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Freshman Semester > Test 3- Anatomy 1- Spinal Cord > Flashcards

Test 3- Anatomy 1- Spinal Cord Flashcards

1
Q

External Cord Anatomy

  1. The spinal cord begins as a continuation of the _______ (the most inferior portion of the brain stem) extending from the foramen magnum of the occipital bone to its termination as the _______ between L1-L2
A
  1. Medulla Oblongata/Conus Medullaris
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2
Q

Meninges

  1. The spinal meninges surround the _______ and are continuous with the _______, which encircle the _____
  2. The three meninges, from outermost inward are: _____, _____, ____
A
  1. Spinal cord/Cranial meninges/Brain

2. Dura mater/Arachnoid mater/Pia mater

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3
Q

Dura Mater

  1. The most _____ of the three spinal meninges
  2. Forms a sac from the level of the _______ to the second ______ vertebra
  3. ________: between the dura mater and the wall of the vertebral canal contains a cushion of fat and connective tissue further cushioning the spinal cord
A
  1. Superficial
  2. Foramen magnum/Sacral Vertebra
  3. Epidural space
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4
Q

Arachnoid mater

  1. Arachnoid is continuous with the arachnoid mater of the _____
  2. Between the dura mater and the arachnoid mater is the thin ______ which contains interstitial fluid
A
  1. Brain

2. Subdural space

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5
Q

Pia mater

  1. Contains blood vessels that supply _____ and ______ to the spinal cord
  2. Is a thin _______ connective tissue layer that adheres to the surface of the ______ and _____
  3. Between the arachnoid mater and the Pia mater is a space filled with cerebrospinal fluid called the _______
A
  1. Oxygen/Nutrients
  2. Transparent/Spinal cord/Brain
  3. Subarachnoid space
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6
Q

Denticulate ligaments

  1. Membranous, thickened extensions of the ______ that project laterally and fuse with ______ and inner surface of ______
  2. Suspend the spinal cord within its _____, protecting it against sudden displacement
A
  1. Pia mater//Arachnoid mater/Dura mater

2. Dura sheath

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7
Q

Arachnoid trabeculae

  1. Delicate strands of tissue emanating from the _______
  2. Span the subarachnoid space, connecting the ______ and the _____
A
  1. Arachnoid mater

2. Arachnoid/Pia

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8
Q

Spinal Cord external anatomy

  1. In adults the spinal cord extends from the ______ (the inferior part of the brain) to the superior border of the ________
  2. The ______ enlargement and _______ enlargement accommodate nerves to and from the upper and lower limbs, respectively
A
  1. Medulla oblongata/Second lumbar vertebra

2. Cervical/Lumbar

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9
Q

Spinal cord external anatomy

  1. Inferior to the lumbar enlargement the spinal cord tapers to a conical shaped portion termed the _______, which in adults ends at the level of the IV disc between vertebra L1 and L2
  2. The _____: is an extension of the Pia mater that arises of the Pia mater that arises from the conus medullaris to anchor the spinal cord to the coccyx
A
  1. Conus medullaris

2. Film terminale

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10
Q

Spinal cord external anatomy

  1. Nerves that arise from the inferior part of the spinal cord do not immediately leave the vertebral column but rather continue in the vertebral canal in fine strands collectively termed the ________ (horses tail)
A
  1. Cauda equina
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11
Q

Spinal Nerves

  1. Spinal nerves are the paths of ______ between the spinal cord and nerves innervating specific regions of the body

Two bundles of axons connect each spinal nerve to a segment of the cord.

  1. Each bundle is called a _____, which in turn is composed of smaller bundles of axons called _____
  2. The roots are: ____, _____
A
  1. Communication
  2. Root/Rootlets
  3. The posterior (or dorsal) root/The anterior (or Ventral) root
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12
Q

External Cord Anatomy

  1. Each posterior root has a swelling, the _______, which contain the cell bodies of sensory neurons
  2. The _______ contain axons of ____ neurons, which conduct nerve impulses from the CNS to effectors (muscles and glands)
A
  1. Posterior (dorsal) root ganglion

2. Anterior (ventral) root and rootlets/motor

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13
Q

Overall internal anatomy

  1. The gray matter of the spinal cord is shaped like the letter ___, or a butterfly, and is surrounded by ______
  2. The gray commissure forms the crossbar of the ____
A
  1. H/White matter

2. H

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14
Q

Overall functional aspects of spinal cord gray matter

  1. Gray matter receives and integrates _____ and _______ information
A
  1. Incoming/Outgoing
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15
Q

Polio

  1. Poliomyelitis is caused by the ______
  2. Onset is marked by ____, severe ______, stiff _____ and _____, deep muscle ____ and _____
  3. The Virus produces damage and paralysis by destroying ______ of ______ neurons in the _____ of the spinal cord and in nuclei of cranial nerves
A
  1. Poliovirus
  2. Fever/headache/neck/back/pain/weakness
  3. Cell bodies/motor/Anterior Horn
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16
Q

Regions of white matter

The anterior and posterior gray horns divide the white matter inot three broad areas called columns:

  1. ______
  2. _____
  3. _____
A
  1. Anterior (ventral) white columns
  2. Posterior (dorsal) white columns
  3. Lateral white columns
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17
Q

Tracts in the spinal cord

  1. Bundles of myelinated axons Called ______, have a common origin or destination and carry similar information up or down the spinal cord
  2. ______ tracts comprise axons that conduct nerve impulses toward the brain
  3. ________ tracts carry nerve impulses down the spinal cord
A
  1. Tracts
  2. Sensory (ascending)
  3. Motor (descending)
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18
Q

Spinal cord tracts and information processing

  1. ______ tracts ascend to or descend from the brain
  2. ______ process information input and out put
A
  1. White matter

2. Gray matter

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19
Q

Spinal nerves

  1. Spinal nerves and the nerves that branch from them are part of the ______ nervous system
  2. They connect the _______ nervous system to _____, _____, and ______ in all parts of the body
  3. There are ____ pairs of spinal nerves
A
  1. Peripheral
  2. Central/sensory receptors/muscles/glands
  3. 31
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20
Q

Naming spinal nerves

  1. Spinal nerves are named and numbered according to the _____ and _____ of the vertebral column from which they emerge
  2. The first ______ pair emerges between the ____ bone and the ____
  3. All other spinal nerves emerge through _________ between ______ vertebrae
A
  1. Region/Level
  2. Cervical/Occipital/Atlas
  3. Intervertebral Foramina/Adjoining
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21
Q

Naming Spinal nerves

Nerves are named in sequence:

  1. ____ pairs: of _____ nerves are named C1-C8
  2. ____ pairs of ______ nerves T1-T12
  3. ____ pairs of ______ nerves named L1-L5
  4. ____ pairs of _____ nerves named S1-S5
  5. _____ Pair of _____ nerves named Co1
  6. Most spinal nerves exit _____ to the vertebra of the same number, the exception being cervical nerves due to the fact that C1 exits ______ to the atlas (which is the cervical vertebra)
A
  1. 8/Cervical
  2. 12/Thoracic
  3. 5/Lumbar
  4. 5/Sacral
  5. 1/Coccygeal
  6. Inferior/Superior
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22
Q

Spinal nerve names correlate with exits from vertebral column

  1. Spinal nerves do not necessarily exit the spinal cord in the same _____ as their corresponding ______
A
  1. Pane/Vertebrae
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23
Q

Spinal nerve names correlate with exit from vertebral column

  1. During early childhood both the _____ and ______ grow longer as part of overall growth
  2. Spinal elongation stops about age ____ or ____ years, But ______ growth continues
A
  1. Spinal cord/Vertebral column

2. 4/5/Vertebral column

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24
Q

Spinal nerve names correlate with exit from vertebral column

  1. The consequence is the ______ offset, and the fact that in adults, the spinal cord does not extend the entire length of the ______
  2. The resulting _______ comprises roots of the lower lumbar, sacral, and coccygeal nerves
A
  1. Observed/ Vertebral column

2. Cauda equina

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25
Q

Structure of Spinal nerves

  1. Server all rootlets emerge from the _____ and _____ surfaces of the spinal cord
  2. The rootlets coverage to form the _____ and ______ of the spinal nerves
  3. The dorsal and ventral nerve roots unite at their points of exit from the vertebral canal to form a _____ nerve
  4. Each spinal nerve divides almost immediately into a _______ and a ______
A
  1. Dorsal/Ventral
  2. Dorsal/Ventral roots
  3. Spinal nerve
  4. Dorsal primary Ramus/Ventral primary ramus
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26
Q

Connective tissue coverings

  1. Individual axons are covered by an ______
  2. Groups of axons comprise a _____
  3. Each fasciae is wrapped in ______
  4. The entire nerve is covered by an ______
A
  1. Endoneurium
  2. Fascicle
  3. Perineurium
  4. Epineurium
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27
Q

Branches of Spinal nerves

  1. Each nerves divides into several branches just after passing through its _______ foramen
  2. Each branch is a _____
  3. ______ are the terminal branches of spinal nerves
A
  1. Intervertebral
  2. Ramus
  3. Rami
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28
Q

Rami

  1. _____ Innervates deep muscles and skin of the dorsal surface of the trunk
  2. _____ serves muscles and structures of the upper and lower limbs and the skin of the lateral and ventral surfaces of the trunk
A
  1. Posterior (dorsal) ramus

2. Anterior (ventral) ramus

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29
Q

Rami

  1. The ______ of each spinal nerve reenters the vertebral canal to supply the vertebrae and associated structures
  2. Other branches form the ________ and contributes to the trunk ganglia of the autonomic nervous system
A
  1. Meningeal branch

2. Rami Communicantes

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30
Q

Plexuses

  1. Except for most ______ nerves, the _____ rami of spinal nerves do not go directly to the body structures they supply
  2. Rather, they form networks on both the ____ and ____ sides of the body by joining with other axons from _______ rami of ______ nerves
  3. This network of axons is called a ______
A
  1. Thoracic/Anterior rami
  2. Left/Right/Anterior rami/Adjacent
  3. Plexus
31
Q

Plexus names

Principal plexuses:

  1. _____
  2. _____
  3. _____
  4. ______
  5. Also, smaller _______ plexus
A
  1. Cervical plexus
  2. Brachial plexus
  3. Lumbar plexus
  4. Sacral plexus
  5. Coccygeal plexus
32
Q

Nerves arising from plexuses

  1. _____ emerge from the plexuses
  2. The nerve names are often descriptive of the general regions they ____, or the ____ they take
  3. Each of the nerves may have ____ branches, each named for the specific ______ they innervate
A
  1. Nerves
  2. Serve/Course
  3. Several/Structure
33
Q

Anterior Rami of Thoracic nerves

  1. There is no ______ corresponding to cervical plexus, lumbar plexus, etc.
  2. Anterior rami of spinal nerves T2-T12 are called ______. Another name for them is Thoracic nerves
  3. These nerves connect directly to the structures they supply which are: _______, ______, ______
  4. The posterior rami of the intercostal nerves supply the ______ muscles and skin of the ______ aspect of the thorax
A
  1. Thoracic plexus
  2. Intercostal nerves
  3. Intercostal muscles/abdominal muscles/skin overlying those muscles
  4. Deep back/Posterior
34
Q

General features

  1. Plexuses are formed from the ______ rami of spinal nerves
  2. They are paired _____ and _____
  3. Plexuses have subunits of varying ______, depending on the complexity of the ______
  4. They contain both _____ and _____ neurons
A
  1. Anterior
  2. Left/Right
  3. Numbers/Plexus
  4. Motor/Sensory
35
Q

Plexus subunits

  1. _____ arise from the spinal cord
  2. Trunks are formed by ____ of roots: ______, _____, _____
  3. Divisions are the consequence of branching of trunks: ______, _______
  4. Nerves extend to the body part ______
A
  1. Roots
  2. Union/Superior trunk/Middle Trunk/Inferior Trunk
  3. Anterior division/Posterior division
  4. Innervated
36
Q

Cereal plexus

  1. The Cervical plexus supplies the _____ and _____ of the head, neck, superior portion of the ______ and _____, and the _______
A
  1. Skin/Muscles/Shoulders/Chest/Diaphragm
37
Q

Phrenic Nerve Injury

  1. The phrenic nerves arise from the cervical plexuses and supply _____ fibers to the ______
  2. Complete severing of the spinal cord above the orgin of the ______ nerves (C3, C4, and C5) causes ______ arrest. Breathing stops because the _______ nerves no longer send impulses to the diaphragm
A
  1. Motor/Diaphragm

2. Phrenic/Respiratory/Phrenic

38
Q

Brachial Plexus

  1. The Brachial plexus supples the _____ and ____
A
  1. Shoulders/upper limbs
39
Q

Radial Nerve Injury

  1. The ______ arises from the brachial plexus and supplies the muscles on the posterior aspect of the arm and forearm
  2. Radial nerve injury is indicated by ______, which is the inability to extend the wrist and fingers
  3. Radial nerve injury can be caused by improperly administered ________ into the deltoid muscle, or by a cast applied too tightly around the ______
A
  1. Radial nerves
  2. Wrist drop
  3. Intramuscular injections/Mid humerus
40
Q

Lumber plexus and lower limb

  1. The lumbar plexus supplies the ________, ______ and part of the ______
A
  1. Anterolateral abdominal wall/external genitals/lower limbs
41
Q

Sacral plexus

  1. The sacral plexus supplies the _____, ______, and ______
A
  1. Buttocks/perineum/lower limbs
42
Q

Sciatic Nerve injury

  1. The sciatic nerve is the _____ nerve in the body. It is actually two nerves bound by a common ______ of connective tissue, arising from the _____ plexus
  2. Various branches of the Sciatic nerve supple muscles of the ____, _____, and ______
  3. Injury to the sciatic nerve results in _______, pain that may extend from the buttock down the posterior and lateral aspect of the leg and into the foot.
  4. Injury may be due to _______, ______, _______,______ from the uterus during pregnancy, or an improperly administered gluteal _______
A
  1. Largest/Sheath/Sacral
  2. Leg/Foot/Toes
  3. Sciatica
  4. Herniated disc/dislocated hip/Osteoarthritis/Pressure/Intramuscular injection
43
Q

Cutaneous innervation

  1. ________: are those that arise in the skin, and include tactile sensations (touch, pressure, vibration, tickling), thermal sensations (warmth, coolness), and pain ]
  2. Maps of the afferent nerves that convey cutaneous sensations toward the CNS are of two types: ______, _________
  3. The maps differ because of the ______
A
  1. Cutaneous sensations
  2. Dermatomes/Peripheral nerve fields (cutaneous nerves)
  3. Plexuses
44
Q

Dermatomes

  1. The skin is supplied by ______ sensory neurons that carry nerve impulses from the skin into the _______ and ______
  2. Each spinal nerve contains ______ neurons that serve a specific segment of the body
  3. The areas of the skin that provides ______ input to the ______ via one pair of _____ nerve or ______ nerve V is called a _______. (Cranial nerve ______ is the trigeminal. It serves most of the skin of the ______ and the ______
A
  1. Somatic/Spinal cord/Brain stem
  2. Sensory
  3. Sensory/CNS/Spinal/Cranial/Dermatomes/V/Face/Scalp
45
Q

Dermatomes

  1. Knowing which spinal cord segments supply each _____ makes it possible to locate damaged ______ of the _______
  2. Nerves supplying a specific _______ may be damaged if the _______ is not perceived when the skin in a particular region is ______
A
  1. Dermatome/Regions/Spinal Cord

2. Dermatome/Sensation/Stimulated

46
Q

Dermatomes

  1. Adjacent dermatomes typically, _____, except at the _______, which is the line of junction of dermatomes supplied from discontinuous _______
A
  1. Overlap/Axial line/Spinal levels
47
Q

Shingles

  1. Shingles is an acute _____ of the Peripheral nervous system caused by _______, the virus that also causes chicken pox
  2. After recovery from chicken pox the virus retreats a posterior root ______
  3. The _______ usually prevents the virus from spreading if it is reactivated
  4. Sometimes the virus leaves the ______ and travels down _____ neurons of the skin by fast ______ transport
  5. This causes ______, skin _______, and typically a line of _____ on the skin coinciding with dermatome love distribution of the sensory nerve belonging to the infected posterior root ______
A
  1. Infection/Herpes Zoster
  2. Ganglion
  3. Immune system
  4. Ganglion/Sensory/Axonal
  5. Pain/Discoloration/Blisters/Ganglion
48
Q

Spinal Cord Function and associated structure

  1. The spinal cord has ____ principal function in the maintenance of ______: Nerve impulse _______, and _________
  2. Within the spinal cord, these functions are associated with either the ______ or the _______
  3. Gray mater _____ and ______ incoming and outgoing information
  4. White mater tracts carry ______ impulses toward the _____, and motor impulses from the _______ toward effectors
A
  1. 2/Homeostasis/Propagation/Information Integration
  2. Gray matter/White matter
  3. Receives/Integrates
  4. Sensory/Brain/Brain
49
Q

Naming tracts

Name of a tract indicates

  1. It’s position in the _____ matter
  2. Where it _____ and _____
  3. By extension, the direction of _______ flow
A
  1. White
  2. Begins/Ends
  3. Information
50
Q

Related definitions

  1. ______: Awarneess of the position and movement of muscles, tendons, and joints
  2. ______: Ability to feel exactly what part of the body is touched
  3. ______: Ability to distinguish the touching of tow different points on the skin which are close together
A
  1. Proprioception
  2. Discriminative touch
  3. Two point discrimination
51
Q

Integration and response

  1. Sensory systems provide input to the ______ regarding the environment
  2. Interneruons in several areas of the _____ and ______ integrate the input
  3. Responses are initiated. Most regulation of involuntary activities of ______, ______, and ______ is by the ________
  4. The _______ has a major role in controlling precise, voluntary muscular
A
  1. CNS
  2. Brain/Spinal cord
  3. Smooth muscle/Cardiac muscle/glands/Autonomic nervous system
  4. Cerebral cortex
52
Q

Descending Pathways

  1. Motor output to skeletal muscles travels down the spinal cord in two types of descending pathway: _______, _____
A
  1. DIRECT/INDIRECT
53
Q

Direct Pathways

  1. The nerve impulses originate in the ______
  2. They cause precise ______ movement of skeletal muscle
  3. Comprise the following tracts: ______, ______, ______
A
  1. Cerebral cortex
  2. They cause precise _______ movement of skeletal muscles
  3. Comprise the following tracts/Lateral coriticospinal tract/Anterior corticospinal Tract/Corticobulbar tract
54
Q

Indirect Pathways

  1. These impulses originate in the brain stem of other parts of the brain a that _______ movements
  2. They help cooordinate Body movements with visual stimuli, maintain skeletal muscle tone and contraction of postural muscles, regulate muscle tone in response to movements of the _____
  3. Include the following tracts: ______, _______, _______, ______, ______
A
  1. Autonomic
  2. Head
  3. Rubrospinal/TectospinalVestibulospinal/Lateral reticulospinal/Medial reticulospinal
55
Q

Reflex

  1. A reflex is a ______, _______, ________ sequence of actions that occurs in response to a particular stimulus
  2. Reflexes may be: ______, ______
  3. The types of reflexes based on site of integration of stimuli are?_______: when integration takes place in spinal cord gray matter
  4. ________:When integration occurs in the brain stem
A
  1. Fast/Involuntary/Unplanned
  2. Innate//Learned
  3. Spinal reflex
  4. Cranial reflex
56
Q

Types by muscle involved

  1. _______ involve contraction of skeletal muscle

2 Visceral reflexes involve ______ of smooth muscle, cardiac muscle and glands/Usually not ______ perceived. Not easy to ______ by clinical processes. Also termed autonomic _______, since they are mediated by the ______ nervous system

A
  1. Somatic

2. Contraction/Consciously/Initiate/Reflexes/Autonomic

57
Q

Reflex arc

  1. The pathway followed by nerve impulses that produce a reflex is termed a _____ or _____
  2. Reflexes arcs comprise very specific pathways as they propagate ____, _____, and ____ of the ______
  3. Reflex arcs are of ______ value due to the property of having ______ pathways
A
  1. Reflex arc/Reflex circuit
  2. Into/Through/Out/CNS
  3. Diagnostic/Specific
58
Q

Reflex are components

A reflex arc includes the following five functional components:

  1. _____
  2. ____
  3. ____
  4. ____
  5. ______
A
  1. Sensory receptor
  2. Sensory neuron
  3. Integrating Center
  4. Motor neuron
  5. Effector
59
Q

Sensory receptor

  1. The _____ or _____ structure of the sensory neuron responds to a specific stimulus by producing a graded potential called a ______ potential. If the potential reaches threshold it will trigger one or more nerve impulses in the ______ neuron
A
  1. Dendrite/Sensory/Generator/Sensory
60
Q

Integrating Center

  1. The gray matter within the central nervous system is the _____ center. The simplest reflex consist of the integrating center comprising just of between ______ neuron and ____ neuron, called a ________ reflex arc. Most reflex arcs are ______, involving more than two types of neurons and more than one CNS synapse
A
  1. Integrating/Sensory/Motor/Monosynaptic/Polysynaptic
61
Q

Motor neuron

  1. The _____ center sends impulses out of the CNS along a _____ neuron to the part of the body that responds
A
  1. Integrating/Motor
62
Q

Effector

  1. The effector is the part of the body that responds, generally a ____ or _____. The responsive action of the effector is called a _____. If the effector is skeletal muscle, the reflex is a ______ reflex. If the effector is smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, or a gland, the reflex is an _______ reflex or visceral reflex
A
  1. Muscle/Gland/Reflex/Somatic/Autonomic
63
Q

Stretch Reflex (Patellar reflex)

  1. It operates as a ______ mechanism to control muscle length by causing muscle contraction
  2. Prevents injury from _______ because muscle contracts when it is stretched
  3. Monosynaptic, ______ reflex arc

Events of stretch reflex

  1. Muscle _______ in the Muscle signals stretch of muscle
  2. Motor neuron ______ and muscle _____
  3. Brain sets muscle spindle _______ as it sets muscle tone
  4. _________: antagonistic muscles relax as part of reflex
A
  1. Feedback
  2. Over stretching
  3. Ipsilateral
  4. Spindle
  5. Activated/Contracts
  6. Sensitivity
  7. Reciprocal Innervation
64
Q

Clinical Connection: Westphals sign

  1. Westphal’s sign is the clinical correlate of the absence or decrease of ______ reflex or _____ jerk
A
  1. Patellar/Knee
65
Q

Tendon Reflex

  1. It operates as a Feedback mechanism to control muscle _____ by causing muscle ______ when muscle force becomes to extreme
  2. ______, Ipsilateral reflex
  3. Glogi tendon organs are in tendon, at the _______ junction of skeletal muscle
  4. Activated by _____ of tendon
  5. ______ neuron is stimulated (polysynaptic)
  6. Motor neuron is ________ and muscle _____
  7. ______: causes contraction of ipsilateral muscle group
A
  1. Tension/Relaxation
  2. Polysynaptic
  3. Musculotendonous junction
  4. Stretching
  5. Motor
  6. Hyperpolarized/Relaxes
  7. Reciprocal Innervation
66
Q

Flexor and Crossed Extensor Reflexes

  1. The ______: Ipsilateral and is a protective withdrawal reflex that moves a limb to avoid pain. (Also know as nociceptive withdrawal reflex)
  2. This reflex results in contraction of ______ muscles to move a limb to avoid injury or pain
  3. The ______: is contralateral, helps to maintain balance during the flexor reflex.
  4. This is a _____ maintaining reflex that causes a synchronized extension of the joints of one limb and flexion of the joints in the opposite limb
A
  1. Flexor (withdrawal) reflex
  2. Flexor
  3. Crossed extensor reflex
  4. Balance
67
Q

Plantar flexion reflex

  1. This reflex results from the gentle stroking of the lateral outer margin of the ______
  2. The ________: is dorsiflexion of the great toe with or without lateral fanning of the other toes. It normally occurs in children 1.5 years of age due to incomplete myelination of fibers in the corticospinal tract
  3. The normal response (no Babinski) after age 1.5 years is _____ under of all the toes
A
  1. Sole
  2. Babinski Sign
  3. Curling
68
Q

Clasp Knife Reflex

  1. Clasp Knife Reflex is a ____ reflex with a rapid decreases in resistance when attempting to ____ a joint. Generally observed during a neurological examination, it is one of the characteristic responses of an upper ____ neuron lesion, indicating damage to the _______ tract
  2. In this reflex, a ____ limb resists passive motion and then suddenly gives way, similarly to the motion of the blade of a _____
A
  1. Stretch/Flex/Motor/Pyramidal

2. Spastic/Jackknife

69
Q

Diagnostic Value of reflexes

  1. The predictability of reflexes makes them useful in the diagnosis of _____
  2. Damage or disease anywhere along a reflex arc can cause the reflex to be ___ or ____
  3. ____ reflexes can usually be tested by tapping or stroking the body surface
  4. _____ reflexes are not practical diagnostic tools since it is difficult to stimulate most viscera receptors because they are deep inside the body (one exception being the pupillary light reflex, pupils of both eyes decrease in diameter when either is exposed to light)
A
  1. Disease
  2. Absent/Abnormal
  3. Somatic
  4. Autonomic
70
Q

Diagnostic Value of reflexes

  1. Hyperactive reflexes suggest ______ disease

Decreased reflexes are found in

  1. Damage to relevant ______
  2. Disease of _____
  3. Diseases of the _____
  4. Loss of ____
A
  1. Central nervous system
  2. Spinal segments
  3. Muscles
  4. Neuromuscular junction
  5. Sensation
71
Q
  1. _____: PARALYSIS OF ONE LIMB ONLY
  2. _____: paralysis of both upper limbs or both lower limbs
  3. _____: Paralysis of both lower limbs
  4. ______: Paralysis of the upper limb, trunk, and lower limb on one side of the body
  5. _____: paralysis of all four limbs
A
  1. Monoplegia
  2. Diplegia
  3. Paraplegia
  4. Hemiplegia
  5. Quadriplegia
72
Q
  1. ______: Partial transection of the spinal cord on either the right or left Side
  2. _____: loss of reflex function
  3. _____: injection of an anesthetic drug into the epidural space in order to cause a temporary loss of sensation
  4. _____: inflammation of the meninges due to an infection
  5. _____: inflammation of the spinal cord
A
  1. Hemisection
  2. Areflexia
  3. Epidural block
  4. Menigitis
  5. Myelitis
73
Q
  1. _______: A procedure in which a CT scan or X ray image of the spinal cord is taken after injection of a radio plaque dye to diagnose abnormalities such as tumors and herniated intervertebral discs
  2. ______: loss of sensation in a region due to injection of a local anesthetic
  3. _____: Attack’s of pain along the entire course or branch of a sensory nerve
  4. ______: Inflammation of one or several nerves due to a variety of causes
  5. ______: An abnormal sensation such as burning, pricking, tickling, or tingling resulting from a disorder of a sensory nerve
A
  1. Myelography
  2. Nerve block
  3. Neuralgia
  4. Neuritis
  5. Paresthesia
74
Q
  1. ______: attacks of pain along the entire course or branch of a sensory nerve
  2. _____: inflammation of one or several nerves due to a variety of causes
  3. _____: an abnormal sensation, such as burning, pricking, tickling, or tingling resulting from a disorder of a sensory nerve
A
  1. Neuralgia
  2. Neuritis
  3. Paresthesia

Freshman Semester (10 decks)

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