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Freshman Semester > Test 3-Anatomy 1 > Flashcards

Test 3-Anatomy 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Gray and white matter

  1. The cerebral cortex is an outer rim of ______ containing billons of neurons
  2. Deep to the cortex is cerebral _______
  3. There are also _______ deep within the white matter
A
  1. Grey matter
  2. White matter
  3. Gray matter nuclei
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2
Q

Folds

  1. Each fold is a _______
  2. A _______: is a shallow groove between gyri
A
  1. Gyrus

2. Sulcus

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3
Q

Fissures

  1. Deeper grooves between gyri termed ______
  2. The _______ fissure is the most separating cerebrum into and left
  3. The ______ and ______ are formed during embryonic development when the gray matter of the cortex enlarges after than the deep white matter
A
  1. Fissures
  2. Longitudinal
  3. Gyri/ Fissure
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4
Q

Corpus callousum

  1. Each hemisphere functions virtually independently from the other, being separated by the _______
  2. They communicate by means of a commissary called the _______ which is the largest fiber bundle in the brain
A
  1. Longitudinal fissure

2. Corpus callous

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5
Q

Lobes of the cerebrum

  1. Each cerebral hemisphere can be divided into ____ lobes named after the bones that covers each of them
A
  1. Four
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6
Q

Additional Sulci

  1. The _______: separates the frontal loyal fromt he parietal lobe
  2. The _______: separates the frontal and temporal lobes
  3. The _______: separates the parietal lobe from the occipital lobe
A
  1. Central sulcus
  2. Lateral cerebral
  3. Parietal Occipital
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7
Q

Tracts of cerebral white matter

  1. ______: contain myelinated axons that conduct nerve impulses between gyri in the same hemisphere
  2. ______: Contain Myelinated axons that conduct nerve impulses from gyri in one cerebral hemisphere to corresponding gyri in the other hemisphere
  3. _______: contain myelinated axons that conduct nerve impulses from the cerebrum to lower parts of the CNS (such as thalamus, brainstem, spinal cord), or from lower parts of the CNS to the cerebrum
A
  1. Association tracts
  2. Commissary tracts
  3. Projection tracts
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8
Q

Commissary tracts

The important groups of commissar all tracts are the:

  1. _______
  2. _______
  3. _______
A
  1. Corpus callosum
  2. Anterior Commisure
  3. Posterior commissure
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9
Q

Basal ganglia

The basal ganglia is composed of three nuclei deep I thin each cerebral hemisphere:

  1. ________
  2. _________
  3. _________
A
  1. Globes Pallidus
  2. Putamen
  3. Caudate nucleus
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10
Q

Basal Ganglia

  1. The caudate nucleus of the basal ganglia and the thalamus are separated from the lentiform nucleus of the basal ganglia by the _______
  2. The lentiform nucleus consist of the ______ and the _______
A
  1. Internal capsule

2. Putamen/globes pallidus

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11
Q

Basal ganglia

Function:

  1. _________
  2. ________
  3. ________
  4. _________
A
  1. Initiation and termination of movements
  2. Incoscient contractions of skeletal muscles
  3. Muscle tone
  4. Action selection
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12
Q

Basal ganglia

The basal ganglia play a role in movement discord’s, most notably:

  1. _______: In which melanin pigmented dopamine producing neurons of the basal ganglia degenerate
  2. _______: primarily involves damage to the corpus striatum
A
  1. Parkinson’s disease

2. Huntington’s disease

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13
Q

Damage to the basal ganglia

Damage to the basal ganglia results in:

  1. ________, ________, ________

Basal ganglia damage has also been found in persons who have:

  1. _______, _________
A
  1. Uncontrollable shaking (tremor), Muscular rigidity (stiffness), Involuntary muscle movements
  2. Obsessive compulsive disorder/ADHD
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14
Q
  1. The _________: is our emotional, or affective (feelings) brain. It is sometimes called the emotional brain
A
  1. Limbic System
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15
Q

Limbic System

Main components of the limbic system are:

  1. ______
  2. _____
  3. _____
  4. _____
  5. ____
  6. _____
  7. _____
  8. _____
  9. ______
A
  1. Hippocampus
  2. Amygdala
  3. Limbic lobe
  4. Dentate gyrus
  5. Cingulate gyrus
  6. Mammillary bodies of the hypothalamus
  7. Anterior and medial nuclei of the thalamus
  8. Olfactory bulbs
  9. Fornix
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16
Q

Limbic System

  1. _______: plays an important part in converting new information into long term memories
A
  1. Hippocampus
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17
Q

Limbic system

  1. The _______: are also involved in behavioral patterns such as docile behavior, rage, presence or absence of fear and aggression, and restlessness
A
  1. Amygdala
18
Q

Limbic System

  1. _______: Synapse with the olfactory receptors, and the mammillary bodies are olfactory relay stations
A
  1. Olfactory bulbs
19
Q

1.________: lies immediately superior to the corpus callosum. It is an integral part of the limbic system, which is involved with emotion. Formation and processing, learning, and memory

A
  1. Cingulate gyrus
20
Q
  1. ________: a band of nerve fibers extending from the hippocampus to the maxillary body of the hypothalamus, forming an arch over the thalamus
  2. It carries _____ from the hippocampus to the hypothalamus, including transfer of information from the mammillary bodies to the hippocampus
A
  1. Fornix

2. Signals

21
Q

Damage to the Hippocampus

  1. The hippocampus is critical for the formation of new _______and ______ memories in that is functions as a memory _____ through which new memories must pass before entering permanent storage in the brain
  2. Hippocampal damage can result in _______, which is the loss of ability to form new memories, although older memories may be safe.
A
  1. Autobiographical/fact/gateway
22
Q
  1. ________: is the executive suite of the nervous system, enabling us to communicate, perceive, remover, understand, appreciate, and initiate voluntary movements.
  2. It is composed only of gray matter-neuron cell bodies, dendrites, and unmyelinated axons-plus associated glia and blood vessels, there are no _______
A
  1. Cerebral cortex

2. Fiber tracts

23
Q
  1. Each hemisphere is chiefly concerned with the ______ and ______ functions of the opposite (contralateral) side of the body
  2. The two hemispheres are mostly symmetrical in structure, but are not totally equal in ______
  3. There is _______ of cortical function
  4. No functional area of the cortex acts alone. ______ behavior involves the entire cortex in one way or another
A
  1. Sensory/motor
  2. Function
  3. Lateralization
  4. Conscious
24
Q

General areas

  1. ______: receive and interpret sensory impulses
  2. _____: initiate movements
  3. _____: Communicate with the motor cortex and other association areas to analyze, recognize, and act on sensory inputs
A
  1. Sensory areas
  2. Motor areas
  3. Association areas
25
Q

Terms

  1. ______: receive nerve impulses from sensory neurons without prior filtering or analysis
  2. _____: are the originators of voluntary muscular contractions
  3. ______: as a general principle, include cortical areas that do not have the word primary in their name. They receive input from primary areas and other brain regions, and integrate sensory experiences to generate meaningful patterns of recognition and awareness
A
  1. Primary sensory areas
  2. Primary motor areas
  3. Association areas
26
Q

Brodmann areas

  1. ______, who elaborate numbered mosaic of 52 different cortical areas in 1906 based on cytoarchitecture. Having established a structural map, neurologist set about associating that map with particular functions
A
  1. Korbinian
27
Q

Broca’s Speech area

  1. ________: planning and production of speech occurs in a Broca’s speech area
  2. Nerve impulses then pass to promoter regions that control muscle of the the _____, ______, and _______, as well as to muscles that control _______ for air flow over the vocal cords
A
  1. Areas 44 and 45 in the frontal lobe

2. Larynx, Pharynx, mouth, breathing

28
Q
  1. _________: Interpets the meaning of speech by recognizing spoken words
  2. Areas ______ possibly _____ and _____, is a broad region in the _____ and ______ lobes
A
  1. Wernickes area

3. 22/39/40/Temporal/Parietal

29
Q
  1. ________: is an inability to use or to comprehend words
  2. Location: The ________ hemisphere of most people, regardless of whether they are right or left handed. It contains the language areas _______, _______, and other languages areas
A
  1. Aphasia

2. Left cerebral/Brocas speech area/Wernickes

30
Q

Aphasia

  1. Damage to Broca’s speech area results in ________: an inability to properly articulate or form words
A
  1. Non fluent Aphasia
31
Q

Aphasia

  1. Damage to Wernickes area results in ________: characterized by faulty understanding of spoken or written words.
  2. Persons with fluent aphasia may exhibit ______, ______, or both
A
  1. Fluent aphasia

2. Word deafness/word blindness

32
Q

Hemispheric Lateralization

  1. In about 90% of the population the left hemisphere has greater control over ______, _____ and _____
  2. The other hemisphere usually the right is more involved in _____, _____, _____ and appreciation of ________
  3. This functional asymmetry is termed _______
A
  1. Language/mathematical abilities/Logic
  2. Visual spatial skills/Intuition/Emotion/art and music
  3. Hemispheric lateralization
33
Q
  1. ______: is a disabling senile Demetria( the loss of reasoning and ability to care for oneself) that affects the elderly.

The cause is unknown, but appears to be a combination of genetic predisposition, environmental or lifestyle factors, and the aging process itself

A
  1. Alzheimer’s disease
34
Q

Alzheimer’s disease

General Progression of the disease

  1. _______
  2. ______
  3. _______
  4. _____
  5. ______
A
  1. Trouble remembering recent events
  2. Confused and forgetful
  3. Memories of past events disappear
  4. Ability to read, write, talk, eat, and walk disappears
  5. Death (bedridden)
35
Q

Alzheimer’s disease

Brain abnormalities at autopsy include:

  1. ______: liberate acetylcholine; destruction of neurons of the nucleus basalis is the hallmark of Alzheimer’s disease
  2. ______: clusters of abnormal proteins deposited outside neurons
  3. ______: abnormal bundles of protein filaments inside neurons in affected brain regions
A
  1. Loss of neurons
  2. Beta amyloid plaques
  3. Neurofibrillary tangles
36
Q
  1. ________: A brain injury characterized by an abrupt but temporary loss of consciousness, disturbances of vision, and problems with equilibrium, caused by a blow to the head or the sudden stopping of a moving head; the most common brain injury
  2. _____: Bruising of the brain due to trauma, usually associated with a concussion; includes leakage of blood from microscopic blood vessels
A
  1. Concussion

2. Contusion

37
Q
  1. _____: charged molecules with an unpaired valence electron
  2. _____: Localized pool of blood, usually clotted
  3. _____: Oxygen deprivation
  4. _____: localized reduction of blood flow
  5. _____: A tear of the brain; results in rupture of large blood vessels, with bleeding into the brain and subarachnoid space
  6. ______: pathologic death of living tissue
A
  1. Free radicals
  2. Hematoma
  3. Hypoxia
  4. Ischemia
  5. Laceration
  6. Necrosis/necrotic
38
Q
  1. ______: Loss of brain function characterized by abrupt onset of neurological symptoms such as paralysis or loss of sensation, due to destruction of brain tissue, commonly caused by intracerebral hemorrhage, emboli, and atherosclerosis of the cerebral arteries, also called a stroke
A
  1. Cerebrovascular accident
39
Q
  1. _______: Episode of temporary cerebral dysfunction caused by impaired blood flow to the brain
  2. ______: Abnormal growth of tissue in the brain, may be malignant or benign
  3. ______: learning disorder characterized by poor or short attention span, consistent level of hyperactivity, and age inappropriate impulsiveness
A
  1. Transient Ischemic attach (TIA)
  2. Brain tumor
  3. Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder
40
Q
  1. _______: inability to recognize the significance of sensory stimuli such as sounds, sights, smells, tastes, and touch
  2. ______: Inability to carry out purposeful movements in the absence of paralysis
  3. _______: Conditions of functional sluggishness
  4. ________: Potentially fatal syndrome that particularly affects the brain and liver, which occurs after a viral infection, especially chickenpox or influenza, most often in children or teens who have taken aspirin
  5. _______: Unresponsiveness from which a patient can be aroused only briefly, and only by vigorous and repeated stimulation
A
  1. Agnosia
  2. Apraxia
  3. Lethargy
  4. Reye’s syndrome
  5. Stupor

Freshman Semester (10 decks)

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