Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Freshman Semester > Test 3- Anatomy 1 Autonomic Nervous System > Flashcards

Test 3- Anatomy 1 Autonomic Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

Autonomic Nervous System

  1. The autonomic nervous system is a system of ________ and _____ neurons that regulates the activity of smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and many glands
  2. It was originally named autonomic because it was thought to function autonomously in a self governing manner without control by the ______. But centers in the ______ and ______ stem do regulate ANS reflexes
A
  1. Visceral sensor/Visceral motor

2. Central nervous system/Hypothalamus/brain stem

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Autonomic Nervous System

  1. Like the somatic nervous system, the autonomic nervous system operates via _____
  2. A continual flow of nerve impulses from autonomic _____ neurons in visceral organs and blood vessels propagate into integrating centers in the central nervous system, and impulses in autonomic _______ neurons propagate to various effector tissues. (______, ________, _______)
A
  1. Reflex arcs

2. Sensory/Motor/Smooth muscle/Cardiac muscle/Glands

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Organization of the nervous system

  1. Peripheral nervous system (consists of all nervous tissue outside the central nervous system (______, ______, and _____)
  2. Each subdivision of the PNS has both _____ and ______ neurons. The ____ part of the autonomic nervous system consists of two branches: _____ division and ______ division
A
  1. SNS/ANS/ENS

2. Sensory/Motor/Motor/Sympathetic/Parasympathetic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Input to the ANS

  1. Most input to the autonomic nervous system comes from autonomic sensory neurons, which are mostly _______, such as:
  2. _______: that monitor blood CO2 levels
  3. _______: that detect the degree of stretch in walls of organs (stomach, urinary bladder, intestines, uterus) or blood vessels
  4. The signals are not consciously perceived most of the time, but intense activation of interceptors may produce conscious sensation (such as ______ from inadequate blood flow to the _____)
A
  1. Interceptors
  2. Chemoreceptors
  3. Mechanoreceptors
  4. Angina pectoris/Heart
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Regulation of visceral activities

  1. Autonomic neurons regulate visceral activities by ______ (______) or ________ (______) activities in their effector tissues (cardiac muscle, smooth muscle, glands)
  2. Unlike skeletal muscle, tissues innervated by the ANS often have an ________ that enables them to continue to operate even if their nerve supply is _________ (heart beat, gastrointestinal tract contractions)
A
  1. Increasing (exciting)/Decreasing (Inhibiting)

2. Intrinsic function/Damaged

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

ANS motor innervation

  1. Whereas a single myelinated somatic motor neuron extends from the CNS to the skeletal muscle fibers in its motor unit, _________ consist of two motor neurons in series
A
  1. Autonomic motor pathways
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

ANS motor innervation

  1. The first neuron has its cell body in the _______ and its _______ axon extends form the CNS to an _____ ganglion. This is the ______ neuron
A
  1. CNS/Myelinated/Autonomic/Ganglionic
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

ANS motor innervation

  1. The ____ neuron has its cell body in the _____ and it ______ axon extends from ganglion to the ______. This is the _________ neuron
A
  1. Second/Ganglion/Unmyelinated/Effector/Post-ganglionic
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

ANS motor innervation

  1. An additional difference between somatic and autonomic motor neurons is that somatic motor neurons release only ________ as their neurotransmitter, but autonomic motor neurons release either ________ or _________
A
  1. Acetylcholine/Acetylcholine/Norepinephrine
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Divisions of the ANS

The motor part of the autonomic nervous system has tow main components:

  1. _______ division/_______ division
A
  1. Sympathetic division

2. Parasympathetic division

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Divisions of the ANS

  1. Nerve impulses from division of the ANS stimulate ________ activity in an organ (excitation), and impulses from the other division ________ activity (inhibition)
A
  1. Stimulated/Decrease
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Divisions of the ANS

  1. The _______: is called the fight or flight division because it actions result in increased alertness and increased metabolic activities
  2. The _______: is termed the rest and digest division since its activities conserve and restore body energy and are involved in digestion
A
  1. Sympathetic division

2. Parasympathetic division

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Autonomic motor pathways

Autonomic motor pathways consist of two neurons:

  1. ________
  2. _______
A
  1. Preganglionic neuron

2. Postganglionic neuron

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Preganglionic neuron

  1. Cell body is in the ______ or ______
  2. Axon exits _______as part of a ______ or _______
  3. Conveys nerve impulses from the CNS to _______
A
  1. Brain/spinal cord
  2. CNS/Cranial nerve/Spinal nerve
  3. Autonomic ganglia
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Postganglionic neuron

  1. Cell body and dendrites are in an _______ ganglion
  2. Relays nerve impulses from ________ ganglia to ________
A
  1. Autonomic

2. Autonomic/visceral effectors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Sympathetic division preganglionic motor neurons

  1. Preganglionic neurons of the sympathetic division have their cell bodies in the lateral ______ of the ______ segments and the first _______ segments of the spinal cord
A
  1. Gray horns/12 thoracic/2 lumbar
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Parasympathetic division preganglionic motor neurons

  1. Preganglionic neurons of the parasympathetic division have their cell bodies in the nuclei of cranial nerves ______, _____, ______, and _______ of the brain stem, and in the lateral gray horns of the ______ through the _______ segments of the spinal cord
A
  1. III/VII/IX/X/Second/Fourth sacral
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Sympathetic ganglia

  1. Sympathetic ganglia re the sites of synapses between ________ and ________ neurons
  2. Sympathetic ganglia are of two major types: ________, ________
A
  1. Sympathetic preganglionic/Postganglionic neurons

2. Sympathetic trunk ganglia/Prevertebral ganglia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Sympathetic trunk ganglia

  1. Also called _______ or _______
  2. Ganglia lie in a ______ row on each side of the ______ column
  3. Preganglionic axons are usually _____
  4. Postganglionic axons mostly innervate organs above the ______
  5. Postganglionic axons are generally fairly _____
A
  1. Vertebral Chain ganglia/paravertebral ganglia
  2. Vertical/Vertebral
  3. Short
  4. Diaphragm
  5. Long
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Prevertebral ganglia

  1. The ganglia are _____ to the vertebral column, close to the large ______ arteries
  2. Postganglionic axons mostly innervate organs below the ______
  3. As with paravertebral ganglia, preganglionic axons are usually _____ and Postganglionic axons are generally fairly ______
A
  1. Anterior/Abdominal
  2. Diaphragm
  3. Short/Long
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Prevertebral Ganglia

There are five major Prevertebral ganglia:

  1. ______ ganglion
  2. _______ ganglion
  3. ________ ganglion
  4. _______ ganglion
  5. _______ ganglion
A
  1. Celiac
  2. Superior mesenteric
  3. Inferior mesenteric
  4. Aorticorenal
  5. Renal
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Parasympathetic Ganglia

  1. _______ axons of the parasympathetic division synapse with ________ neurons in terminal ganglia
  2. Most terminal _______ are located close to or within the wall of the ______ organ
  3. ________ are typically long
  4. _______ are short or seemingly nonexistent
A
  1. Preganglionic/Postganglionic
  2. Ganglia/Visceral
  3. Preganglionic axons
  4. Postganglionic axons
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Parasympathetic ganglia

Parasympathetic ganglia of the head have specific names:

  1. ______, _____, ______, ______
  2. Parasympathetic _______ nerves extend to ______
A
  1. Ciliary ganglion/Pterygopalatine ganglion/Submandibular ganglion/Otic ganglion
  2. Splanchnic nerves/viscera
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Pelvic Splanchnic nerves

  1. Axons of parasympathetic neurons extend to parasympathetic postganglionic neurons in terminal ganglia in the walls of the _____, _____, ______, and _______ organs by means of pelvic splanchnic nerves
A
  1. colon/ureters/urinary bladder/reproductive
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Sympathetic trunk ganglia connections

Sympathetic preganglionic neurons arriving at sympathetic trunk ganglia may connect with postganglionic neurons by:

  1. ____ in the ganglion it _____ reaches or by
  2. _____ or _____ before synapsing or by
  3. Continuing, without _____ through the trunk ganglion to a Prevertebral ganglion and synpasing there with _______ neurons, or by
  4. Continuing without synapsing through both the sympathetic trunk ganglion and a prevertebral ganglion to extend to ______ cells of the adrenal medulla
A
  1. Synapsing/First
  2. Ascending/Descending
  3. Synapsing/ Postganglionic
  4. Chromaffin
26
Q

Projection patterns: sympathetic branch

  1. Sympathetic Preganglionic fibers have many axon ______, and _______ with a number of Postganglionic neurons (20 or more)
  2. This a ______ projection pattern
  3. Explains in part why ______ responses typically affect almost the emotive body, and why they do so _______
  4. _______ axons of the sympathetic division usually terminate in several effectors after leaving their ganglia
A
  1. Collaterals/Synapse
  2. Divergent
  3. Sympathetic/Simultaneously
  4. Postganglionic
27
Q

Projection patterns: Parasympathetic branch

  1. Parasympathetic _____ neurons have few axon collaterals, and synapse with a limited number of Postganglionic neurons, all of which are in the ______ visceral effector
  2. This technically a ______ projection pattern (but not much divergence)
  3. Parasympathetic _______ axons terminate in the same effector after leaving their ganglia (rather than branching out to different _____)
A
  1. Preganglionic/Same
  2. Divergent
  3. Postganglionic/Effectors
28
Q

Autonomic Plexuses

  1. Autonomic plexuses are tangled networks neurons formed jointly but the ______ and _______ nervous systems
  2. They are present in the ______, _____, and _______
  3. Many of them lie along major ______
  4. Although autonomic plexuses are generally a component of autonomic ____ pathways, they may also contain _______ and axons of autonomic _________ neurons
  5. _____ fibers are commonly also present in autonomic plexuses
A
  1. Sympathetic/parasympathetic
  2. Thorax/abdomen/pelvis
  3. Arteries
  4. Motor/Sympathetic Ganglia/sensory
  5. Visceral afferent
29
Q

Autonomic Plexuses

There are a number of plexuses in the body, the major ones being:

  1. Thorax: ______, _______
  2. Abdomen: _______, ______, _______
  3. Pelvis: _______, _______
A
  1. Cardiac plexus/Pulmonary plexus
  2. Celiac plexus/superior mesenteric plexus/Inferior mesenteric plexus
  3. Hypogastric plexus/Renal plexus
30
Q

Thoracic Plexuses

  1. Cardiac plexus: at the base of the heart, it surrounds the large blood vessels emerging from the heart. It is contributed to by both _________ and _______ nerves.
  2. Sympathetic neurons to this plexus increase ______ and _______. Parasympathetic innervation, provided by the _____ nerve, supplies fibers to the heart that _____ heart rate
  3. Pulmonary plexus: posterior to each lung, ______ and ______ branches of the autonomic nervous system serve the _____, ____, and _______. Sympathetic innervation causes ________. Parasympathetic pathway causes ________ and Increase secretion from ______ of the _______
A
  1. Post ganglionic sympathetic/pre ganglionic parasympathetic
  2. Heart rate/Contractility/Vagus/Slow
  3. Sympathetic/Parasympathetic/Lungs/Bronchi/Pulmonary blood vessels/Bronchodilation/Bronchodilation/Mucous glands/Bronchial tree
31
Q

Abdominal plexuses

  1. _______: the largest autonomic plexus, it surrounds the celiac and superior mesenteric arteries, and is at the level of the last thoracic/first lumbar vertebrae
  2. _______: supplies the small and large intestine
  3. _______: innervates the large intestine
A
  1. Celiac plexus
  2. Superior mesenteric plexus
  3. Inferior mesenteric plexus
32
Q

Pelvic plexuses

  1. _______: supplies pelvic viscera, which comprises the urinary bladder and genital organs
  2. _______: located near the kidneys (as the name implies), supplies renal arteries within the kidneys and the ureters
A
  1. Hypogastric plexus

2. Renal plexus

33
Q

Sympathetic Preganglionic Neurons

  1. Cell bodies are part of the lateral horns of all _____ segments plus the first two or three ______ of the spinal cord
  2. _______ axons leave the spinal cord through the anterior root of a spinal nerve along with _____ motor neurons at the same level, and exit though the _______
  3. The axons are ______
A
  1. Thoracic/Lumbar segments
  2. Preganglionic/Somatic/Intervertebral foramina
  3. Myelinated
34
Q

White rami communicantes

  1. The myelinated axons pass through a ______ communicans to enter an adjoining ________, thereby forming part of the _______ trunk, AKA (______)
A
  1. White ramus/Paravertebral ganglion/Sympathetic/Sympathetic chain
35
Q

White Rami Communicantes

  1. White rami communicantes are present only in the ______ and first two ______ nerves (T1-L2), since those are the only regions with _______ outflow
A
  1. Thoracic/Lumbar/Sympathetic
36
Q

Sympathetic Trunk ganglia

Sympathetic trunk ganglia are paired, one on each side of the vertebral column, typically consisting of:

  1. 3 ______ ganglia
  2. 11 or 12 ______ ganglia
  3. 4 or 5 _______ ganglia
  4. 4 or 5 ________ ganglia
  5. 1 _______ ganglion (fused at midline)
A
  1. Cervical
  2. Thoracic
  3. Lumbar
  4. Sacral
  5. Coccygeal
37
Q

Cervical ganglia

  1. Sympathetic preganglionic fibers that serve the _____ and ______ emerge from spinal cord segments T1-T6 and ascend to synapse with ______ neurons within ______ ganglia in the neck, comprising:
  2. ______ ganglion
  3. _______ ganglion
  4. _______ ganglion
A
  1. Head/Neck/Postganglionic/Cervical
  2. Superior cervical ganglion
  3. Middle cervical ganglion
  4. Inferior cervical ganglion
38
Q

Cervical ganglia

  1. Superior cervical ganglion Postganglionic sympathetic fibers supply the _____ and ______
  2. _____ Glands
  3. Smooth muscle of the _____
  4. Blood vessels of the ____
  5. ____ glands
  6. ______ glands
  7. _____ glands
  8. ______
A
  1. Head/Heart
  2. Sweat Glands
  3. Eye
  4. Face
  5. Salivary
  6. Pineal
  7. Lacrimal
  8. Heart
39
Q

Cervical Ganglia

  1. Middle cervical ganglion and ______ cervical ganglion Postganglionic Sympathetic fibers supply the _____
  2. The remaining sympathetic trunk ganglia do not have ________
A
  1. Inferior/Heart

2. Individual names

40
Q

Thoracic ganglia

  1. The ____ region receives most of the sympathetic preganglionic axons
A
  1. Thoracic
41
Q

Thoracic ganglia

Postganglionic fibers from the thoracic sympathetic trunk innervate:

  1. _____
  2. ____
  3. ____
  4. ____ glands
  5. Blood vessels of the ____
  6. ______ muscles
A
  1. Heart
  2. Lungs
  3. Bronchi
  4. Sweat glands
  5. Skin
  6. Are totes pilorum
42
Q

Sympathetic trunk pathways

Axons leave the sympathetic trunk in four possible ways:

  1. Enter ____ nerves
  2. Form ______ nerves
  3. Form _____ nerves
  4. Form ______ nerves
A
  1. Spinal
  2. Cephalic periarterial
  3. Sympathetic
  4. Splanchnic
43
Q

Sympathetic trunk pathways: Enter a spinal nerve

  1. Some incoming sympathetic preganglionic neurons synapse with Postganglionic neurons either in the ganglion at the level of _____, or father ____ or ____ the ______ chain
  2. Axons of those Postganglionic neurons leave the trunk by means of a _______, then merge with the ______ of a spinal nerve
A
  1. Entry/Up/Down/Sympathetic

2. Gray ramus/anterior ramus

44
Q

Sympathetic chains

  1. Axon collaterals from preganglionic neurons may pass up or down the _______ trunk for a variable distance, forming ______ chains, which are the fibers on which the ganglia are located
A
  1. Sympathetic/Sympathetic
45
Q

Gray rami communicantes

  1. Unmyelinated _____ axons pass through ______ ramus communicans to connect the ganglia of the _______ to spinal nerves
A
  1. Postganglionic/Gray ramus/Sympathetic trunk
46
Q

Rami communicantes

  1. Since gray rami communicantes are associated with all spinal nerves, they out number white rami communicantes, which are associated with on the _____ nerves and two or three _____ nerves
A
  1. Thoracic/Lumbar
47
Q

Sympathetic trunk pathways: cephalic periarterial nerves

  1. Some preganglionic neurons ascend in the sympathetic trunk to the _______ ganglion, where thy synapse with _______ neurons
  2. Those Postganglionic neurons extend to the head by wrapping around and following certain arteries such as the carotid artery from the neck to the _____ forming _______ nerves
A
  1. Superior cervical/Postganglionic neurons

2. Head/Cephalic periarterial

48
Q

Sympathetic trunk pathways: cephalic periarterial nerves

Cephalic periarterial nerves supply sympathetic innervation to

  1. ____ of the face (sweat glands, smooth muscle of blood vessels, are totes pilorum muscles)
  2. ______ of the head (smooth muscles of the eye, lacrimal glands, pineal gland, nasal mucosa, salivary glands)
A
  1. Skin

2. Visceral effectors

49
Q

Sympathetic trunk pathways: sympathetic nerves

After synapsing with preganglionic neurons, some Postganglionic neurons form sympathetic nerves that extend to visceral effectors in the thoracic cavity, providing:

  1. Sympathetic nerves to the ______ ( the superior, middle, and inferior cervical ganglia, and first through fourth thoracic ganglia)
  2. Sympathetic nerves to smooth muscle of _____ and _____
A
  1. Heart

2. Bronchi/Lungs

50
Q

Sympathetic trunk pathways: splanchnic nerves

  1. Some sympathetic preganglionic neurons pass through the trunk ________ terminating in it. They then form nerves called _________ that generally extend to ________
A
  1. Without/Splanchnic nerves/Prevertebral ganglia
51
Q

Splanchnic nerves

  1. Splanchnic pretaining to the viscera) nerves are formed by ______ axons that pass through the ______ trunk without terminating in it, then terminate in ________
A
  1. Preganglionic/Sympathetic/Prevertebral ganglia
52
Q

Splanchnic nerves

Postganglionic neurons of the GREATER SPLANCHNIC NERVE supply:

  1. _____
  2. ______
  3. ______
  4. ______
  5. _______
A
  1. Liver
  2. Stomach
  3. Spleen
  4. Small intestine
  5. Kidney
53
Q

Splanchnic nerves

Postganglionic neurons of the lesser Splanchnic nerve innervate:

  1. _____
  2. _____
A
  1. Small intestine

2. Colon

54
Q

Splanchnic nerves

Postganglionic neurons of the Lumbar splanchnic nerve innervate:

  1. _____
  2. _____
  3. _____
  4. _____
A
  1. Coon
  2. Rectum
  3. Genitals
  4. Urinary bladder
55
Q

Adrenal medulla

  1. Although there are no Postganglionic neurons from the adrenal medullae, developmentally the adrenal medullae are derived from the same type of precursor cell (______) that gives rise to _______ neurons elsewhere in the body
  2. In effect, then the adrenal medullae themselves comprise a large complex of _______ neurons, the cells of which release hormones into the blood (mostly epinephrine, some Norepinephrine, a trace of dopamine)
A
  1. Chromaffin cell)/Postganglionic

2. Postganglionic

56
Q

Adrenal medulla

  1. Sympathetic _______ neurons extend to the adrenal medullae
A
  1. Preganglionic
57
Q

Parasympathetic Preganglionic Neurons

  1. Cell bodies are in nuclei in the ______ and in the lateral horns of the ______ through _____ sacral segments of the spinal cord

Axons emerge as part of a cranial nerve, or as part of the anterior root of a spinal nerve:

  1. The _________ consist of preganglionic axons from the brain stem in four of the cranial nerves
  2. The _________ comprises preganglionic axons in anterior roots of the second through fourth sacral Spinal nerves
  3. The axons are _____, and end in _______ close to the organ they innervate
A
  1. Brain stem/Second/Fourth
  2. Cranial parasympathetic outflow
  3. Sacral parasympathetic outflow
  4. Myelinated/Terminal ganglia
58
Q

Cranial parasympathetic ganglia

Paired left and right, and located close to the organs they innervate:

  1. _______: located near the posterior aspect of each eyeball; preganglionic axons from Oculomotor nerves (CN III); Postganglionic axons innervate smooth muscles in eyeball
  2. _______: preganglionic axons from facial (VII) nerves; Postganglionic axons to nasal mucosa, pharynx, and to lacrimal glands
A
  1. Ciliary ganglia

2. Pterygopalatine ganglia

59
Q

Cranial parasympathetic ganglia

  1. _______: located near submandibular salivary gland ducts; preganglionic axons from facial (VII) nerves; Postganglionic axons to submandibular salivary glands and sublingual salivary glands
  2. ______: Inferior to each foramen ovals; preganglionic axons from Glossopharyngeal (IX) nerves; Postganglionic axons to parotid salivary glands
A
  1. Submandibular ganglia

2. Otic ganglia

60
Q

Vagal Outflow

  1. Most _____ of the total craniosacral outflow is carried by ______ axons that leave the brain as part of the _____ nerves (cranial nerve X)
  2. The Vagus nerve sends axons to the: ______, Airway of the lungs, _____, Gallbladder, ______, Pancreas, _______, Large intestine
A
  1. 80%/Preganglionic/Vagus

2. Heart/ Liver/Stomach/Small Intestine

61
Q

Parasympathetic Splanchnic nerves

  1. Preganglionic neurons of the sacral parasympathetic outflow form ______ nerves, the postganglionic neuron of which innervate smooth muscle and glands in:
  2. _____
  3. _____
  4. ______
  5. _______
A
  1. Pelvic Splanchnic
  2. Colon
  3. Ureters
  4. Reproductive organs
  5. Urinary Bladder

Freshman Semester (10 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions