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Freshman Semester > Test 3 Anatomy 2 > Flashcards

Test 3 Anatomy 2 Flashcards

1
Q

The Endocrine and Nervous Systems

  1. Some mediators can be both a ______ and ______
  2. _______, ________, ______
  3. Example: Oxytocin

Neurotransmitter: released throughout the ______ and expressed by _____

Hormone: released from the ________ into blood, acting on ______ and ______

A
  1. Neurotransmitter/Hormone
  2. Norepinephrine/Epinephrine/Oxytocin
  3. Brain/Neurons
  4. Pituitary gland/Breast/Uterine tissue
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2
Q

Endocrine Vs Exocrine

  1. Endo: ________………. Secretes hormones into ______ and ________ surrounding the secretory cells
  2. Exo: ________……….. Secretes their product into _____ that release into body _____, _______, or to _______ (Skin)
  3. Exo includes: __________, _________, ________, _______, _______, _______, ________
A
  1. Within/Interstitial fluid/Blood
  2. Outside/Duct/Cavities/Lumen of organs/Outer surface
  3. Sudoriferious (sweat)/Sebaceous (oil)/Mucous/Salivary/Mammary/Ceruminous/Lacrimal
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3
Q

Hormone Receptors

  1. Receptors are _____
  2. Synthesized and broken down like other cellular components. An individual target cell can have _______ to ________ receptors at any given time
  3. Some receptors are located on the ______ or located ______
A
  1. Cellular proteins
  2. 2000/100,000
  3. Cell surface/Inside the cell
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4
Q

Hormone Receptors

  1. _________ occurs when too much hormone present.
  2. _________ means less sensitivity to the circulating hormone
  3. ________ occurs when not enough hormone presents
  4. ________ means more sensitivity to the circulating hormone
A
  1. Receptor Down Regulation
  2. Reduction of receptors
  3. Receptor Up regulation
  4. Increase of receptors
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5
Q
  1. _______: The hormone is distributed in blood and binds to distant target cells (most, but not all hormones)
  2. Example: Anterior pituitary releases ________ which binds to receptors on cells of the ______ as no other cells in the body should have receptors for this hormone
A
  1. Endocrine Action

2. Thyroid Stimulating Hormone/Thyroid

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6
Q

Circulating Vs Local Hormones

  1. ________: Pass from secretory cells to the interstitial fluid into the blood stream
  2. ________: act on neighboring cell or the same cell without entering the bloodstream
  3. ________: Hormones that act on neighboring cells
  4. ________: Hormones that act on same cell
  5. _______ tend to linger in blood stream minutes to hours
  6. _______ act quickly
A
  1. Circulating hormones
  2. Local Hormones
  3. Paracrines
  4. Autocrines
  5. Circulating
  6. Local
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7
Q

Hormone Transport

  1. _________: Most use transport proteins (synthesized in the liver)
  2. Make the hormone temporarily ________
  3. Retard the passage of smaller hormone molecules through the ______ therefore reducing the amount lost in _____
  4. Provide a _______ of hormone in the bloodstream.
  5. _______: .1-10% are not bound to a transport protein. These diffuse from capillaries, bind to receptors immediately
  6. ________: Transported in their free unbound form in blood
A
  1. Lipid Soluble hormones
  2. Water soluble
  3. Kidney filter/Urine
  4. Ready reserve
  5. Free fraction
  6. Water soluble hormones
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8
Q

Control of Hormone Secretion

Regulated by

  1. __________: Nerve impulses to adrenal medulla regulate release of epinephrine
  2. _________: Blood Ca2+ levels regulates secretion of parathyroid hormone
  3. _________: Release of a hormone (ACTH) from the anterior pituitary stimulates release of cortisol by adrenal cortex
A
  1. Signals from nervous system
  2. Chemical changes in the Blood
  3. Other hormones
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9
Q

Negative and Positive Feedback

  1. _________: Reverses a change in the controlled condition
  2. _________: Strengthens or reinforces the changes in the controlled condition
A
  1. Negative

2. Positive

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10
Q

Types of Hormones

  1. Divided into three major groups based on chemical structures: ________, __________, __________
  2. Numerous other ways to classify hormones though by: _______, ______, _______
A
  1. Proteins and polypeptide hormones/Steroid hormones/Tyrosine derivative hormones
  2. Solubility/gland/function
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11
Q

Proteins and Polypeptides

  1. Are made from the joining of _____ or more _________
  2. ______: 100+ amino acids joined together. They consist of ______, _______
  3. _______: 3-99 amino acids joined together. They consist of ________
  4. All are _______, can travel ________, Finds their receptors on the _________
A
  1. Three/Amino acids
  2. Protein/Human Growth Hormone/Prolactin
  3. Polypeptides/Thyrotropin releasing hormone
  4. Water soluble/Unbound in blood/Cell membrane
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12
Q

Steroid Hormones

  1. Derived from ______
  2. Very little concentration these are ______
  3. Steroid hormones are _____
  4. Have to be bound to _______ proteins while in blood
  5. Can freely pass through _______
  6. Binds to _______ on the inside of the cell
A
  1. Cholesterol
  2. Stored
  3. Lipid soluble
  4. Transport
  5. Cell membrane
  6. Receptors
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13
Q

Tyrosine Derivative Hormones

  1. Derived from some form of __________ (amino acid)
  2. Thyroid hormones: ________, ________
  3. Adrenal medullary hormones (catecholamines): _______, _______
  4. Prolactin Inhibiting hormone (PIH): Also known as __________
A
  1. Tyrosine
  2. Triiodothyroninine (T3)/Thyroxine (T4)
  3. Epinephrine/Norepinephrine
  4. Dopamine
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14
Q

The Hypothalamus

  1. Controls the ________ through neural and ________ approaches
  2. Location: _______ and ________ to the thalamus
  3. Connected to the ________ by the ________
  4. There is a partial _______ that wraps up to the ________ from the anterior pituitary gland called the _______. These two things entwined become the __________
  5. Every hormone synthesized in the _______ is transported to the ________ where it will either: be stored (_____, _______), cause another hormone to be synthesized
A
  1. Autonomic nervous system/Hormonal approaches
  2. Anterior/inferior
  3. Posterior pituitary gland/infundibular stalk
  4. Sheath/Infundibular stalk/Pars tuberalis/ Infundibulum
  5. Hypothalamus/Pituitary gland/Pituitary gland/ADH/Oxytocin
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15
Q

The Hypothalamus

  1. ________ + _________= regulation of growth, development, metabolism, and homeostasis
  2. Responds to signals from ______ and _______ environment
  3. Controls daily bodily rhythms such as _________ from _______, _______, _______
  4. _______ and _______ information from the body and makes changes to correct and imbalances
A
  1. Hypothalamus/Pituitary gland
  2. Internal/External
  3. Melatonin secretion/Pineal gland/Cortisol secretion/Body Temperature
  4. Collects/Combines
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16
Q

Transport to Anterior Pituitary Gland

  1. From hypothalamus to __________
  2. Hormones produced in hypothalamus, placed into pituitary system (capillaries), transported via _______ down to ___________
  3. Once at anterior pituitary gland these hormones ________ other hormones to be synesizedn in the ________
  4. These hormones are ________ once their message is received at the anterior pituitary
  5. Made in small quantities, made only at the request of the body and its ___________
A
  1. Anterior Pituitary gland
  2. Portal system/Anterior pituitary gland
  3. Cause/Anterior Pituitary
  4. Metabolized
  5. Feedback systems
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17
Q

Hypothalamic Releasing hormones

  1. Function is to _________ release of particular _______ pituitary hormones
  2. Hypothalamic releasing hormones include: _________, ________, ________, __________, _________
A
  1. Stimulate/Anterior

2. Growth hormone releasing home/Thyrotropin/Corticotropin/gonadotropin/prolactin

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18
Q

Hypothalamic Inhibiting Hormones

  1. Function is to ________ release of particular _________ pituitary hormones
  2. Hypothalamic inhibiting hormones include: _________, _________
A
  1. Inhibit/Anterior

2. Growth hormone inhibiting hormone (somatostatin)/Prolactin inhibiting hormone (dopamine)

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19
Q

Transport to posterior pituitary Gland

  1. From hypothalamus to ________ pituitary gland
  2. Hormones produced in _________ but stored in the _______
  3. Once produced, these hormones are sent via _______ from the hypothalamus down through the ___________, into the ___________, where they are stored for future use
A
  1. Posterior
  2. Hypothalamus/Posterior Pituitary Gland
  3. Axons/Infundibular Stalk/Posterior Pituitary gland
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20
Q

Other Hypothalamic Hormones

  1. Hormones _____ in the hypothalamus but ______ in the posterior pituitary gland
  2. Other Hypothalamic Hormones: __________, _________
A
  1. Synthesized/Stored

2. Oxytocin/Antidiuretic hormone (ADH/Vasopressin)

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21
Q

The Pituitary Gland

  1. A small pea sized ________ gland located within the ________ of the sphenoid bone
  2. ________ is connected to the hypothalamus via the _______
  3. Has two separate _________ portions, one _________ portion: _________, ________
A
  1. Endocrine/Sella Turica
  2. Posterior Pituitary gland/Infundibular Stalk
  3. Glandular/Intermediate/Anterior pituitary (adenohypophysis or pars distalis)/Posterior Pituitary (neurohypophysis or pars nervosa)
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22
Q

The anterior pituitary gland

  1. The anterior segment of the pituitary gland comprises _______ of the total weight of the gland
  2. Composed of -__________: glandular tissue, ________: Partially covers the infundibulum (like a sheath)
A
  1. 75%

2. Pars distalis/Pars tuberalis

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23
Q

Anterior Pituitary Hormones

  1. The anterior pituitary gland produces ________ hormones from _____ specific cell types within the gland
  2. Four of the tropic hormones released from the anterior pituitary gland exert their effect on another _________
  3. The exception to this in _______ as it acts directly on almost all tissues found in the body, not a particular gland
  4. Once anterior pituitary hormones are synthesized they are released into _________
A
  1. Tropic hormones/5
  2. Endocrine Gland
  3. Human Growth Hormone
  4. General circulation (venous)
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24
Q

Human Growth Hormone (hGH)

  1. Also known as _______
  2. Most abundant _________ hormone
  3. Secreted by ________ cells
  4. Start to decline production after ________
  5. Is produced and released in a ________ manner
  6. Characteristics increase during the first two hours of ________
A
  1. Somatotropin
  2. Anterior pituitary hormone
  3. Somatotrophic cells
  4. Adolescence
  5. Pulsatilla manner
  6. Deep sleep
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25
Q

Human Growth Hormone

  1. Main function is to promote _______ and _______ of small protein hormones called ___________, also known as (_______)
  2. In response to hGH, cells in the ______, ______, ______, ______ synthesize and secrete IGF’s
  3. Enters bloodstream via the ______ or may locally as _______ or ________
  4. It is believed that all of the changes seen in the body are due to the presence of these _______ not hGH directly
A
  1. Synthesis/Secretion/Insulin-like Growth Factors/Somatomedins
  2. Liver/skeletal muscle/cartilage/bones
  3. Liver/autocrines/Paracrines
  4. IGF’s
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26
Q

Human Growth Hormone (hGH)

IGFs:

  1. ________:Increases uptake of amino acids into the cells
  2. ________: Decreases breakdown of proteins by limiting use of amino acids for ATP production and instead uses free fatty acids
  3. ________: Especially of bone, and muscle
  4. ________: Releases free fatty acids (FFA’s) into the bloodstream for use as a source of energy in cells rather than glucose
A
  1. Increase protein synthesis
  2. Decreases protein catabolism
  3. Stimulates growth in childhood
  4. Enhances lipolysis
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27
Q

Human Growth Hormone

IGF:

  1. Influence ________
  2. Most basic carbohydrate is _______
  3. Decreases ______ into cells, leaving it In the bloodstream readily available for neurons to use if needed
  4. Insulin secreted in abundance in ________ situations
  5. IGF’s produced and secreted in abundance in ________ situations
A
  1. Carbohydrate metabolism
  2. Glucose
  3. Glucose uptake
  4. High blood glucose
  5. Low blood glucose situations
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28
Q

Control of hGH secretion

Blood glucose Concentration

  1. _______: stimulates GHRH secretion and inhibits GHIH secretion (hypothalamus)
  2. Anterior pituitary increases secretion of hGH resulting in increased _________
  3. ________ metabolism and _______ increase blood glucose
  4. _________: stimulates the hypothalamus to secrete GHIH. Reduced levels of hGH result which also reduces the IGF action
A
  1. Hypoglycemia
  2. IGF concentration
  3. Carbohydrate metabolism/Liver glycogenolysis
  4. Hyperglycemia
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29
Q

Control of hGH Secretion- Other factors

Factors that stimulate hGH secretion:

  1. ______
  2. ______
  3. ______
  4. _______
  5. _______
  6. ______
  7. ________
A
  1. Hypoglycemia
  2. Sympathetic nervous system stimulation
  3. Deep sleep
  4. Decreased Serum fatty acids
  5. Increased serum amino acids
  6. Starvation/Fasting or protein deficiency
  7. Increased levels of: Testosterone, Estrogen, Ghrelin (horomone secreted by stomach before meals)
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30
Q

Other Control of hGH secretion

Factors that inhibit hGH secretion

  1. _______
  2. _______
  3. _______
  4. _______
  5. _______
  6. ________
  7. _________
  8. _________
  9. _________
A
  1. Hyperglycemia
  2. Increased serum fatty acids
  3. Decreased Serum fatty acids
  4. Emotion Deprivation
  5. Obesity
  6. Plasma T3 and T4 levels are low (thyroid)
  7. hGH (Somatotropin) itself (negative feedback)
  8. GHIH (somatostatin)
  9. Aging
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31
Q

Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH)

Secretion is stimulated by:

  1. __________ from hypothalamus
  2. Stress related stimuli: low _______, and _________
  3. ACTH controls the production of ______, other _______ and certain _______ produced by the _________ of adrenal glands
A
  1. Corticotropin releasing hormone
  2. Low blood glucose/Physical trauma
  3. Cortisol/Glucocorticoids/Androgens/Cortex
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32
Q

Prolactin (PRL)

Secretion is controlled by:

  1. _________ and _________
  2. Action of prolactin itself is _____, but works together to cause ________ in pregnant women
  3. Ejection of milk is caused by ________
A
  1. Prolactin releasing hormone (PRH)/Prolactin Inhibiting hormone (PIH) (dopamine)
  2. Weak/milk production
  3. Oxytocin (Posterior pituitary)
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33
Q

Prolactin (PRL)

  1. Low levels of _______ and _______ just prior to menstruation inhibits secretion of _______ and stimulates ___________
  2. During the rest of the female cycle: as ________ secretion increases, _________ secretion increases and prolactin secretion is _______ at this point
A
  1. Estrogen/progesterone/PIH (dopamine)/Prolactin secretion

2. Estrogen/PIH (dopamine)/Reduced

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34
Q

Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH)

  1. ______ from the Hypothalamus stimulates the _________ to sercreate FSH
  2. FSH initiates ________ production in _______ monthly
  3. Also stimulates _________ cells to produce estrogen
  4. FSH stimulates production of _________ cells in men
  5. FSH in inhibited by _________, seen as ________ serum levels of _______ in females. _______ serum levels of __________ in males
A
  1. Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone/Anterior pituitary
  2. Follicle/Women
  3. Ovarian Follicular
  4. Sperm
  5. Negative feedback/ Increased/Estrogen/Increased/Testosterone
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35
Q

Luteninizing Hormone (LH)

  1. _________ from the hypothalamus stimulates the ________ to secrete LH
  2. LH triggers _______ in women as well as formation of the _______ and therefore the secretion of _______ by the _________
  3. With FSH, LH triggers secretion of _______ by ________ cells
  4. LH stimulates cells in the _______ to produce and secrete _______ in males
A
  1. Gonadotropin releasing hormone/Anterior pituitary
  2. Ovulation/Corups luteum//Progesterone/Corpus Luteum
  3. Estrogen/Ovrian follicular cells
  4. Testes/Testosterone
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36
Q

Melanocyte Stimulating Hormones

  1. Collective name for group of _______ produced in the _____, the ________ and other parts of the brain
  2. ________ inhibits Melanocyte stimulating hormones release from anterior pituitary only
  3. In humans, Melanocyte stimulating hormones are involved with ________, and _________
A
  1. Peptide hormones/skin/Anterior pituitary
  2. Dopamine (PIH)
  3. Pigmentation of skin cells/Suppression of appetite
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37
Q

Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH)

  1. Release of __________ from the hypothalamus stimulates the release of __________ from the anterior pituitary
  2. Thyroid Releasing hormone is inhibited by increased levels of ____ and ______ in the bloodstream which when reduced, causes a reduced amount of _______ to be produced in the anterior pituitary
  3. This reduction in Thyroid releasing hormone and subsequently Thyroid stimulating hormone reduces the amount of ____ and ____ to be made
A
  1. Thyrotropin Releasing Hormone/Thyroid Stimulating hormone
  2. T3/T4/Thyroid stimulating hormone/
  3. T3/T4
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38
Q

The posterior Pituitary Gland (Neurohypophysis)

  1. The posterior segment of the pituitary gland comprises ______ of the total weight of the gland

Composed of Neural Tissue:

  1. _______: Nerve tissues encompassing the bulbar part of the posterior pituitary
  2. ______: Connection to the pituitary gland
A
  1. 25%
  2. Pars Nervosa
  3. Infundibular Stalk
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39
Q

Posterior Pituitary Hormones

  1. The posterior pituitary does not _________ hormones but rather it _____ and ______ hormones sent to it by the _______
  2. Hormones stored are: ________ and ________
A
  1. Synthesize/Stores/Releases/Hypothalamus

2. Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH) (Vasopressin)/Oxytocin

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40
Q

Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH; Vasopressin)

  1. Produced in the _______, stored in the ________
  2. _______: decreases urine production/excretion
  3. Normal urine output daily is 1-2 liters, without ADH this increases _______ to _______ a day
  4. Alcohol ____ release of ADH- “________” urinate more, end up dehydrated after drinking
  5. Also causes _________ of arterioles (causing an increase in blood pressure)
A
  1. Hypothalamus/Posterior Pituitary gland
  2. Against Urination
  3. 10 fold/20L
  4. Inhibits/Breaking the seal
  5. Vasoconstriction
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41
Q

Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH)

  1. Amount of ADH secreted varies with ________ and ______
  2. High blood osmotic pressure simulates _________ in the ________
  3. Osmoreceptors are type of __________ that measure _________
  4. Causes of high osmotic pressure: ________, ________, _______, ________
A
  1. Blood osmotic pressure/blood volume
  2. Osmoreceptors/Hypothalamus
  3. Baroreceptors/Osmotic Pressures
  4. Dehydration/Hemorrhage/Diarrhea/Excessive sweating
42
Q

Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH)

  1. The Osmoreceptors activate the _______ and _______ of ADH from __________ in hypothalamus
  2. The same __________ send a signal to the _________ to release the _____ it already has stored
  3. _______ is released to find its ______
A
  1. Production/Release/Neurosecretory cells
  2. Neurosecretory cells/Posterior pituitary/ADH
  3. ADH/Target tissues
43
Q

Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH)

Action at target tissues

  1. _______: Increased water reabsorption by tubules
  2. _______: Decreased Sweating
  3. _______: Arteriolar constriction
  4. All of these increase ________ overall
A
  1. Kidney
  2. Sudoriferous (sweat) glands
  3. Vascular smooth muscle
  4. Blood pressure
44
Q

Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH)

ADH secretion altered by other means:

  1. _____, _______, _______, ______
  2. Drugs: _______, _______, _______, ________
A
  1. Pain/Stress/Trauma/Anxiety

2. Morphine/Tranquilizers/Anesthetics/Nicotine

45
Q

Oxytocin

  1. During _______, stretching of the cervix stimulates release of oxytocin from _______
  2. After delivery of the child it stimulates _______ or _______ from the ______
  3. Believed to be involved with the ability to _______ and ______ bond with others
A
  1. Childbirth/Posterior pituitary
  2. Milk ejection/Let down/mammary glands
  3. Emotionally/socially
46
Q

Control of thyroid hormone secretion

  1. ______ from the hypothalamus stimulates _______ secretion from the anterior pituitary gland
  2. Thyroid hormone _____ and ______ occurs within the _______ in the presence of ______
  3. Negative feedback casuals the hypothalamus to ______ or ________ which then causes the anterior pituitary to ________ or ________
  4. Anything that increases cellular energy demand causes an increase in ______ and _______ production: Cold environment, Hypoglycemia, High altitude, Pregnancy
A
  1. Thyroid Releasing Hormone/Thyroid Stimulating Hormone

2. Synthesis/Secretion/Thyroid Gland/Thyroid stimulating hormone

47
Q

Thyroid Gland (Macroscopic)

  1. A butterfly shaped gland weighing approximately 30 grams (is the largest of the ________)

Location

  1. _______ on each side of the _______ projecting upward to just below the ______
  2. ______ connected by an ______ located anterior to the _____
A
  1. Pure endocrine glands
  2. Lateral lobes/Trachea/Larynx
  3. Lobes/Isthmus/Trachea
48
Q

Thyroid Gland (Microscopic)

  1. ______: Are the functional units of the thyroid
  2. A follicle Is a ______ with its wall consisting of _______ cells
  3. The inside of this unit is called the _______
A
  1. Follicles
  2. Sphere/Follicular cells
  3. Colloid
49
Q

Thyroid gland (Microscopic)

  1. _______ cells reside in between follicles
  2. They produce ________.No direct action on thyroid, made in the thyroid but not considered to be a _______
A
  1. Parafollicular cells

2. Calcitonin/Thyroid Hormone

50
Q

Hormones produced in the Thyroid Gland

  1. __________: the inactive form of thyroid hormone. Much more abundant, but less potent
  2. _________: The active form of thyroid hormone. Much more potent, less abundant
  3. ________: Made in small quantities by parafollicular cells, helps to regulate calcium levels of the blood. Not a Thyroid Hormone
A
  1. Tetraiodothyronine (Thyroxine, T4)
  2. Triiodothyronine (T3)
  3. Calcitonin
51
Q

Synthesis of T3 and T4

  1. _______ cells pull ________ ions from the blood stream
  2. Follicular cells are also producing ________
  3. Thyroglobulin is produced in __________
  4. Packaged in the _______
  5. Released by exocytosis into the _______
  6. Iodide requires _______ to make ______ (the useable form for thyroid hormone synthesis)
  7. _______ oxidizes the ________ into Iodine (I2)
A
  1. Follicular/Iodide
  2. Thyroglobulin (TGB)
  3. Endoplasmic reticulum
  4. Golgi apparatus
  5. Lumen (colloid)
  6. Oxidation/Iodine
  7. Perioxidase/Iodide
52
Q

Syntheses of T3 and T4

  1. At this point there is now ______ and _______ roaming in the ______
  2. Simultaneously TGB and Iodine begin to react with each other forming bonds at the _______
  3. One Iodine to one tyrosine= _________
  4. Two Iodines to one tyrosine= _________
A
  1. Thyroglobulin/Iodine/Colloid
  2. Tyrosine portions of Thyroglobulin (TGB)
  3. Monoiodotyrosine (MIT)
  4. Diiodotyrosine (DIT)
53
Q

Synthesis of T3 and T4

  1. These ______ and _______ continue to form bonds to one another
  2. _______+________=_____ (3 iodine molecules)
  3. _______+________=_____ (4 iodine molecules)
A
  1. MIT/DIT
  2. MIT/MIT/T3
  3. DIT/DIT/T4
54
Q

Secretion of T3 and T4

  1. The _____ is then pulled back in the follicular cells by ________
  2. This ______ contains the T3 and T4
  3. Once back in the follicular cell, this _____ is engulfed by a _______ which digest the ____ and cleaves off the _____ and ______
  4. This ____ and ______ sent out of the cell into the _______ space, into the ________
  5. Because they are weak in terms of water solubility, more than 99% of both T3 and T4 are then bound to ________ proteins in the blood stream
A
  1. Colloid/pinocytosis
  2. Colloid
  3. Colloid/lysosome/T3/T4
  4. T3/T4/Interstitial/Bloodstream
  5. Transport Proteins (Thyroxine Binding Globulin)
55
Q

Of Note

  1. TGB: _________: This is the _____ binding _____, _____, ____, ____
  2. TBG: _______: this is the _______ protein found in the blood stream that carries the _____ and _____ to their target cells after synthesis of them is complete
A
  1. Thyroglobulin/Glue/MIT/DIT/T3/T4

2. Thyroxine Binding Globulin/Transport/T3/T4

56
Q

Actions of Thyroid Hormones (T3/T4)

  1. Increase ________
  2. Basal Metabolic Rate (BMR): is the rate of _______ consumption under _____ conditions
  3. When Increased, BMR causes metabolism of ________, ______, and _______
  4. Stimulates synthesis of additional ____ and _____ pumps
  5. This causes increased ______ and ______ by the constant turnover of the ______ and ______
  6. These reactions release _____ as a byproduct
  7. This heat helps to _____ and ______ the body temperature
A
  1. Basal Metabolic Rate (BMR)
  2. Oxygen/Normal
  3. Carbohydrates/Proteins/Lipids
  4. K+/NA+
  5. ATP production/Consumption/K+/Na+
  6. Heat
  7. Raise/Maintain
57
Q

Actions of Thyroid Hormones T3/T4

  1. Helps to regulate ______
  2. Stimulates ______ Synthesis
  3. Increases use of _______ and _______ for ATP production
  4. Increases ______ and enhances _______ excretion
  5. Can enhance actions of some __________
  6. ________ and _________: T3 and T4 up-regulate beta adrenergic receptors in the presence of the substances
A
  1. Metabolism
  2. Protein
  3. Glucose/Fatty Acid
  4. Lipolysis/Cholesterol
  5. Catecholamines
  6. Epinephrine/Norepinephrine
58
Q

Actions of Thyroid Hormones T3/T4

  1. Works with _____ and ______ to accelerate body growth.
  2. Specific systems involved mainly: _______ and _________
  3. Deficiency of T3/T4 in fetal growth, infancy or childhood causes severe _______ and ________
A
  1. hGH/Insulin
  2. Nervous system/Skeletal System
  3. Mental retardation/Stunted bone growth
59
Q

Parafollicular Cells

  1. Parafollicular cells resides outside of the _______ cells but still within the ______
  2. Synthesizes and Secrets ________
  3. High levels of serum Ca2+ and HPO42 _______ secretion
  4. Low levels of serum Ca2+ and HPO42 _______ secretion
A
  1. Follicular/Thyroid
  2. Calcitonin
  3. Stimulate
  4. Inhibit
60
Q

Fun With words

  1. ________: process of using/loosing a substance. Example- The breakdown of bone by osteoclasts
  2. _________: The process of gaining something (whether for the first time or again) Example-Osteoblasts absorbing/reabsorbing the Ca2+ from blood to build bone matrix
A
  1. Resorption

2. Absorption/Reabsorption

61
Q

Parafollicular Cells

Calcitonin:

  1. Inhibits ______
  2. Increases _______
  3. Decreases ________ in the intestines
  4. Increases ________ loss in the urine
A
  1. Osteoclasts
  2. Osteoblasts
  3. Calcium absorption
  4. Calcium
62
Q

Anatomy of the Parathyroid Glands

  1. Four small glands attached to the ________ of the _________
  2. _________ (AKA _____) are the functional component. These secrete __________
  3. High levels of serum Ca2+ _______ secretion
  4. Low levels of serum Ca2+ _______ secretion
A
  1. Posterior surface/Thyroid Gland
  2. Principal cells/Chief cells/Parathryoid hormone (PTH)
  3. Inhibit
  4. Stimulate
63
Q

Parathyroid Glands

Parathyroid Hormone (PTH)

  1. _______ Osteoclasts
  2. _______ Osteoblasts
  3. _______ Calcium absorption in the intestines
  4. _______ calcium loss in the urine
A
  1. Increases
  2. Inhibits
  3. Increases
  4. Decreases
64
Q

Anatomy of the Adrenal Glands

  1. Pair of flattened, pyramidal shaped glands located ______ and ______ to the _____
  2. Each gland has two distinct sections- ________: large and peripherally located; _______: Smaller and centrally location
  3. Covered by a ________ capsule
  4. Highly _______
A
  1. Superior/Adjacent/Kidneys
  2. Adrenal Cortex/Adrenal Medulla
  3. Connective tissue
  4. Vascularized
65
Q

Control Adrenal Cortex Hormone Secretion

  1. Hypothalamus releases _________ which targets the _________
  2. Anterior pituitary produces and releases _______ in response, which has the following actions on the adrenal cortex:
  3. Zona _______- ___________ are produced and secreted
  4. Zona ______-________ are produced and secreted
  5. Zona _______- certain _______ are produced and secreted
A
  1. Corticotropin Releasing Hormone (CRH)/Anterior Pituitary
  2. Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
  3. Glomerulus/Mineralcorticoids
  4. Fasciculata/Glucocorticoids
  5. Reticularis/Androgens
66
Q

Zona Glomerulosa

  1. Zona GLomerulosa- ______
  2. Secrets ________
  3. Affects ______ homeostasis in the body
  4. Promise the reabsorption of _____ in the _______
  5. Brings ____ with the ______ to increase blood volume
  6. Promotes the loss of _____ and ______ into the urine
A
  1. Outer zone
  2. Mineralocoricoids aldosterone
  3. Mineral
  4. Sodium/Kidneys
  5. Water/Sodium
  6. Potassium/Hydrogen
67
Q

Zona Glomerulosa

  1. Aldosterone secretion is stimulated by both _________, ________
  2. Aldosterone is inhibited by both _________, and __________
A
  1. Elevated serum potassium and hydrogen levels, Low blood pressure
  2. Low serum levels of potassium and hydrogen/High blood pressure
68
Q

Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System

  1. Blood pressure is low- this is recognized by the ______ as well by reduced pressure coming into them. _______ secrete ______ in response to this
  2. Circulating renin causes the conversion of angiotensinogen into ________
  3. Angiotensinogen is made by the _____ and dumped into ______ regularly
  4. Angiotensin-I circulates into the _______ where it encounters __________
  5. ACE splits _______ now making _______
  6. _______ then circulates causing numerous things to occur
A
  1. Kidneys/Kidneys/Renin
  2. Angiotensin-I
  3. Liver/Circulation
  4. Lung vasculature/Angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE)
  5. Angiotensin I/Angiotensin II
  6. Angiotensin II
69
Q

Renin Angiotensin Aldosterone System

Angiotensin II increases blood pressure by numerous pathways:

  1. Simulates the production of ______
  2. Causes Increase in ________
  3. Causes Arteriolar ________
  4. Causes release of _________
A
  1. Aldosterone
  2. Sympathetic activity
  3. Arteriolar vasoconstriction
  4. Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
70
Q

Zona Fasciculata

  1. Zona Fasiculata- ________
  2. Secretes glucocorticoids- ________, ________, ______
  3. Affects numerous biological functions: _____, _______, ______, ______, ______, _______, ________
  4. Glucocorticoids help the body regain __________ after a _______
  5. Very effective if ______ is removed
  6. Over reaction occurs if ________ not removed
A
  1. Middle zone
  2. Cortisol/Corticosterone/Cortisone
  3. Glucose levels/Regulate Metabolism/Inflammatory response/Immune system/blood pressure/nervous system/Sleeping
  4. Homeostasis/ Stress event
  5. Stressor
  6. Stressor
71
Q

Glucocorticoids

Function of glucocorticoids:

  1. ________: Essentially from all cells except the live. Theses liberated amino acids travel to liver where they participate in gluconeogenesis
  2. _______: Liver converts amino acids to glucose
  3. _______: stimulates shift from carbohydrate catabolism to lipid catabolism. Liberates fatty acids also used in gluconeogenesis in liver
  4. _____: marked decrease in number of eosinophils as well as atrophy of lymphatic tissue. Leads to a decreased number of lymphocytes and plasma cells
A
  1. Stimulates protein catabolism
  2. Stimulates gluconeogenesis
  3. Stimulates lipolysis
  4. Suppression of immune response
72
Q

Glucocorticoids

Function of glucocorticoids

  1. _______: Inhibits synthesis of precursor to prostaglandins and leukotrienes. Inhibits production of Interleukin 2 and proliferation of T lymphocytes. Inhibits release of histamine and serotonin from mast cells and platelets
  2. _______: Decreases type 1 collagen. Decreases osteoblasts activity. Decreases intestinal absorption’s of calcium
A
  1. Anti inflammatory

2. Inhibition of bone formation

73
Q

Zona Reticularis

  1. Zona reticularis- ________
  2. Secretes small amount of weak Androgens: ______, ______, ______
  3. Converted in ______ to ______ for males
  4. Portion converted to _________ in women (various tissues)
A
  1. Inner zone
  2. Androgens/Dehydropiandrosterone (DHEA)/Androstenedione/Dihydrotestosterone (DHT)
  3. Testes/Testosterone
  4. Estrogen
74
Q

Androgens

  1. Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA): Weak androgenic effect on its own. Precursor to numerous hormones- _______, _______, _________, _______
  2. Androstenedione: Weak androgenic effect on its own. Can be converted to- _________ or _________
  3. Dihydrotestosterone (DHT): More potent androgen than testosterone. Made from conversion of ________. Is active in ______ where ________ is not.
A
  1. Androstenedione/Testosterone?Dihydrotestosterone (DHT)/Estrogen
  2. Testosterone/Estrone
  3. Testosterone/Tissue/Testosterone
75
Q

Adrenal Medulla

  1. ________ region of the adrenal gland
  2. ________: functional unit of the adrenal medulla
  3. Synthesizes and secretes ________: _________, ________
  4. These cells are considered modified __________ of the _________
  5. Simulation of sympathetic nervous system sends signal down through ________ nerves
  6. These nerves synapse at the __________
A
  1. Middle
  2. Chromaffin Cells
  3. Catecholamines/Epinephrine/Norepinephrine
  4. Sympathetic ganglion/Autonomic Nervous System (ANS)
  5. Splanchnic nerves
  6. Chromaffin cells
76
Q

Adrenal Medulla

  1. Catecholamines intensify _______ responses throughout the body
A
  1. Sympathetic
77
Q

Anatomy of the Pancreas

  1. Both an _______ and _______ gland
  2. _______: secrete hormones directly into circulation
  3. ______: secrete enzymes directly to site of action through ducts
  4. A flattened organ located in the curve of the ________. Contains a head, body and tail
A
  1. Endocrine/Exocrine
  2. 5% Endocrine
  3. 95% Exocrine
  4. Duodenum
78
Q

Anatomy of the Pancreas

Endocrine Cells

  1. In the middle of the exocrine acini lie 1-2 million endocrine cells called _______

4 types of islet cells:

  1. ______
  2. ______
  3. ______
  4. ________
A
  1. Pancreatic islets (Islets of Langerhans)
  2. Alpha (A) Cells-20% of islet cells secrete glucagon
  3. Beta (B) Cells- 75% of islet cells, secrete insulin
  4. Delta (D) Cells- 4% of islet cells, secrete somatostatin (GHIH)
  5. F Cells (PP cell)- 1 % of islet cells, secrete pancreatic polypeptide
79
Q

Functions of Pancreatic Hormones

  1. ______: raises blood glucose levels

Glucagon performs the following:

  1. Stimulates liver to break down _______
  2. Stimulates liver to take up _______ and convert them into ______
  3. Simulates the break down of ______ into ______ and ______
  4. Insulin levels ______ as serum glucose levels ______
A
  1. Glucagon
  2. Stored glycogen (glycogenolysis)
  3. Serum amino acids/glucose (gluconeogenesis)
  4. Triglycerides/Free fatty acids/Glycerol (lipolysis)
  5. Decrease/Increases
80
Q

Functions of Pancreatic Hormones

  1. _______: lowers blood glucose levels
  2. Presence of food in small intestine triggers release of _______
  3. Trigger release of ______ from pancreas

Insulin performs the following:

  1. Facilitates ____ uptake into cells
  2. Stimulates ________ (metabolism of glucose for generation of ATP)
  3. Stimulates ________ (Excess glucose into glycogen in liver)
  4. Promotes ______ and _______ synthesis
  5. Insulin levels _______ as serum glucose _______
A
  1. Insulin
  2. Glucose dependent insulinotropic peptide (GDIP) (aka Gastric Inhibitory Peptide (GIP))
  3. Insulin
  4. Glucose
  5. Glycolysis
  6. Glycogenesis
  7. Triglyceride/Protein
  8. Decrease/Decreases
81
Q

Functions of Pancreatic Hormones

  1. _________: Acts in paracrine manner by inhibiting both insulin and glucagon release. Acts in an Endocrine manner by inhibiting release of hGH from anterior pituitary gland
  2. _________: Inhibits somatostatin release. Inhibits gallbladders contraction. Inhibits secretion of bicarb and certain enzymes from pancreas. Thought to play a role in appetite suppression
A
  1. Somatostatin (aka GHIH)

2. Pancreatic Polypeptide

82
Q

Blood Glucose Control-Glucagon

  1. Blood sugar in a fated state: _________
  2. ________: inhibits release of insulin, stimulates secretion of glucagon from alpha cells of pancreas
  3. ________: acts on hepatocytes (liver cells). Stimulates conversion of glycogen into glucose (glycogenolysis). Stimulates gluconeogenesis
  4. ________: is then released by hepatocytes into blood stream. Increases the serum glucose level. Stimulates insulin release.
  5. Negative feedback causes ______ release
A
  1. Glucagon
  2. Hypoglycemia
  3. Glucagon
  4. Glucose
  5. Reduced glucagon
83
Q

Blood Glucose Control- Insulin

  1. Blood sugar immediately after a mean: ________
  2. ________: inhibits the release of glucagon, stimulates secretion of insulin by beta cells

Insulin acts on various cells in the body

  1. Facilitates ______ of glucose into cells
  2. Speeds conversion of _____ into _______
  3. Increases uptake of ______ to increase ______ synthesis
  4. Speed synthesis of _________
  5. Blood glucose levels _____
  6. Negative feedback reduces need for ______ release
A
  1. Insulin
  2. Hyperglycemia
  3. Diffusion
  4. Glucose/Glycogen (glycogenesis)
  5. Amino acids/Protein
  6. Fatty acids (Lipogenesis)
  7. Fall
  8. Insulin
84
Q

Gonads

  1. ______ synthesize and secrete estrogen, progesterone, INHIBIN, RELAXIN
  2. _____ and ______ along with LH and FSH regulate the menstrual cycle, maintain pregnancy, prepare the mammary glands for lactation
  3. _____ and ______ are produced in large quantities when pregnancy occurs, otherwise
  4. ______: used to inhibit FSH
  5. _____ : relaxes cartilage of pubic symphysis for passage of baby
A
  1. Ovaries
  2. Estrogen/Progesterone
  3. Inhibin/Relaxin
  4. Inhibin
  5. Relaxin
85
Q

Gonads

  1. ______ produce testerone, inhibin
  2. _______ regulates production of sperm. Regulates male secondary sex characteristics
  3. ______ inhibits FSH. FSH stimulates spermatogenesis. Inhibits spermatogenesis when concentration is high enough
A
  1. Testes
  2. Testosterone
  3. Inhibin
86
Q

Pineal gland

  1. Pineal gland secretes ________
  2. ______ is thought to contribute to setting of body’s biological clock
A
  1. Melatonin

2. Melatonin

87
Q

Miscellaneous

Heart

  1. ________:synthesized/secreted by Muscle cells of heart atria when stretched to far. Has blood pressure reducing effects
  2. _________: synthesized/secreted by Muscle cells of the heart ventricles when stretched too far

Kidneys

  1. ______: stimulates release of aldosterone
  2. _______: aids in absorption of calcium in GI tract
  3. _______: stimulates new RBC synthesis in bone marrow
A
  1. Atrial Natriurtic peptide
  2. B type natriuretic peptide
  3. Renin
  4. Calcitriol
  5. Erythropoietin
88
Q

Miscellaneous

Adipose tissue

  1. ______: promotes satiety signal being sent to the brain
  2. ______: helps to reduce insulin resistance

Skin

  1. _______: modified to form vitamin D

Thymus

  1. Produces multiple hormones that promote maturation of _______
A
  1. Leptin
  2. Adiponectin
  3. Cholecalciferol
  4. T-Cells
89
Q

Miscellaneous

Liver

  1. ______: raises BP
  2. ______: stimulates increase in platelet production
  3. ______: blocks release of iron into body fluids
A
  1. Angiotensinogen
  2. Thrombopoietin
  3. Hepcidin
90
Q

Gastrointestinal Hormones

Gastrin

  1. Secreted by _____ in stomach
  2. Stimulated by ingestion of ____ containing meals, ______, and _____ stimulation
  3. Function promotes _____ ion secretion from _______ parietal cells. Stimulates growth of _____
A
  1. G cells
  2. Protein/Distention of stomach/Vagal
  3. H+/Gastric/Gastric mucosa
91
Q

Gastrointestinal Hormones

Cholecystokinin (CCK)

  1. Secreted by ____ of the small intestine
  2. Stimulated by meals containing _______, ______, ______, and ______
  3. Function is _______, ______, _______, _______, _________
A
  1. I cells
  2. Monoglycerides/Fatty acids/Small peptides/Amino acids
  3. Gallbladder contraction/Gastric emptying/Pancreatic enzymes/Bicarb secretion/Growth of exocrine pancreas gallbladder
92
Q

Gastrointestinal Hormones

Glucose dependent Insulinotropic Peptide (Gastric inhibitory peptide)

  1. Secreted by ______ of small intestine
  2. Simulated by presence of the following in luminal contents ______, ______, ______
  3. Function: Stimulates _______ release; Inhibits _____ ion secretion by gastric mucosa
A
  1. K
  2. Glucose/Fatty acids/Amino acids
  3. Insulin/H+
93
Q

Gastrointestinal Hormones

Secretin

  1. Secreted by ______ of the small intestine
  2. Stimulated by presence of _______, and contents with pH ______
  3. Function: stimulates secretion of _________, stimulates secretion of ________, and inhibits effects of _____
A
  1. S cells
  2. Fatty acids/<4.5
  3. Pancreatic bicarb/Biliary bicarb/Gastrin
94
Q

Miscellaneous

Eicosanoids

  1. Found in all cells in the body except _______
  2. Act as local ______, and _______ Hormones in response to chemical or mechanical stimuli
  3. Present in the blood briefly due to rapid inactivation of ______ and ________
A
  1. RBC
  2. Paracrine/autocrines
  3. Prostaglandins/Leukotrienes
95
Q

Miscellaneous

Histamine

  1. Synthesized in any tissue that has _____ cells and in _____
  2. Stimulated by ____ to cells containing histamine, and immune response to foreign ______
  3. Function of: ______ of smooth muscle in lungs, uterus, stomach;______ of blood vessels;______ gastric acid secretion in stomach; Increases permeability of ______ and _______ Venules to WBC
A
  1. Mast cells/Platelets
  2. Physical trauma/Pathogens
  3. Contraction/Dialation/Stimulates/Capillaries/Post Cap
96
Q

Serotonin

  1. Synthesized by cells in the _____, ______, _____
  2. Stimulated by numerous situations and carries multiple functions depending on the type of ______ that gets activated
A
  1. Intestines/brain/CNS

2. Serotonin

97
Q

Stress Response

  1. _____: good stress
  2. _____: Harmful stress
  3. The body attempts to counteract all stress with stress response called _______
A
  1. Eustress
  2. Distress
  3. General adaptation syndrome
98
Q

Stress Response

Occurs in three potential stages

  1. _______
  2. ________
  3. ______
A
  1. Alarm stage
  2. The Resistance Reaction
  3. The Exhaustion Response
99
Q

Aging Endocrine

  1. _____ production is reduced causing muscle atrophy
  2. ______ production _____ by worn out thyroid causing a reduction in metabolism leading to increase in body fat and ultimately
  3. Increased _____ levels likely due to decreased dietary calcium intake
  4. _____ and ______ levels reduced as well leading to bone injury
A
  1. HGH
  2. T3,T4/Reduced
  3. PTH
  4. Calcitriol/Calcitonin
100
Q
  1. Cells/Locations/Comprises
  2. Function of hormones
  3. Lipid/Water soluble hormones
  4. Second order questions
  5. Heavy on Parathyroid hormones and Calcitonin
  6. Known as nomenclature
101
Q

Aging Endocrine

  1. Adrenal cortex becomes fibrous leading to decreased _______ and ______
  2. Medulla is usually ______ though because the cortex fibrosis around the medulla, therefore protecting it
  3. The pancreas releases ______ more slowly and ______ sensitivity to glucose declines
  4. Leads to blood _____ levels remaining elevated
A
  1. Cortisol/aldosterone
  2. Unaffected
  3. Insulin/Receptor
  4. Glucose
102
Q

Aging Endocrine

  1. Ovaries decrease in size and eventually stop responding to _______
  2. Decreased production of ______ leading to osteoporosis, hyperlipidemia, atherosclerosis
  3. Testes decrease in size but still produce ______ in viable levels
  4. Usually same number of sperm produced but the _____ is lacking
  5. Effects of decreased testosterone production aren’t usually seen until ______ age
A
  1. Gonadotropins
  2. Estrogen
  3. Testosterone
  4. Quality
  5. Advanced

Freshman Semester (10 decks)

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