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Freshman Semester > Test 3- Anatomy 1 > Flashcards

Test 3- Anatomy 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Sagittarius section of the brain

The major parts of the brain are:

  1. ______
  2. ______
  3. ______
  4. _______
A
  1. brain stem
  2. Cerebellum
  3. Diencephalon
  4. Cerebrum
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2
Q

Brain Stem

Continuous with the spinal cord. Consist of:

  1. ______
  2. ______
  3. ______
A
  1. Medulla Oblongata
  2. Pons
  3. Midbrain
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3
Q

Cerebellum

  1. _____ to the brain stem= ______
A
  1. Posterior/Little brain
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4
Q

Diencephalon

  1. ____ to the brain stem.
  2. Comprises mainly:______, _______
A
  1. Superior

2. Thalamus/Hypothalamus

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5
Q

Cerebrum

  1. The cerebrum is supported on the _______ and _______. It is the largest part of the brain
A
  1. Diencephalon/Brain Stem
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6
Q

Meninges

  1. The cranial meninges are ______ with the _______ of the same name and have the basic structure:
  2. _______, ________, _________
A
  1. Continuous/Spinal meninges

2. Dura mater (outer)/Arachnoid mater (middle)/Pia mater (inner)

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7
Q

Dura mater

  1. The cranial dura matter has ____ layers, whereas the Spinal dura mater has only ______
  2. An __________: formed by the periosteum covering the internal surface of the cranium
  3. An _______: that is continuo with the dura mater covering the spinal cord
  4. The two layers are fused together except where they separate to enclose the _________ that drain blood from the _____ into the ________
A
  1. Two/One
  2. External periosteal layer
  3. Internal meningeal layer
  4. Dura venous sinuses/brain/Internal jugular vein
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8
Q

Tissue Separations

Extensions of the dura mater separate parts of the brain:

  1. _______: separates the two hemispheres (sides) of the cerebrum
  2. _______: Separates the two hemispheres of the cerebellum
  3. ________: Separates the cerebrum from the cerebellum
A
  1. Falx cerebri
  2. Falx cerebellum
  3. Tentorium cerebelli
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9
Q

Neuronal respiration

  1. Although the adult brain is only about 2% of the total body weight, it consumes about 20% of the ______ and ______ when the body is at rest
  2. ______ synthesize ATP almost exclusively from ______
  3. Virtually no glucose is stored in the ______
  4. There brain therefore requires a virtually Uninterrupted flow of ______ to it, and that blood must have sufficient ______
A
  1. Oxygen/Glucose
  2. Neurons/Glucose
  3. Brain
  4. Blood/Glucose
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10
Q

Blood Brain Barrier

  1. A blood brain barrier protects brain cells from _______ and _______ by preventing many such substances from entering the brain
  2. The blood brain barrier can be broken down or disrupted by _____, ______, and ______
  3. Some parts of the brain lack the blood brain barrier: _______, _____, _______ secrete hormones directly into the bloodstream.
  4. _______ of the fourth ventricle in the medulla senses toxins in the blood, that the blood brain barrier protects other parts of the brain from, it controls vomiting
A
  1. Harmful substances/Pathogens
  2. Trauma/Certain toxins/Inflammation
  3. Pineal gland/pituitary gland/ hypothalamus
  4. Area Posterma
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11
Q

Formation of the BBB

  1. The BBB is formed by a combination of _______ of the _______ of brain _______ and _________ foot processes
A
  1. Tight Junctions/Endothelial cells/Capillaries/Astrocytes
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12
Q

Selectivity of the BBB

  1. Some water soluble substances such as glucose cross the BBB by _________
  2. Other substances cross the BBB very slowly: ______, ______, _______
  3. Some substances do not cross at all: _______, ______
  4. Lipid soluble substances cross easily: _______, ______, ______, _________
A
  1. Active transport
  2. Creatine/Urea/Most ions
  3. Proteins/Antibiotic drugs
  4. Oxygen/CO2/Alcohol/Anesthetic agents
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13
Q

Cerebrospinal fluid

Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is a clear, colorless liquid that:

  1. Protects the brain and spinal cord against _______ and ________
  2. Carries _______, ______, and other needed chemicals from, the blood to ________ and ________
  3. Continuously circulates through cavities in the brain and spinal cord, and around the brain and spinal cord in the __________ space (between the ________ mater and the _______ mater)
A
  1. Chemical/physical injuries
  2. Oxygen/glucose/Neurons/Neuroglia
  3. Subarachnoid/Arachnoid/Pia
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14
Q

Ventricle Terminology

  1. Ventricles are _______ CSF filled ______ within the brain
  2. The __________ : together comprise the first and second ventricle
  3. A thin membrane called the ________ separates the lateral ventricles
A
  1. Four/cavities
  2. Lateral ventricles
  3. Septum pellucidum
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15
Q

CSF contribution to homeostasis

  1. __________: by serving as a shock absorbing medium that protects the tissue of the brain and spinal cord from physical jolts.
  2. ________: by providing an optimal ionic composition chemical environment for accurate neuronal signaling. Circulation, through acting as a medium for exchange of nutrients and waste products between the blood and nervous tissue
A
  1. Mechanical Protection

2. Chemical protection

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16
Q

Production of CSF

  1. CSF is produced by the _______ in the walls of the ventricles
  2. These are networks of capillaries covered by ______ that form CSF from blood plasma by filtration (and some secretion)
  3. The Ependymal cells are joined by _______, thereby preventing materials from leaking between the cells, and forcing materials that might potentially enter the CSF to be subjected to Ependymal cell selectivity
A
  1. Choroid plexuses
  2. Ependymal cells
  3. Tights junctions
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17
Q

CSF circulation-Brain

  1. CSF is formed in the _________ of each ________ ventricle
  2. It flows into the third ventricle through two small openings called ________
  3. The roof of the _______ ventricle produces more CSF
  4. CSF then flows through the ________ and into the fourth ventricle
  5. A choroid plexus in the ______ ventricle produces more CSF
A
  1. Choroid Plexuses/Lateral Ventricle
  2. Interventricular foramina
  3. Third
  4. Cerebral aqueduct
  5. Fourth
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18
Q

CSF circulation- Spinal Cord

  1. From the fourth ventricle, CSF enters the _______ space through three openings in the roof of the fourth ventricle: ________, and two __________
  2. Since the ________ of the brain and spinal cord are continuous, CSF also enters the _________
  3. It then circulates in the ______ canal of the spinal cord and the subarachnoid spaces of the ______ and ______
A
  1. Subarachnoid space/Median aperture/Later apertures
  2. Subarachnoid spaces/Spinal Subarachnoid space
  3. Central canal/Brain/Spinal cord
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19
Q

CSF reabsorption

  1. CSF is reabsorbed into the blood through ________, which project into the CSF circulatory spaces
A
  1. Arachnoid villi
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20
Q
  1. _________: is a condition in which excess cerebrospinal fluid builds up in the brain
  2. When excess CSF accumulates in the ventricles, CSF pressure rises, causing _________
A
  1. Hydrocephalus

2. Hydrocephalus

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21
Q

Hydrocephalus

  1. Hydrocephalus can be present at _____ or it can develop later. The outlook for people with hydrocephalus varies depending on how soon the condition is diagnosed, whether any other disorders are present and whether treatment is successful. With no treatment, hydrocephalus is nearly always ______
  2. Hydrocephalus is most often treated with the surgical placement of a _____ system that diverts the flow of CSF from a site within the CNS to another area of the body where it can be absorbed as part of the circulatory
  3. A limited number of patients having _________ can be treated with a procedure called _________. Aided by a neuroscope, a small hole is made in the floor of the third ventricle, allowing the CSF to bypass the obstruction
A
  1. Birth/Fatal
  2. Shunt
  3. Obstructive Hydrocephalus/Third Ventriculostomy
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22
Q

Brain Stem

Continuous with the Spinal cord consists of:

  1. _______, _______, ________
  2. A network of interspersed gray and white matted called the _______ extends throughout the brain stem
A
  1. Medulla oblongata/Pons/Midbrain

2. Reticular Formation

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23
Q

Brain Stem

  1. The components of the brain stem are easily distinguishable in _______ section
A
  1. Longitudinal
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24
Q

Medulla Oblongata

  1. The _______: called the vital brain because it regulates functions upon which life is most dependent, and which occur without out our _________: control of breathing, heart rate, blood pressure, heart rate, blood pressure, and reflex centers for coughing, swallowing, and vomiting that respond without cognitive processing
A
  1. Medulla/Voluntary Action
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25
Q

Medulla Oblongata

  1. The medulla begins at the _______ and is a continuation of the ______
  2. White matter of the medulla contains all ________ (sensory) and _______ (motor) tracts between the spinal cord and other parts of the brain
A
  1. Foramen magnum/Spinal cord

2. Ascending/Descending

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26
Q

Pyramids

  1. The pyramids are bulges of ______ on the anterior where the _______ tracts pass from the ______ to the ________
  2. The pyramids represent the _________ tracts
A
  1. White matter/Largest motor/Cerebrum/Spinal cord

2. Corticospinal

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27
Q

Decussation of pyramids

  1. Most of the axons in the left pyramid cross to the _______, and vice versa. This is called _______
A
  1. Right side (decussate)/Decussation of pyramids
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28
Q

Medullary Nuclei

The medulla has several nuclei ( masses of gray matter where neurons form synapses with on another) that control vital body functions:

  1. _______: regulates rate and force of the heartbeat and blood vessel diameter
  2. ______: (part of the respiratory center) adjusts the basic rhythm of breathing
  3. ______: of the medulla promotes swallowing of a mass (bolus) of food that has moved from the mouth into the pharynx (throat)
A
  1. Cardiovascular Center
  2. Medullary Rhythmicity area
  3. The deglutition center
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29
Q

Medullary nuclei

Other nuclei in the medulla also control…..

  1. ______: which involves a long drawn and deep inhalation followed by a strong exhalation
  2. _____: Casued by spasmodic contraction of the diaphragm
  3. _____: The spasmodic contraction of breathing muscles that forecefully expel air through the nose and mouth
  4. The _______: the medulla causes vomiting, the forcible expulsion of the contents of the upper gastrointestinal tract through the mouth
A
  1. Coughing
  2. Hiccuping
  3. Sneezing
  4. Vomiting Center (area postrema)
30
Q

Medullary Nuclei

  1. _______: comprises part of the gustatory pathway from the tongue to the brain, receiving input from taste buds of the tongue
  2. ______: receive auditory input from the cochlea of the ear, and therefore part of the auditory pathway
  3. _________: are components of the equilibrium pathway from the inner ear to the brain, receiving sensory information from vestibular apparatus of the inner ear
A
  1. Gustatory nucleus
  2. Cochlear Nuclei
  3. Vestibular Nuclei
31
Q

Olive

  1. _____ to each pyramid is an oval-shaped swelling called an ______
  2. The _______ nucleus within each olive relays impulses to the ________ from the cerebral cortex, red nucleus of the midbrain, and spinal cord proprioceptors that monitory joint and muscle position
A
  1. Lateral/Olive

2. Inferior Olive/Cerebellum

32
Q

Posterior Nuclei

  1. The right and left ______ nucleus and ______ nucleus are in the posterior part of the medulla
  2. They are associated with sensations of _____, ________, ______, and _______
  3. _______: Sensory neurons having their cell bodies in dorsal roots of the spinal cord ascend in the posterior columns to the posterior nuclei of the medulla
  4. There they synapse with ________ neurons having their cell bodies in the correspondingly- named _______ of the medulla
A
  1. Gracile Nucleus/Cuneate Nucleus
  2. Touch/Conscious Proprioception/Pressure/Vibration
  3. First order sensory neurons
  4. Second order neurons/Posterior nucleus
33
Q

Medial Lemniscus

  1. The _______ neurons ascend to the thalamus in a band of white matter called the _________
  2. The medial lemniscus extends through the _____, ______, and ______
  3. The tracts of the posterior columns and axons of the medial lemniscus are collectively known as the _________ or _______
A
  1. Second order neurons/medial lemniscus
  2. Medulla/Pons/Midbrain
  3. Posterior column/Medial Lemniscus pathway
34
Q

Injury to the Medulla

  1. A hard blow to the back of the _____ or _______ neck be fatal due to damage to the ______
  2. Damage to the _______ rhythmicity area is especially serious, and can lead to death
  3. Symptoms of injury to the medulla include ______ and loss of _____ on the opposite side of the body, and irregularities in ______ or _______
A
  1. Head/Upper/Medulla
  2. Medullary
  3. Paralysis/Sensation/Breathing/Heart Rhythm
35
Q

Pons

  1. The pons is ______ to the medulla
  2. Consist of both _____, ______, and _______.
  3. It is a bridge that connects one part of the _____ with another
A
  1. Superior
  2. Nuclei/Sensory tracts/Motor Tracks
  3. Brain
36
Q

Pontine Structures

  1. ________: relays signals for voluntary movements from their origin in the cerebral cortex to the cerebellum
  2. Nuclei comprising the _______ and _______ help control breathing, in conjunction with the medullary rhymicity area of the medulla
A
  1. Pontine Structures

2. Pneumotaxic area/Apneustic area

37
Q

Control of respiration

  1. Action of respiratory muscles is controlled by ________ of neurons in both the medulla oblongata and pons, collectively called the ________ and comprising: ______, ______, ______
A
  1. Bilateral clusters/Respiratory/Medullary rhythmicity area/Pneumotaxic area/Apneustic area
38
Q

Control of respiration

  1. The ________ area controls the basic rhythm of respiration, and consist of the inspiratory area and the expiratory area
  2. When the _______ is active, it generates nerve impulses to the ________ muscles and the ______, resulting in inspiration
  3. During normal quiet breathing, absence of _______ impulses from the inspiratory center relaxes inspiratory muscles, resulting in exhalation due to passive ______ of the ____ and _____
A
  1. Medullary rhythmicity
  2. Inspiratory center/External intercostal/Diaphragm
  3. Inspiratory/Elastic recoil/Lungs/Thoracic wall
39
Q

Control of respiration

  1. _______ neurons are inactive during quiet breathing
  2. During forceful breathing, impulses for the expiratory area are sent to the ________ muscles and ______ muscles
  3. Contraction of these muscles causes _______ exhalation
  4. The pneumotaxic area and the Apneustic area coordinate the transition between ______ and _____
  5. _______: turns off the inspiratory area before the lungs become to full
  6. ______: Prolongs inhalation by sending stimulators impulses to the inpiratory area
A
  1. Expiratory center
  2. Internal Intercostal/Abdominal Muscles
  3. Forceful
  4. Inhalation/Exhalation
  5. Pneumotaxic area
  6. Apneustic area
40
Q

Vestibulocochlear nerve

  1. ______: Has sensory axons that end in the vestibular nuclei in the pons (although some enter the cerebellum via the inferior cerebellar peduncle)
  2. ______: Has sensory axons that end in nuclei in the medulla oblongata
  3. ______ of motor neurons in both branches project from the pons to respective hair cells in the ________ and ________
A
  1. Vestibular Branch
  2. Cochlear branch
  3. Axons/Semicircular canals/Spiral organ
41
Q

Midbrain

  1. Midbrain is also termed the _______
  2. Connects the ______ to the ________
  3. It consist of both ______ and _______
A
  1. Mesencephalon
  2. Pons/Diencephalon
  3. Nuclei/Tracts
42
Q
  1. _______: are a pair of tracts containing _____ of motor neurons that conduct nerve impulses from the cerebral cortex to the ______, _______, _______, as well as _____ of sensory neurons that extend from the medulla to the thalamus
A
  1. Cerebral Peduncles/Axons/Spinal cord/medulla/pons/Axons
43
Q

Posterior Structures

  1. The _______: contains two pairs of rounded elevations collectively called the corpora quadrigemina
  2. The _______ passes through the midbrain, connecting the third ventricle above with the fourth ventricle below
A
  1. Tectum

2. Cerebral aqueduct

44
Q

Corpora Quadrigemina

  1. ______: are reflex centers for visual reflexes and for visually tracking moving objects
  2. _______: are part of the auditory pathway as well as reflex centers for auditory stimuli
A
  1. Superior Colliculi

2. Inferior Colliculi

45
Q

Superior Colliculi

  1. Provide some of the neural circuitry that contributes to movement of extrinsic ________ for tracking moving images
  2. ______: adjust size of the pupil
  3. ______: shape of lens for close and distant viewing
  4. This is the center responsible for involuntary turning of the ______ when an object is detected out of the corner of the eye
A
  1. Eye muscles
  2. Pupillary reflex
  3. Accommodation reflex
  4. Head
46
Q

Inferior Colliculi

  1. Part of the ______ pathway that relays impulses from hearing receptors int he inner ear to the _______
  2. This is the center responsible for the _____ reflex, which is the involuntary turning of the ______ in response to an unexpected sound
A
  1. Auditory

2. Startle/Head

47
Q

Nuclei in the midbrain

  1. _______: Dark pigmented nuclei that release dopamine, Control subconscious muscle activities, Associated with Parkinson’s disease
  2. _______: Reddish, Axons from cerebellum and cerebral cortex synapse with he red nuclei, functioning in the coordination of muscular movements, ruburospinal tract, controls crawling of babies and swing of arms………
A
  1. Substantial nigra

2. Red nuclei

48
Q

Reticular formation

  1. Much of the brain stem consists of small clusters of _______ cell bodies along with small bundles of ______ axons
  2. This fairly extensive region of interspersed _____ and _____ matter in the brain stem is termed _______
A
  1. Neuronal/Myelinated

2. Gray/White/Reticular formation (ret-=net)

49
Q

Reticular Formation

  1. The reticular formation comprises both _______ and _______ neurons
A
  1. Ascending (sensory)/Descending (motor)
50
Q

Reticular Formation

  1. The main function of neurons that descend from the reticular formation is to help __________ the slight degree of contraction that occurs in normal resting muscles
  2. Part of the reticular formation called ________ consists of sensory axons that help maintain consciousness and participate in awakening from sleep
A
  1. Regulate muscle tone

2. Reticular activating system (RAS)

51
Q

Cerebellum

  1. ________ largest part of the brain. Has only about ______ of the mass of the brain as a whole, yet has about _____ of all the neurons in the brain
A
  1. Second/10%/50%
52
Q

Appearance

  1. ______: the central constricted area (worm)
  2. ______: The lateral lobes
  3. ______: The surface has many ridges, or convolutions
A
  1. Vermis (worm)
  2. Cerebellar hemispheres
  3. Folia
53
Q

Sectional appearance

  1. _______: is gray matter, also exhibiting the foliar ridges
  2. The white matter forms the _______ (tree of life)
A
  1. Cerebellar cortex

2. Arbor Vitae

54
Q
  1. ________: Bundles of white matter comprising axons that conduct impulses between cerebellum and other parts of the brain
  2. There are ____ pairs of cerebellar peduncles: ______, ______, ________
A
  1. Cerebellar Peduncles

2. Three/Superior/Middle/Inferior

55
Q

Cerebral Peduncles and Cerebellar peduncles

  1. _______: are anterior structures that conduct nerve impulses for the cerebrum to the spinal cord, medulla, and pons
  2. _______: are posterior structures that conduct impulses between the cerebellum and other parts of the brain
A
  1. Cerebral peduncles

2. Cerebellar peduncles

56
Q

Function of cerebellum

  1. The main function of the cerebellum is to evaluate how well movements initiated by ______ areas in the cerebrum are actually being carried out by comparing what was intended with what is actually being done. When discrepancies are detected it sends _______ signals to the motor areas of the cerebral cortex, thereby providing for smooth ______ movement
  2. The cerebellum is also the main region of the brain that regulates ______ and _________
A
  1. Motor/Feedback/Coordinated

2. Posture/Balance

57
Q

Function of cerebellum

  1. _______: mediate unconscious refinements of skeletal muscle movements
  2. _______: contributes to equilibrium and balance
A
  1. Anterior and Posterior lobes

2. Floculonodulam lobe

58
Q

Ataxia

  1. Ataxia: is an inability to coordinate ________ movements
  2. Ataxia describes a symptom of incoordination associated with _______ infections, _______, ________, or ________ changes
A
  1. Muscular

2. Cerebellar/Injuries/Diseases/Degenerative

59
Q

Ataxia

  1. Speech patterns are abnormal due to uncoordinated ______ Muscles
  2. Cerebellar damage may also cause ______ or abnormal _______ movements
A
  1. Speech

2. Staggering/Walking

60
Q

Ataxia

  1. Persons who consume to much _____ shows signs of ataxia because _____ inhibits activity of the cerebellum
  2. Alcohol overdose suppresses the medullary _______ area, and may result in _____
A
  1. Alcohol/Alcohol

2. Rhythmicity/Death

61
Q

Diencephalon

Comprises of:

  1. _______
  2. ______
  3. ______
  4. _______
A
  1. Thalamus
  2. Hypothalamus
  3. Epithalamus
  4. Subthalamus
62
Q

Thalamus

  1. Makes up most of the ________. Consist of paired oval masses of _____ matter organized into nuclei, plus some ____ matter tracks
  2. The two halves are connected across the third ventricle by bridge of gray matter called the ________
A
  1. Diencephalon/Oval masses/White

2. Intermediate mass

63
Q

Overall function of Thalamus

  1. The thalamus is the main relay station for most ______ impulse that reach the primary sensory areas of the cerebral cortex from the _____, _______, or ______
  2. Within the thalamus, a _____ out and _______ editing process occurs wherein impulses having similar functions are grouped together and relayed to appropriate area of the ________ and ________ centers
  3. The thalamus also contributes to regulation of ______ activities and ________ of consciousness
A
  1. Sensory/Spinal cord/The brain stem/midbrain
  2. Sorting out/Information/Sensory cortex/Cortical association
  3. Autonomic/Maintenance
64
Q

Internal capsule

  1. The internal capsule is a ______ band of white matter lateral to the thalamus which separates the thalamus and _______ from the _______ nucleus
A
  1. Thick/Cuadate nucleus/Lentiform
65
Q

Hypothalamus

  1. The hypothalamus is a _____ portion of the diencephalon located _______ to the thalamus. It controls many body _______, and is a major regulator of _______
A
  1. Small portion/Inferior/Activities/Homeostasis
66
Q

Mammillary Bodies

  1. Mammillary bodies are the major component of the the _______ region
  2. They are _____, small, ______ projections
  3. Mammillary bodies serve as relay station for reflexes related to the sense of _______
A
  1. Mammillary
  2. Two/rounded
  3. Smell
67
Q

Infundibulum

  1. The infundibulum is the major structure of concern for the _______ region. It is the stalk that connects the _______ to the ________
A
  1. Tuberal/Pituitary gland/Hypothalamus
68
Q

Functions of the Hypothalamus

  1. The hypothalamus is the main visceral _______ center of the body, and is one of the few major regulators of _________
  2. The hypothalamus has an important involvement with the ________
A
  1. Control

2. Pituitary Gland

69
Q

Functions of the hypothalamus

Receptors within the hypothalamus monitor many important parameters of the body:

  1. ________ level
  2. ________ (osmoreceptors)
  3. ________ of blood flowing through the hypothalamus
  4. ________ (insulin for example)
A
  1. Glucose level
  2. Osmotic pressure
  3. Temperature
  4. Various hormones
70
Q

Functions of the hypothalamus

Specific functions of the hypothalamus are:

  1. Control of the __________ Nervous system
  2. Production of _______
  3. Regulation of ______ and _______ patterns
  4. Regulation of ______ and ________
  5. Control of ________
  6. Regulation of ______ rhythms and states of _______-
A
  1. Autonomic
  2. Hormones
  3. Emotional/behavioral
  4. Eating/Drinking
  5. Body Temperature
  6. Circadian/Consciousness
71
Q

Epithalamus

  1. The small epithalamus comprises the ________ and ______, and is _____ and _____ to the thalamus
  2. ________: involved in olfaction, especially emotional responses to odors
  3. ________: secretes the hormone melatonin, and is part of the endocrine system
A
  1. Habenular nuclei/ Pineal Gland/Superior/Posterior
  2. Habenular nuclei
  3. Pineal Gland
72
Q

Subthalamus

  1. The subthalamus is a small area containing _____ and the paired ________
  2. Lying immediately below the _______
  3. It works with other structures of the brain to control ______
A
  1. Tracts/SUbthalamic nuclei
  2. Thalamus
  3. Body movements

Freshman Semester (10 decks)

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