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Freshman Semester > TEST 2- Anatomy 1 > Flashcards

TEST 2- Anatomy 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Functions of Muscular Tissue?

A
  1. Contractile
  2. Extensible
  3. Elastic
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2
Q

What are muscle tissue main functions?

A
  1. Create motion
  2. Stabilize body maintain posture
  3. Store substances using sphincters
  4. Move substances peristaltic contractions
  5. Generate heat, thermogenesis
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3
Q

Three types of muscular tissue with appearance and control?

A
  1. Skeletal-striated multi nucleated/voluntary
  2. Cardiac- striated one central nucleus/involuntary
  3. Visceral smooth muscle- no striations one central nucleus/involuntary
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4
Q

Organizational structure

  1. Entire organ
  2. Single muscle cell
  3. A bundle of muscle fibers or bundle of muscle cells
  4. Organelle in a muscle fiber composed of filaments
  5. Fibrous protein molecules within myofibrils
A
  1. Muscle
  2. Fiber
  3. Fascicles
  4. Myofibril
  5. Filaments
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5
Q

Connective Tissue

  1. Surrounds a fiber
  2. Surrounds a fascicle
  3. Surrounds entire muscle
A
  1. Endomysium
  2. Perimysium
  3. Epimysium
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6
Q

Nerve Supply

  1. Nerve cell called ______ supplies a group of muscle fibers. This comprises a motor unit
  2. Each muscle fiber is supplied by __________?
  3. The site where neuron contacts muscle fiber.
A
  1. Somatic neuron
  2. One Neuron
  3. Neuromuscular Junction
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7
Q

Microscopic Organization of skeletal muscle

  1. During embryonic development, a number of _______ fuse to form one skeletal muscle fiber
  2. Skeletal muscle fibers are ________
  3. The resultant cell (muscle fiber) is unable to undergo _______
A
  1. Myoblast
  2. Multinucleate
  3. Mitosis
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8
Q

The skeletal muscle fiber

  1. Beneath the connective tissue Endomysium is found the ____________ of an individual skeletal muscle fiber
  2. The ____________ of skeletal muscle fibers is chocked full of contractile proteins arranged in myofibrils
A
  1. Plasma membrane (called sarcolemma)

2. Cytoplasm (sarcoplasm)

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9
Q

Microscopic organization of skeletal muscle

  1. Kind of like a culdesac opening from outside of the fiber toward interior of fiber
    - opening invaginate from sarcolemma, and extend toward the interior of the cell
    - Open to outside of the fiber, so they are filled with interstitial fluid
    - IMPORTANT IN PROPAGATION OF MUSCLE ACTION POTENTIALS
A
  1. T-tulles (Transverse tubules)
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10
Q

Microscopic Organization of Skeletal muscle

  1. Stores calcium ions, and releases them when the muscle fiber is stimulated
A
  1. Sarcoplasmic Reticulum
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11
Q

Microscopic Organization of Skeletal Muscle

  1. Dilated regions that flank the T-Tubules
  2. Two Terminal cisterns flanking one T-Tubule is called a _______
A
  1. Terminal cisterns

2. Triad

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12
Q

The Skeletal Muscle Fiber

  1. The basic functional unit of skeletal muscle fibers is the _________. An arrangement of thick and thin filaments sandwiched between two Z disk
A
  1. Sarcomere
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13
Q

Filaments

  1. Myofibrils are made of smaller structures called _________?
  2. Overall, there are _________ filaments for every __________ filament
  3. Thin Filaments contain ________, ________, _______
  4. Thick Filaments contain ________, ________
A
  1. Filaments
  2. Two thin/One thick
  3. Actin, Troponin, Tropomyosin
  4. Myosin, Contractile protein
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14
Q
  1. Filaments inside a myofibril are arranged in compartments and are the basic functional units of a myofibril. This is known as __________
  2. Long chain of Sarcomeres is a _________
A
  1. Sarcomeres

2. Myofibril

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15
Q

Sarcomeres

  1. Thick and thin filaments create the striations that are seen both in _________ and whole __________
A
  1. Myofibrils/Muscle Fibers
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16
Q

Sarcomeres

  1. Thick and thin filaments overlap to a degree causing
    - _________: Where adjacent Sarcomeres abut; center of an I band
    - _________: Darker zone, comprises length of thick filaments and varying overlap of thin filaments
    - _________: Thin Filaments, consist of parts of 2 adjacent Sarcomeres
    - _________: Center of an A band, only thick filaments
    - _________: Midline of a sarcomere
A
  1. Z disk
  2. A band
  3. I band
  4. H zone
  5. M line
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17
Q

Fine Structure

  1. Thick filament is composed of _________
  2. The tails of the myosin molecules are bound together to form the __________
A
  1. Myosin molecules

2. Thick filament

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18
Q

Fine Structure

The heads (crossbridges) of the myosin molecules

  1. ______ and _______ ATP; also bind the products ADP and Phosphate
  2. Change shape moving ______ or ________
  3. Bind _______ to Actin
A
  1. Bind/ Hydrolyze
  2. Toward/ Away from an M line
  3. Reversibly
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19
Q

Muscle Proteins

  1. The Regulatory proteins _______ and ________ are myosin binding sites that are covered
A
  1. Troponin and tropomyosin
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20
Q

Fine Structure

  1. Movement of the ______ and _______ complex allows contraction to begin
  2. Movement is triggered by ________ binding to troponin
A
  1. Troponin/Tropomyosin

2. Calcium

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21
Q

Fine Structure

  1. Muscle Fiber proteins comprise three categories:
A
  1. Contractile proteins: Myosin, Actin
    - Regulatory proteins: Troponin, Tropomyosin
    - Structural proteins: Titin, Myomesin, Dystrophin, Sarcolemmal proteins
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22
Q

Fine Structure

Structural Proteins:

  1. _____: each molecule spans half a sarcomere, from a Z disc to an M line, and attaches thick filaments to Z discs and M lines.
    - Very elastic and probably helps sarcomere return to its resting length
A
  1. Titin
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23
Q

Fine Structure

  1. _______: Links the thin filaments of the Sarcomeres to integral membrane proteins in the sarcolemma, transmitting the tens I’ve forces of the Sarcomeres
A
  1. Dystrophin
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24
Q

Muscular Dystrophy

  1. Muscular refers to group of inherited muscle destroying diseases causing progressive skeletal muscle fiber degeneration, the most common from being ___________
  2. Absent the reinforcing effect of ________, the sarcolemma tears easily during muscle contraction, causing muscle fibers to rupture and die
A
  1. Duchesse Muscular Dystrophy

2. Dystrophin

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25
Q

Generation of an Action Potential

  1. Recall that each muscle fiber is supplied by _______
  2. Each muscle fiber has one ________
  3. _________ is where a muscle action potential is generated, the signal for a muscle to contract
  4. Muscle action potential travels along the ________ and down the _______ to the interior of the _______
A
  1. Somatic motor neuron
  2. Neuromuscular junction
  3. Neuromuscular junction
  4. Sarcolemma/T-tubles/Fiber
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26
Q

Neuromuscular Junction

  1. ______ is the synapse between a somatic motor neuron and a skeletal muscle fiber
  2. Synaptic end bulbs at the tips of axon terminals contain ______ filled with _________ which carries the impulse across the ________
A
  1. Neuromuscular Junction

2. Synaptic vesicles/Acetylcholine/Synaptic Cleft

27
Q

Neuromuscular Junction

  1. _____ is the region of the sarcolemma opposite the synaptic end bulb. It comprises the muscle fiber part of the NMJ
  2. _______ receptors in the sarcolemma bind to ACh. Millions of these ______ proteins are in deep grooves in the ________ called ______
A
  1. Motor end plate

2. Acetylcholine/Transmembrane/Motor end plate/Junctional Folds

28
Q

Neuromuscular Junction

  1. Binding of two molecules of ACh opens an _______ in the ACh receptor allowing cations, most importantly _____ to flow across the membrane
  2. Inflow of ______ makes the inside of the muscle fiber ________ triggering an _________
A
  1. Ion Channel/Na+

2. Na+/More Positive/Action Potential

29
Q

NMJ Pharmacology

  1. _______ Produces a ______ toxin that blocks exocytosis of synaptic vesicles at the NMJ
    - Causes flaccid muscle paralysis since ACh is not released and muscle contraction does not occur
    - The toxin is one of the most lethal chemicals known
A
  1. Bacterium Clostridium Botulinum/ Botulinum toxin
30
Q

Excitation Contraction Coupling

  1. Muscle action potential arrives in the ________
  2. _______ Channels open in the terminal cisterns.
  3. An _______ Continuously pumps calcium ions into the ________
  4. The Concentration of calcium ions in the _______ is very low when muscle is relaxed
  5. _____ flows out of ______ into the _______
  6. Calcium ions bind with _______
A
  1. T- Tubles
  2. Calcium Ion
  3. Active transporter/Sarcoplasmic reticulum
  4. Cytosol
  5. Calcium/Terminal Cisterns/Cytosol
  6. Troponin
31
Q

Excitation Contraction Coupling

  1. Binding of _______ with _______ changes the shape of ______
  2. _________ complex moves aside, uncovering the ________ on each the Actin Molecules. Contraction can now begin
A
  1. Calcium/Troponin/Troponin

2. Troponin-Tropomyosin/Myosin-binding sites

32
Q

The Sliding Filament Mechanism

  1. With exposure of the myosin binding sites on actin (the thin filaments)- In the presence of ______ and ______ :the ________ slide on one another and the _________ is shortened
A
  1. Ca+2/ATP/Thick and Thin filaments/Sarcomere
33
Q
  1. What are the 4 steps of attaching Myosin heads to the Sarcomere?
A
  1. ATP Hydrolysis/Attachment/Power Stroke/Detachment
34
Q

Changes in length during Contraction

  1. _____ and _______ decrease
  2. The _______ width remains the same
  3. _____ length decreases
  4. The _____ and ______ do not change length
A
  1. H Zone/I band
  2. A band
  3. Sarcomere
  4. Thick Filaments/Thin Filaments
35
Q
  1. _________: Ridity of death
    - 3 to 4 hours after death, cell membranes no longer maintained at death and leak Ca+
    - Ca+ still binds to troponin-tropomyosin complex, allowing myosin cross bridges to attach and complete one power stroke
    - Cells no longer produce ATP, the crossbridges cannot detach from the actin thereby producing rigidity
A
  1. Rigor Morris
36
Q

Changes in Muscle Size

  1. Muscular ________ is an increase in the _______ of muscle fibers
  2. _______ is an increase in size of tissues and organs due to an _________
  3. ______ decrease in the size of a cell, tissue, organ, or entire body; it is accompanied by diminished function
A
  1. Hypertrophy/Diameter
  2. Hyperplasia/Increase in the number of cells
  3. Atrophy
37
Q
  1. ____________:
    - Red Color protein
    - Found only in muscle
    - Similar to 2.________ in both structure, chemical composition and function
    - Binds 3._________ in muscle cells and releases it when needed by 4.___________ during high levels of aerobic respiration
A
  1. Myoglobin
  2. Hemoglobin
  3. Oxygen/Mitochondria
38
Q

ATP in Muscle Fibers

Uses for ATP in muscle contraction are

  1. _______: active transport, maintain concentration gradients across the sarcolemma, necessary for producing action potentials
  2. _____: Active transport, necessary to terminate contraction
  3. Energize the ______ in preparation for _________
A
  1. Na+, K+ pumps
  2. Calcium ion pumping
  3. Myosin head/Power stroke
39
Q

ATP in Muscle Fibers

  1. ATP production is via ________, _______, _________
A
  1. Creating phosphate/glycolysis/aerobic respiration
40
Q

ATP In Muscle Fibers

During maximal sustained contraction, this is the sequence for sources of ATP

  1. ATP present inside muscle fibers can ________ for a few seconds
  2. _________ plus existing ATP can provide maximum contraction for approx about 15-20 seconds
  3. ATP from ______ lasts 30-40seconds
  4. ATP production from _______ last indefinitely
A
  1. Power Contract
  2. Creatine Phosphate
  3. Glycolysis
  4. Aerobic Cellular Respiration
41
Q

Creatine Supplements

  1. Usual sources of creatine in the body are synthesis in the ______, ______, and _______
  2. Derived from foods: ______, _______, ______
  3. Adults need _______ grams per day from synthesis and ingestion combined to make up for urinary loss and breakdown
A
  1. Liver/Kidneys/Pancrease
  2. Milk/Red meat/Fish
  3. 2 Grams
42
Q

Control of Contraction

  1. One _______ in a motor neuron causes one _______ in all the muscle fibers of that motor unit
  2. The force that a single fiber can produce is primarily dependent on the _______
  3. The number of impulses per unit time is the ______
  4. Brief contraction of all the muscle fibers in a motor unit is a ______
A
  1. Nerve impulse/action potential
  2. Rate at which it is stimulated
  3. Frequency of stimulation
  4. Twitch
43
Q
  1. ________ is a record of a muscle contraction
44
Q

Myogram events

  1. _______: The action potential sweeps over sarcolemma and Ca+ are released from the sarcoplasmic reticulum
  2. _______: Ca+ binds to troponin resulting in exposure of myosin binding sites on actin, crossbridges form, peak tension develops in muscle fiber
  3. _______: Ca+ is actively transported back to the sarcoplasmic reticulum, myosin binding sites are covered by tropomyosin, myosin heads detach from actin, tension in muscle fiber decreases
A
  1. Latent Period
  2. Contraction Period
  3. Relaxation Period
45
Q

Wave summation

  1. When a second stimulus is applied after the ________, the skeletal muscle will respond to both stimuli
  2. If the second second stimulus occurs after the refractory period but before the muscle fiber has relaxed, the second contraction will be _______ than the first
  3. This termed wave summation (the second wave is added to the first), more _____ is released from the sarcoplasmic reticulum
A
  1. Refractory period
  2. Stronger
  3. Ca+
46
Q

Motor Unit recruitment

  1. The _______ are recruited first
  2. _________ are recruited if required by the task
A
  1. Smallest, weakest motor units

2. Larger, stronger motor units

47
Q

Cardiac Muscle

  1. In response to a single AP, Cardiac muscle contract _______ times longer than skeletal muscle, and must continue to do so, without rest, for the life of the individual
  2. To meet this constant demand, cardiac muscle generally uses the rich supply of O2 delivered by the extensive coronary circulation to generate ___________ through __________
A
  1. 10-15 times longer

2. ATP/Aerobic respiration

48
Q

Cardiac Muscle Tissue

  1. ________ are larger and more numerous than skeletal muscle in accordance with a greater dependency on aerobic respiration to generate ______
A
  1. Mitochondria

2. ATP

49
Q

Smooth Muscle

  1. Smooth muscle has a low capacity for generating ATP and does so only through ________
A
  1. Anaerobic respiration (glycolysis)
50
Q

Smooth muscle tissue- Fibers

  1. In addition to thick and thin filaments, ______ are present
  2. ______ attach to dense bodies, which are functionally similar to z discs found in striated muscle and found in both the sarcoplasm and the sarcolemma
A
  1. Intermediate filaments

2. Intermediate filaments

51
Q

Smooth Muscle Tissue- Fibers

  1. Contraction of thick and thin filaments generate tension on _________, which pulls the dense bodies and cause _____ of muscle fiber
A
  1. Intermediate Filaments/shortening
52
Q

Types of Smooth Muscle

  1. What are the 2 types of smooth muscles?
A
  1. -Single unit smooth muscle tissue (AKA visceral smooth muscle tissue)
    • Multiunit smooth Muscle tissue
53
Q

Types of smooth muscle

  1. Visceral smooth muscle fibers connect to one another by _______ and contract as a ________
  2. Multiunit smooth muscle fibers lack _______ and contract ________
A
  1. Gap junctions/Single Unit

2. Gap junctions/Independently

54
Q

Exercise induce muscle damage

  1. Apparently _______ that follows strenuous exercise by some 12 to 48 hours has microscopic muscle damage as a major factor, although not all contributors to ______ are known
A
  1. Delayed onset muscle soreness/DOMS
55
Q
  1. ________ is the inability of a muscle to maintain force of contraction after prolonged activity
  2. Even before the actual _______, a response called ______ causes feelings of tiredness and desire to cease activity, which may be a protective mechanism to stop the exercise before muscles become damaged.
A
  1. Muscle Fatigue

2. Muscle Fatigue/Central Fatigue

56
Q
  1. ______ is the small amount of tension or contraction that a muscle exhibits even at rest
    - It is caused by weak, involuntary contraction of motor units
  2. Muscle tone is established by _______ in the _______ and _______
  3. Muscle tone Keeps skeletal muscles _______, but does not cause a force
A
  1. Muscle Tone
  2. Neurons/Brain/Spinal Cord
  3. Firm
57
Q

Neuromuscular Disease

  1. Abnormalities of skeletal muscle function may be due to ______ or _______ of any of the components of a motor unit
  2. What are the 3 motor units: ________, _________, _________
A
  1. Disease/Damage

3. Somatic motor neuron/Neuromuscular Junctions/Muscle Fibers

58
Q
  1. Heavy on muscles/nerves
  2. Sarcomeres, Sliding filament theory
  3. Tracts, Nomenclature
  4. Different type of gates
  5. Composition of Skin color
  6. Different neurotransmitter
  7. Disorders
  8. Different type of epidermal cells and functions
  9. Differences between skeletal muscles
  10. Orgin of cells/Ground substance
  11. Hair and nail structures
59
Q
  1. _______ is an autoimmune disease that causes chronic, progressive damage of the neuromuscular junction by producing antibodies and bind to and block acetylcholine receptors
    - This decreases the number of functional ACh receptors at the motor end plates of skeletal muscles, causing weakness and fatigue, and may eventually result in loss of muscle function
A
  1. Myasthenia Gravis
60
Q

Abnormal contractions of skeletal muscle

  1. _________ is a sudden involuntary contraction of a single muscle that is part of a large group of muscles
  2. _________ is a painful spasmodic contraction. May be caused by inadequate blood flow to muscles, overuse of a muscle, dehydration, holding a position for an extended period of time, or low levels of electrolytes
A
  1. Spasm

2. Cramp

61
Q

Abnormal Contractions of Skeletal muscle

  1. ________ is a spasmodic twitching made involuntarily by muscle that ordinarily under voluntary control
  2. ________ rhythmic, involuntary, purposeless contraction that produces a quivering or shaking movement
A
  1. Tic

2. Tremor

62
Q

Abnormal contractions of skeletal muscle

  1. __________ an involuntary, brief twitch of an entire motor unit that is visible under the skin, it occurs irregularly and is not associated with movement of the affected muscle
  2. _________ a spontaneous contraction of a single muscle fiber that is not visible under the skin but can be recorded by electromyography. Fibrillation may signal destruction of motor neurons
A
  1. Fasciculation

2. Fibrillation

63
Q

Medical Terminology

  1. __________ a disease or disorder of skeletal muscle tissue
  2. _________ forceful stretching or tearing of muscle fibers, this often occurs in contact sports where it frequently affects the quadriceps femur is muscle
  3. ________ pain in or associated with muscles
A
  1. Myopathy
  2. Muscle strain
  3. Myalgia
64
Q

Medical Terminology

  1. _______ a tumor consisting of muscle tissue
  2. _______ inflammation of muscle fibers
  3. ________ Slow relaxation, or decreased ability to relax muscles after voluntary contraction, may be accompanied by increased muscular excitability and contractility
  4. _________ pathological softening of muscle tissue
A
  1. Myoma
  2. Myositis
  3. Myotonia
  4. Myomalacia

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