Test 3-Anatomy 1

Question 1

Gray and white matter

1. The cerebral cortex is an outer rim of ______ containing billons of neurons
2. Deep to the cortex is cerebral _______
3. There are also _______ deep within the white matter

Answer 1

1. Grey matter
2. White matter
3. Gray matter nuclei

Question 2

Folds

1. Each fold is a _______
2. A _______: is a shallow groove between gyri

Answer 2

1. Gyrus

2. Sulcus

Question 3

Fissures

1. Deeper grooves between gyri termed ______
2. The _______ fissure is the most separating cerebrum into and left
3. The ______ and ______ are formed during embryonic development when the gray matter of the cortex enlarges after than the deep white matter

Answer 3

1. Fissures
2. Longitudinal
3. Gyri/ Fissure

Question 4

Corpus callousum

1. Each hemisphere functions virtually independently from the other, being separated by the _______
2. They communicate by means of a commissary called the _______ which is the largest fiber bundle in the brain

Answer 4

1. Longitudinal fissure

2. Corpus callous

Question 5

Lobes of the cerebrum

1. Each cerebral hemisphere can be divided into ____ lobes named after the bones that covers each of them

Answer 5

1. Four

Question 6

Additional Sulci

1. The _______: separates the frontal loyal fromt he parietal lobe
2. The _______: separates the frontal and temporal lobes
3. The _______: separates the parietal lobe from the occipital lobe

Answer 6

1. Central sulcus
2. Lateral cerebral
3. Parietal Occipital

Question 7

Tracts of cerebral white matter

1. ______: contain myelinated axons that conduct nerve impulses between gyri in the same hemisphere
2. ______: Contain Myelinated axons that conduct nerve impulses from gyri in one cerebral hemisphere to corresponding gyri in the other hemisphere
3. _______: contain myelinated axons that conduct nerve impulses from the cerebrum to lower parts of the CNS (such as thalamus, brainstem, spinal cord), or from lower parts of the CNS to the cerebrum

Answer 7

1. Association tracts
2. Commissary tracts
3. Projection tracts

Question 8

Commissary tracts

The important groups of commissar all tracts are the:

1. _______
2. _______
3. _______

Answer 8

1. Corpus callosum
2. Anterior Commisure
3. Posterior commissure

Question 9

Basal ganglia

The basal ganglia is composed of three nuclei deep I thin each cerebral hemisphere:

1. ________
2. _________
3. _________

Answer 9

1. Globes Pallidus
2. Putamen
3. Caudate nucleus

Question 10

Basal Ganglia

1. The caudate nucleus of the basal ganglia and the thalamus are separated from the lentiform nucleus of the basal ganglia by the _______
2. The lentiform nucleus consist of the ______ and the _______

Answer 10

1. Internal capsule

2. Putamen/globes pallidus

Question 11

Basal ganglia

Function:

1. _________
2. ________
3. ________
4. _________

Answer 11

1. Initiation and termination of movements
2. Incoscient contractions of skeletal muscles
3. Muscle tone
4. Action selection

Question 12

Basal ganglia

The basal ganglia play a role in movement discord’s, most notably:

1. _______: In which melanin pigmented dopamine producing neurons of the basal ganglia degenerate
2. _______: primarily involves damage to the corpus striatum

Answer 12

1. Parkinson’s disease

2. Huntington’s disease

Question 13

Damage to the basal ganglia

Damage to the basal ganglia results in:

1. ________, ________, ________

Basal ganglia damage has also been found in persons who have:

2. _______, _________

Answer 13

1. Uncontrollable shaking (tremor), Muscular rigidity (stiffness), Involuntary muscle movements
2. Obsessive compulsive disorder/ADHD

Question 14

1. The _________: is our emotional, or affective (feelings) brain. It is sometimes called the emotional brain

Answer 14

1. Limbic System

Question 15

Limbic System

Main components of the limbic system are:

1. ______
2. _____
3. _____
4. _____
5. ____
6. _____
7. _____
8. _____
9. ______

Answer 15

1. Hippocampus
2. Amygdala
3. Limbic lobe
4. Dentate gyrus
5. Cingulate gyrus
6. Mammillary bodies of the hypothalamus
7. Anterior and medial nuclei of the thalamus
8. Olfactory bulbs
9. Fornix

Question 16

Limbic System

1. _______: plays an important part in converting new information into long term memories

Answer 16

1. Hippocampus

Question 17

Limbic system

1. The _______: are also involved in behavioral patterns such as docile behavior, rage, presence or absence of fear and aggression, and restlessness

Answer 17

1. Amygdala

Question 18

Limbic System

1. _______: Synapse with the olfactory receptors, and the mammillary bodies are olfactory relay stations

Answer 18

1. Olfactory bulbs

Question 19

1.________: lies immediately superior to the corpus callosum. It is an integral part of the limbic system, which is involved with emotion. Formation and processing, learning, and memory

Answer 19

1. Cingulate gyrus

Question 20

1. ________: a band of nerve fibers extending from the hippocampus to the maxillary body of the hypothalamus, forming an arch over the thalamus
2. It carries _____ from the hippocampus to the hypothalamus, including transfer of information from the mammillary bodies to the hippocampus

Answer 20

1. Fornix

2. Signals

Question 21

Damage to the Hippocampus

1. The hippocampus is critical for the formation of new _______and ______ memories in that is functions as a memory _____ through which new memories must pass before entering permanent storage in the brain
2. Hippocampal damage can result in _______, which is the loss of ability to form new memories, although older memories may be safe.

Answer 21

1. Autobiographical/fact/gateway

Question 22

1. ________: is the executive suite of the nervous system, enabling us to communicate, perceive, remover, understand, appreciate, and initiate voluntary movements.
2. It is composed only of gray matter-neuron cell bodies, dendrites, and unmyelinated axons-plus associated glia and blood vessels, there are no _______

Answer 22

1. Cerebral cortex

2. Fiber tracts

Question 23

1. Each hemisphere is chiefly concerned with the ______ and ______ functions of the opposite (contralateral) side of the body
2. The two hemispheres are mostly symmetrical in structure, but are not totally equal in ______
3. There is _______ of cortical function
4. No functional area of the cortex acts alone. ______ behavior involves the entire cortex in one way or another

Answer 23

1. Sensory/motor
2. Function
3. Lateralization
4. Conscious

Question 24

General areas

1. ______: receive and interpret sensory impulses
2. _____: initiate movements
3. _____: Communicate with the motor cortex and other association areas to analyze, recognize, and act on sensory inputs

Answer 24

1. Sensory areas
2. Motor areas
3. Association areas

Question 25

Terms

1. ______: receive nerve impulses from sensory neurons without prior filtering or analysis
2. _____: are the originators of voluntary muscular contractions
3. ______: as a general principle, include cortical areas that do not have the word primary in their name. They receive input from primary areas and other brain regions, and integrate sensory experiences to generate meaningful patterns of recognition and awareness

Answer 25

1. Primary sensory areas
2. Primary motor areas
3. Association areas

Question 26

Brodmann areas

1. ______, who elaborate numbered mosaic of 52 different cortical areas in 1906 based on cytoarchitecture. Having established a structural map, neurologist set about associating that map with particular functions

Answer 26

1. Korbinian

Question 27

Broca’s Speech area

1. ________: planning and production of speech occurs in a Broca’s speech area
2. Nerve impulses then pass to promoter regions that control muscle of the the _____, ______, and _______, as well as to muscles that control _______ for air flow over the vocal cords

Answer 27

1. Areas 44 and 45 in the frontal lobe

2. Larynx, Pharynx, mouth, breathing

Question 28

1. _________: Interpets the meaning of speech by recognizing spoken words
2. Areas ______ possibly _____ and _____, is a broad region in the _____ and ______ lobes

Answer 28

1. Wernickes area

3. 22/39/40/Temporal/Parietal

Question 29

1. ________: is an inability to use or to comprehend words
2. Location: The ________ hemisphere of most people, regardless of whether they are right or left handed. It contains the language areas _______, _______, and other languages areas

Answer 29

1. Aphasia

2. Left cerebral/Brocas speech area/Wernickes

Question 30

Aphasia

1. Damage to Broca’s speech area results in ________: an inability to properly articulate or form words

Answer 30

1. Non fluent Aphasia

Question 31

Aphasia

1. Damage to Wernickes area results in ________: characterized by faulty understanding of spoken or written words.
2. Persons with fluent aphasia may exhibit ______, ______, or both

Answer 31

1. Fluent aphasia

2. Word deafness/word blindness

Question 32

Hemispheric Lateralization

1. In about 90% of the population the left hemisphere has greater control over ______, _____ and _____
2. The other hemisphere usually the right is more involved in _____, _____, _____ and appreciation of ________
3. This functional asymmetry is termed _______

Answer 32

1. Language/mathematical abilities/Logic
2. Visual spatial skills/Intuition/Emotion/art and music
3. Hemispheric lateralization

Question 33

1. ______: is a disabling senile Demetria( the loss of reasoning and ability to care for oneself) that affects the elderly.

The cause is unknown, but appears to be a combination of genetic predisposition, environmental or lifestyle factors, and the aging process itself

Answer 33

1. Alzheimer’s disease

Question 34

Alzheimer’s disease

General Progression of the disease

1. _______
2. ______
3. _______
4. _____
5. ______

Answer 34

1. Trouble remembering recent events
2. Confused and forgetful
3. Memories of past events disappear
4. Ability to read, write, talk, eat, and walk disappears
5. Death (bedridden)

Question 35

Alzheimer’s disease

Brain abnormalities at autopsy include:

1. ______: liberate acetylcholine; destruction of neurons of the nucleus basalis is the hallmark of Alzheimer’s disease
2. ______: clusters of abnormal proteins deposited outside neurons
3. ______: abnormal bundles of protein filaments inside neurons in affected brain regions

Answer 35

1. Loss of neurons
2. Beta amyloid plaques
3. Neurofibrillary tangles

Question 36

1. ________: A brain injury characterized by an abrupt but temporary loss of consciousness, disturbances of vision, and problems with equilibrium, caused by a blow to the head or the sudden stopping of a moving head; the most common brain injury
2. _____: Bruising of the brain due to trauma, usually associated with a concussion; includes leakage of blood from microscopic blood vessels

Answer 36

1. Concussion

2. Contusion

Question 37

1. _____: charged molecules with an unpaired valence electron
2. _____: Localized pool of blood, usually clotted
3. _____: Oxygen deprivation
4. _____: localized reduction of blood flow
5. _____: A tear of the brain; results in rupture of large blood vessels, with bleeding into the brain and subarachnoid space
6. ______: pathologic death of living tissue

Answer 37

1. Free radicals
2. Hematoma
3. Hypoxia
4. Ischemia
5. Laceration
6. Necrosis/necrotic

Question 38

1. ______: Loss of brain function characterized by abrupt onset of neurological symptoms such as paralysis or loss of sensation, due to destruction of brain tissue, commonly caused by intracerebral hemorrhage, emboli, and atherosclerosis of the cerebral arteries, also called a stroke

Answer 38

1. Cerebrovascular accident

Question 39

1. _______: Episode of temporary cerebral dysfunction caused by impaired blood flow to the brain
2. ______: Abnormal growth of tissue in the brain, may be malignant or benign
3. ______: learning disorder characterized by poor or short attention span, consistent level of hyperactivity, and age inappropriate impulsiveness

Answer 39

1. Transient Ischemic attach (TIA)
2. Brain tumor
3. Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder

Question 40

1. _______: inability to recognize the significance of sensory stimuli such as sounds, sights, smells, tastes, and touch
2. ______: Inability to carry out purposeful movements in the absence of paralysis
3. _______: Conditions of functional sluggishness
4. ________: Potentially fatal syndrome that particularly affects the brain and liver, which occurs after a viral infection, especially chickenpox or influenza, most often in children or teens who have taken aspirin
5. _______: Unresponsiveness from which a patient can be aroused only briefly, and only by vigorous and repeated stimulation

Answer 40

1. Agnosia
2. Apraxia
3. Lethargy
4. Reye’s syndrome
5. Stupor