependymal cells
  2. PNS Schwann cells
  3. Satellite cells
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24
Q

Mitosis of nervous system cells

  1. ________ do not typically undergo Mitosis, meaning if a neuron dies there is no reservoir of cells to replace it
  2. _________ do undergo mitosis
A
  1. Neurons

3. Neuroglial Cells

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25
Q

Myelination

  1. Myelination is produced by ________ and _________
  2. Myelin is a _______ complex of _____ and ______
  3. _______: myelin prevents loss of electrical signal; speeds up conduction of nerve impulses
  4. Myelination requires the _______ cell to have wrapped its ______ around the axon many times
A
  1. Schwann (PNS)/Oligodendrocytes (CNS)
  2. Multi-layered/lipids/proteins
  3. Insulate axons
  4. Glial cell/plasma membrane
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26
Q

Myelination in the PNS

1._______: the outer nucleated cytoplasmic layer of the Schwann cell, which encloses the myelin sheath.

A
  1. Neurolemma
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27
Q

Myelination Process

  1. ________ inner portion successively encircles the axon, formation many layers that comprise the _________
  2. The nucleus of the neurolemmocyte come to reside in the ______, which is the outer nucleated _________ of the Schwann cell
A
  1. Schwann Cell/Myelin Sheath

2. Neurolemma/Cytoplasmic layer

28
Q
  1. __________:outer layer of a myelination Schwann cell, contains the nucleus and virtually all the cytoplasm, not to be confused with the Axolemma, found only around the axons in the PNS
  2. ________: only on nerve fibers supplied by potentially myelin producing cells. Found in PNS and CNS
A
  1. Neurolemma

2. Nodes of Ranvier

29
Q

Nerve Fiber Relationships

  1. Nerve fiber consists of _____ plus _____ when present
  2. The ________ surrounds the nerve fibers. Therefore the _______ overlies the _________
A
  1. Axon/myelin sheath

2. Endoneurium/Endoneurium/Schwann Cells

30
Q

Myelination in the CNS

  1. ________ have multiple processes, each process can form a myelinated segment.
  2. ________ can myelinate several segments of _____ axon or can participate in myelination of ________ axons
  3. A neurolemma is not present in the _____ because the Oligodendrocytes cell body and nucleus do not _________
A
  1. Oligodendrocytes
  2. Oligodendrocytes/1/several
  3. Envelop the axon
31
Q

Myelination in the CNS

  1. One Oligodendrocyte can myelinate _______ times
  2. There is no _________
  3. There are ________
A
  1. Multiple
  2. neurolemma
  3. Nodes of Ranvier
32
Q

Gray and White Matter in the central nervous system

  1. _________: a region predominantly filled with myelinated tract fibers. The appearance is due to the Whitt’s color of myelin
  2. _________: a region predominantly filled with neuronal cell bodies. There is little or no myelin in these areas, and the Nissi bodies Impact a _________
A
  1. White Matter

2. Gray Matter/Gray color

33
Q

Membrane Potential

  1. Virtually all cells in the body exhibit a membrane. Potential, which is an _________ across the membrane
  2. Nerve cells are highly adapted for using membrane potentials, and changes in membrane potentials to _______ and ________ nerve impulses
A
  1. Electrical Voltage difference

2. Initiate/Transmit

34
Q

Neuronal signals

Neurons communicate with one another by using two types of electrical signals:

  1. ___________ for both short and long distance communication within the body. This __________
  2. ____________ for short distance communication only. The physiological role of the ________ is to _______ and _______ the generation of action potentials.
  3. Both types of signal depend on two features of the plasma membrane of excitable cells: __________ and __________
A
  1. Action Potentials/All or none
  2. Graded Potentials/Graded potentials/affect/effect
  3. Existence of a resting membrane potential/presence of specific ion channels
35
Q

Membrane Potential

  1. ________ is measured across the ________ and is relative to the _________
A
  1. Voltage/Plasma Membrane/Outside of the cell
36
Q

Membrane Potential

  1. _________ means potential energy that can cause a flow of electrical current
  2. If opposite charges are separated in space, their _______ is the ______ measured in _______
A
  1. Potential

2. Attractive force/Potential/Volts

37
Q

Membrane Current

  1. _______ is a flow of charged atoms or molecules
  2. ________ is the flow of electrons
  3. _________ means flow of ions: _______, _______, _________
A
  1. Current
  2. Electrical Current
  3. Body Current/Na+/K+/Ca2+
38
Q

Ion Channels

  1. When ________ are open, specific ions are allowed to move across the __________ down their electrochemical gradient
A
  1. Ion Channels/Plasmalemma
39
Q
  1. _______ is part of a channel protein that opens or closes to allow or prevent the passage of ions
  2. Not all ________ have gates
A
  1. Gate

2. Membrane Channels

40
Q

Types of Ion Channels

  1. ________: not gated, randomly open and closes. The resting membrane is more permeable to K+ than to Na+
  2. ________: A chemical that binds to a receptor molecule. Channels open or close in response to chemical binding
  3. ________: Open in response to mechanical stimuli
  4. ________: Open and close in response to changes in the membrane potential
A
  1. Leakage channels
  2. Ligand gated channels
  3. Mechanically gated channels
  4. Voltage-gated channels
41
Q
  1. ___________: is the voltage difference measured across the plasma membrane when the neuron isn’t signaling
  2. Membrane is _________
  3. All membrane potentials are reported as the _______ of the inside of the membrane ______ to the outside of the membrane.
  4. Varies from cell to cell averaging to _____ mV
A
  1. Resting membrane potential
  2. Polarized
  3. Potential/relative
  4. -70mV
42
Q

Resting membrane charge distribution

  1. The resting membrane potential Is due to a small buildup of _______ in the cytosol just inside the ________, and an equal buildup of _______ in the _________ just outside the membrane
A
  1. Anions/Membrane/Cations/Extracellular fluid
43
Q

Basis of the Resting Membrane Potential

  1. ____ and ____ are in higher concentration in the extracellular fluid
  2. ____, ______, _______, and ________ are in higher concentration in the intracellular fluid
  3. The resting membrane is 50 to 100 times more permeable to ____ than to _____
  4. _____ permeability is in between that of Na+ and K+
  5. The membrane is _______ to nearly all of the ______ charged intracellular molecules
A
  1. Na+/Cl-
  2. K+/Organic phosphates (-)/Amino acids (-)/ Proteins (-)
  3. K+/Na+
  4. Cl-
  5. Impermeable/negatively
44
Q

Establishing the resting membrane potential

  1. _____ diffuses down its concentration gradient out of the cell
  2. The _______ charged ions are left behind because they cant get through the membrane
  3. The interior of the membrane becomes _______ charged; the exterior becomes _______ charged; net diffusion of ____ stops
  4. _______ diffuses into the cell but at a much lower rate than ____ diffuses out because the membrane is _____ permeable to _____
  5. A little _____ diffuses into the cell, also making the interior more ______
  6. Net result: _____________
A
  1. K+
  2. Intracellular negatively
  3. Negatively/Positively/K+
  4. Na+/K+/less/Na+
  5. Cl-/negative
  6. The resting membrane potential
45
Q

Graded potentials

  1. _____ or ______ ion channels produce graded potentials in response to stimuli
  2. _______ means the size of the change in the membrane potential varies in portion to strength of the stimulus
  3. Local effect only: ______ open, _______ flows through the membrane and along the ________ and travels only a _______ distance before diminishing to zero
A
  1. Ligand gated/Mechanically gated
  2. Graded
  3. Channels/Current/Membrane/short
46
Q

Graded potentials

  1. A graded potential can either ______ the membrane or ________ the membrane
  2. _________: Membrane becomes more polarized (more negative)
  3. _________: Membrane becomes less polarized (less negative or more positive)
A
  1. Depolarize/Hyperpolarize
  2. Hyperpolarization
  3. Depolarization
47
Q

Action Potentials

  1. Once an action potential is generated it travels the _____ of the ______ and can initiate an action potential in subsequent ________, ________, or ________
  2. Action potentials are _________
A
  1. Length/neuron/Neurons/Muscles/Glands

2. All or None

48
Q

Ion Flow during action potentials

  1. Resting state has both _____ and _____ voltage gated channels closed
  2. Depolarization has _____ gates open
  3. Repolarization accompanied by ____ gates open and _______ gates closed or closing
  4. Resting state restored finds _____ gats closed
A
  1. Na+/K+
  2. Na+
  3. K+/Na+
  4. K+
49
Q

Action Potential

  1. Action potential progresses sequentially down the ____ of the _____
A
  1. Length/axon
50
Q

Calcium Ion deficit

  1. Calcium ions appear to bind to the exterior surfaces of the ______ protein molecule
  2. The positive charges of the calcium ion alter the ________ of the channel protein, ________ the voltage level required to open the gate
  3. Absent the bound calcium ions, smaller than normal voltages are required for _________
A
  1. Sodium Channel
  2. Electrical state/Increasing
  3. Gate activation
51
Q

Calcium Ion deficit

  1. When there is a deficit of calcium ions, the _______ channels become activated by very little change of the membrane potential from its normal resting level
  2. This is why low blood calcium is associated with _______, ______, and _________, which can be lethal because of titanic contraction of the __________
A
  1. Sodium Channels

2. Muscle Contraction/Cramps/Tetany/Respiratory muscles

52
Q

Propagation of Nerve impulses

  1. Nerve impulses must travel from where they arise at a _______ typically the ________ down the neuron to the axon terminals
  2. That movement is called ________ or _______
  3. Propagation depends on _________
A
  1. Trigger zone/Axon Hillock
  2. Propagation/Conduction
  3. Positive Feedback
53
Q

Positive feedback of propagation

  1. The inflow of sodium ions causes _________ that opens _________ Na+ channels in adjacent segments of the membrane
A
  1. Depolarization/voltage gated
54
Q

Summary of neuronal structure

  1. ________: receive stimuli through activation of ligand-gated or mechanically gated ion channels. In sensory neurons produces generator or receptor potential. In motor neurons and interneurons produces excitatory and inhibitory postsynaptic potentials
A
  1. Dendrites
55
Q

Summary of neuronal structure

  1. _________: Receives stimuli and produces EPSPs and IPSPs through activation of ligand gated or mechanically gated ion channels
A
  1. Cell body
56
Q

Summary of neuronal structure

  1. __________: Trigger zone in many neurons. Integrates EPSPs and IPSPs if sum is depolarization that reaches threshold, initiatives action potential (nerve impulse)
A
  1. Junction of axon hillock and initial segment of axon
57
Q

Summary of neuronal structure

  1. _________: Propagates (conducts) nerve impulses to axon terminals in a self reinforcing manner. Impulse amplitude does not change as it propagates along the axon
A
  1. Axon
58
Q

Summary of neuronal Structure

  1. ________: Inflow of Ca2+ caused by depolarization phase of nerve impulse triggers exocytosis of neurotransmitter form synaptic vesicles
A
  1. Axon terminals and synaptic end bulbs (or varicosities)
59
Q

Types of Conduction

  1. Step by step depolarization and repolarization of adjacent segments is termed ____________
  2. __________ is a special mode of impulse propagation that occurs along myelinated axons
A
  1. Continuous Conduction

2. Saltatory Conduction

60
Q

Saltatory Conduction

  1. Only in ________ axons
  2. Voltage gated channels are concentrated at ________, with few in regions where the myelin sheath covers the Axolemma
  3. Electric current is carried by ______ and ________ ions from one node to the next, and the nodes _____ and _____ as previously discussed
A
  1. Myelinated
  2. Nodes of Ranvier
  3. Extracellular/Intracellular/Depolarize/Repolarize
61
Q

Metabolism

  1. Neurons produce virtually all their ATP via ________
  2. This process requires large amounts of _____ so the nervous system requires a high _________and is consequently highly vascularized
A
  1. Aerobic metabolism of glucose

2. Oxygen/Blood Flow

62
Q

Metabolism

  1. Most the brains energy consumption goes into sustaining the ______ of neurons
A
  1. Electrical charge
63
Q

Effect of Axon Diameter

  1. The greater the _______ of the axon, the _______ the conduction will be (less resistance to the flow of ions through the axoplasm)
  2. _______: Large diameter, myelinated, FAST
  3. _______: Medium diameter, Myelinated, FAST
  4. _______: Small diameter, Unmyelinated, SLOW
A
  1. Diameter/faster
  2. A fibers
  3. B fibers
  4. C fibers
64
Q

Perceiving Stimulus intensity

  1. Two mechanisms enable stimuli of differing intensities to be registers as such: _____________ and __________
A
  1. Frequency of impulses/Number of sensory neurons activated
65
Q

Example of Intensity perception (Using Touch)

  1. __________: light touch generates a low frequency of widely spaced nerve impulses
    • A firm pressure causes nerve impulses to go down the axon closer together
  2. __________: A light touch stimulates only a few pressure sensitive neurons
    • A firm pressure stimulates more pressure sensitive neurons
A
  1. Frequency of impulses

2. Number of sensory neurons recruited

66
Q

Stimulus strength and generation of action potential

  1. No action potential is generated by a _________ stimulus.
  2. Several action potentials result from a _______ stimulus, yet each has the same amplitude. This is perceived as a stronger stimulus
A
  1. Subthreshold stimulus

2. Suprathreshold stimulus

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