TEST 4 Flashcards
A term that describes the contents of the stomach?
Chyme
Where is lactic acid generated in muscles in converted to the usable pyruvic acid?
Liver
Difficult or infrequent defecation is referred to as?
Constipation
Chronic inflammation of the colon accompanied by ulceration and scarring (fibrosis)?
Crohn’s Disease
The layer of the mucosa that lines the lumen is known as the?
Epithelium
The elimination of solid wastes from the colon is known as?
Defecation
What is the function of the serosa?
Produces fluid
For the chloride shift where do the bicarbonate ions go?
Blood plasma
What function does the muscularis mucosa serve?
Increase surface area
A general name for the layer of simple squamous epithelium that adheres to the lungs and viscera of the abdomen is collectively known as?
Mesothelium
Malfunction of which organ is suggested by jaundice?
Liver
A type of diarrhea caused when the small intestines secrete massive amounts of fluids as seen with cholera?
Secretory
The plicae of the small intestines increase the surface area by a factor of?
3x
Hydrogen ions are essentially the same as?
Protons
The layer of the alimentary canal which lines the lumen is known as what?
Mucosa
Which nerve stimulates the salivary glands?
Vagus
Large folds in the small intestines which are divided into villa?
Pilcae circulares
An enzyme found in the saliva that kills microbes?
Lysozyme
A condition demonstrated by binging then self-inducing vomiting or large doses of laxatives?
Bulimia
Cells which secrete various hormones to regulate digestion?
Enteroendocrine cells
To which level must proteins be digested in order to be absorbed by the small intestines?
Amino Acids
Which salivary gland is located on the body of the mandible?
Submandibular
What type of tissues makes up the muscularis mucosa?
Smooth muscle
An antimicrobial compound contained in saliva that is also active in the immune system is what?
Defensins
Generally a type of mesothelial lining that produces fluid is called?
Serosa
Once in the small branches of hepatic portal veins within the hepatic lobules, where do water-soluble compounds/drugs/toxins go next?
Detoxified in the livers Sinusoids
The outermost layer of most of the alimentary canal consisting of simple squamous epithelium?
Serosa
Once in the Golgi apparatus, what happens next to lipids or lipid soluble compounds (what are they surrounded by)?
Surrounded by phospholipids
The connective tissue layer of the mucosa that is next to the epithelium is known as what?
Lamina Propria
The process of swallowing is what?
Deglutition
The process in which the liver makes blood cells outside of the bone marrow cavity as seen in cases of bone marrow suppression?
Extramedullary Hemopoiesis
Which segment of the small intestine produces gastrin?
Duodenum
What organ releases intrinsic factor?
Stomach
What type of tissues makes up the muscularis externa?
Smooth muscle
Which enzyme, produced by the gastric parietal cells allows these cells to produce H+?
Carbonic anhydrase
From which compound is bile derived?
Cholesterol
Which sub-division of the nervous system stimulates the salivary glands (as well as the GI tract in general)?
Parasympathetic
An enzyme found in the saliva that digests various lipids is known as?
Lipase
During the production of gastric acid where do the potassium ions come from?
Gastric lumen
What does amylase act upon (what does it digest)?
Plant starch or Amylose
During the production of gastric acid, where do the hydrogen ions go?
Gastric lumens
Folds in stomach that increase surface area are known as??
Rugae
Once in the thoracic duct, where do the lipids and lipid soluble compounds go next?
LEFT subclavian vein
Large papillae located near the back of the tongue?
Circumvallate
The layer of simple squamous epithelium that adheres to the viscera of the abdomen is specifically known as?
Visceral Peritoneum
What is released by pancreatic alpha cells?
Glucagon
Other than harboring intestinal bacteria what is another major function of the colon?
Absorption of water
The region of the stomach that is located superior to the gastroesophageal junction is called?
Fundus
Another name for plant starch?
Amylose
The smallest of the papillae on dorsum of tongue in which give it friction?
Filiform
The loss of motility especially seen after abdominal surgery is known as?
Ileus
The narrower region of the stomach below the esophagus is known as?
Pyloric part
For the chloride shift what gastric cells produce the bicarbonate ions?
Parietal cells
What is the major neurotransmitter released by the parasympathetic nervous system?
Acetylcholine
During the chloride shift, what compound is exchanged with the chloride ions?
Bicarbonate ion
Which antibody is found in saliva (as well as mom’s milk)?
IgA
A pathological condition in which the patient demonstrates an abnormal reduction in appetite?
Anorexia
What is the major detoxification organ of the body?
Liver
Other than water absorption, what is another major function of the colon?
Harbors bacteria
What causes pepsinogen to change into the enzyme pepsin?
Low pH
Which plexus controls motility of the intestines?
Myenteric Nerve Plexus
The smallest (microscopic) finger-like projections of the small intestines which increase surface area?
Microvilli
What type of receptor must be inhibited to reduce the production of acid by the stomach?
Histamine Type 2 (H2) Receptors
Other than nerves and stretch, what stimulates movement and secretion along the gastro-intestinal tract?
Chemicals
A term that refers to the projections containing most of the taste buds?
Papillae
Name the lipids surrounded by the phospholipids within the Golgi apparatus?
Chylomicrons
What type of tissue makes up the lamina propria?
Areolar Connective Tissue
What is released by the pancreatic delta cells?
Somatostatin
An enzyme that digests lactose?
Lactase
What is the major neurotransmitter released by the vagus nerve?
acetylcholine
For the chloride shift, where do chloride ions (Cl-) come from?
Into parietal cells
An enzyme that breaks dipeptides into their amino acid components?
Dipeptidase
Two layers of smooth muscles found in most of the alimentary canal that causes the movement of food along the tract?
Muscularis Externa
Which compound made in the liver separates lipids into smaller units which can be absorbed by the intestinal epithelial cells?
Bile
During the production of gastric acid, what compound is exchanged for the potassium ions (K+) in the gastric lumen?
Hydrogen ions
What type of tissue lines the oral cavity and the esophagus?
Non-keratinized Stratified Squamous Epithelium
The proteins that move hydrogen ions into the gastric lumen are known as what?
Proton pumps
The name given to the type of protein that causes chloride shift?
Antiport
A hormone that causes the pancreas to release protease enzymes into the duodenum?
Secretin
Tiny little lymphatic vessels in the walls of the small intestines?
Lacteals
The process of taking food in is referred to as?
Ingestion
which salivary gland is located just in front of the earlobe?
Parotid
What do the chloride ions pump into the stomach’s lumen combine with to make acid?
hydrogen ions
what type of acid is produced by the stomach?
Hydrochloric acid
Once in the superior mesenteric vein where do water-soluble compounds/drugs/toxins go next?
Hepatic Portal Vein
What is the pH of the stomach?
2-3
The proton pump for the gastric cells belongs to which class of protein receptors?
Histamine Type 2 Receptors
An enzyme that digests sucrose?
Surcase
Which sub-division of the nervous system stimulates vomiting?
Parasympathetic
An allergic immune reaction to gluten?
Celiac Disease
What drug (found in a local weed) is used for preoperatively to dry up (inhibit) the salivary glands (to prevent aspiration of saliva)?
Atropine
To which level must triglycerides be digested in order to be absorbed by the small intestines?
Fatty acids & a monoglyceride
The villi of the small intestines increase the surface area by a factor of?
10x
An enzyme found in saliva which breaks starch into glucose?
Amylase or ptyalin
Which of the tongue’s papillae do not have taste buds?
Filiform
What compound allows the intestines to absorb vitamin B12?
Intrinsic Factor
Where is the large majority of your body’s cholesterol made?
Liver
A compound released by the pancreas that becomes trypsin?
Trypsinogen
During the production of gastric acid what compound is exchanged for the hydrogen ions (H+) in the gastric lumen?
Potassium ions (K+)
A type of diarrhea in which the intestinal lumen is hypertonic (like when you can’t digest lactose) which pulls excess water in?
Osmotic
Name the distal section of the small intestines that attaches to the colon?
Ileum
The presence of which substance causes the release of cholecystokinin (CCK)?
Fat
Blood in vomit is known as?
Hematemesis
A hormone that causes the stomach to produce more acid?
Gastrin
Small finger-like projections in the small intestines which are divided into microvilli?
Villi
Persistent splashing of gastric contents into?
Gastroesophageal Reflux
The widest region of the stomach below the esophagus is known as the?
Body
What structure releases secretin?
Small intestines
An enzyme that digests DNA?
Deoxyribonuclease
Where are phospholipids made?
Liver
Where is cholecystokinin made?
Small intestines
Which cells of the stomach release intrinsic factor?
Parietal Cells
A hormone that causes the pancreas to release bicarbonate ion into the duodenum?
Secretin
What is released by pancreatic beta cells?
Insulin
A disease of the liver which is contracted via body fluids (STDs, used needles, clinicians, etc) which demonstrates a severe, chronic disease?
Hepatitis B
Cells from the islets of Langerhans which release glucagon?
Alpha cells
What compound is released by the liver from the breakdown of glycogen?
Glucose
What does intrinsic factor allow the small intestine to absorb?
Vitamin B12
What condition is indicted by extramedullary hemopoiesis?
Bone marrow suppression
A hormone that causes the gall bladder to contract to release bile?
Cholecystokinin (CCK)
What toxic compound is made from the amino groups removed from amino acids?
Urea
What structures of the stomach release the hormone gastrin?
Enteroendocrine cells
Cells from the islets of Langerhans which release insulin?
Beta Cells
A pre-enzyme released by the zymogen cells?
Pepsinogen
Which of the autonomic nervous systems stimulates the GI tract?
Parasympathetic
Which structures eliminate urea from the body?
Kidneys
A condition in which the gastric fundus or cardiac zone pushes up, through the diaphragm into the thorax is what?
Hiatal hernia
Give the genus and species of the bacterium that causes peptic ulcers?
Helicobacter pylori
Where is bile stored?
gallbladder
Enzymes which digest smaller peptide into molecules small enough to be absorbed by the small intestines?
Peptidases
A specialized enzyme that digests amino acids from the amino end of a polypeptide chain?
Aminopeptidase
Where are the high density lipoproteins made?
Liver
What percent of the feces is composed of fat?
10-20%
Once in the central vein of the hepatic lobule, where do water-soluble compounds/drugs/toxins go next?
Hepatic Veins
A hormone that causes the gallbladder to contract forcing bile into the duodenum?
Choleystokinin
An enzyme that digests maltose?
Maltase
Waves of smooth muscle contractions that propel food along the alimentary tract are known as?
Peristalsis
Name the first section of the small intestines?
Duodenum
A major buffer released from the pancreas
Bicarbonate Ion
Name the middle section of the small intestines?
Jejunum
A thick layer of areolar connective tissue containing blood and lymphatic vessels and nerves, next to the mucosa, that makes up the second layer of the alimentary canal is known as?
Submucosa
During the production of gastric acid, where do the potassium ions go?
Parietal cells
Enzymes which break triglycerides into smaller components?
Lipases
A think layer of smooth muscle within the most of the mucosa of the alimentary canal is known as the?
Muscularis Mucosa
A term that identifies a structure that produces enzymes made in the glands that have ducts that secrete these enzymes?
Exocrine
An enzyme that digests RNA?
Ribonuclease
What time of receptor causes the stomach to produce acid?
Histamine Type 2 (H2) Receptors
The process by which amino group (NH2) is removed from amino acids before they are broke down further?
Deamination
A lesion found in the epithelium of the lower esophagus, stomach, duodenum is referred as?
Peptic Ulcer
Other than the stomach, where else is gastrin produced?
Small intestines
Approximately, how much of your cholesterol is obtained through the diet?
15%
A compound made by the liver that allows digestion of fats by emulsifying fats or simply breaking them into tiny (5 nm in diameter) droplets?
Bile
Once in the intestinal veins, where do water-soluble compounds/drugs/toxins go next?
Superior Mesenteric Vein
Once absorbed by the small intestines, into which organelle do lipids or lipid soluble compounds enter?
Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum
Which plexus is found between the circular and longitudinal layers of muscle in the muscularis externa?
Myenteric Nerve Plexus
The process in which the liver breaks fatty acids into acetyl groups which can be used for metabolism, etc?
Beta Oxidation
An enzyme that digests oligosaccharides into individual glucose molecules?
Dextrinase & Glucoamylase
A break-down product from hemoglobin that is found in bile?
bilirubin
To which level must complex carbohydrates be digested in order to be absorbed by the small intestines?
Monosaccharides
What do the hydrogen ions pumped into the stomach’s lumen combine with to make acid?
Chloride ions (Cl-)
The simple columnar lining of the alimentary canal is known as the?
Epithelium
A specialized enzyme that digests amino acids from the carboxyl end of a polypeptide chain?
Carboxypeptidase
For the chloride shift reaction, do the cells want to produce H+ or remove H+ as water?
Produce H+
During the production of gastric acid, in which cells are the hydrogen ions come from (where they are made)?
Parietal Cells
Where are fatty acids broken into acetyl groups which can be used for metabolism, etc?
Liver
The process in which lactic acid generate in muscles is converted to the usable, pyruvic acid?
Cori Cycle
A compound released by the pancreas which is similar to chymotrypsin in that it digests proteins into smaller, yet still non-absorbable peptides?
Trypsin
The microvilli of the small intestines increase the surface area by a factor of?
20x
In what part of the alimentary canal are most peptic ulcers found?
Duodenum
Once they leave the smooth endoplasmic reticulum, where do lipids or lipid soluble compounds go next?
Golgi Apparatus
Which of the papillae are located along the sides of the tongue?
Foliate
The process of chewing is known as?
Mastication
Once in the hepatic portal vein, where do water-soluble compounds/drugs/toxins go next?
Branches of hepatic portal vein within liver’s lobules
Where are most of the plasma proteins (over 2000) made?
Liver
Cells from the islets of Langerhans which release somatostatin?
Delta cells
What is the name for the mucus producing cells that line most of the GI and respiratory tracts?
Goblet
A disease of the liver which is contracted through the fecal-oral transmission route which usually demonstrates rather mild disease symptoms often with fever?
Hepatitis A
Name the cells of the pancreas that produce the digestive enzymes and bicarbonate ions?
Acinar cells
A series of intrinsic neurons located in the GI tract is known as what?
Enteric Nervous System
A general class of enzymes which digest fats?
Lipases
After entering the Golgi apparatus in the intestinal epithelial cells, what happens to the components of the broken-down triglycerides?
Reassembled into triglycerides
Once in the lacteals, where do lipids and lipid soluble compounds go next?
Thoracic Duct
Inflamed out-pocketings of colon which may become clinically significant?
Diverticulosis
Which salivary gland is located on the floor of the mouth?
Sublingual
What drug (found in a local weed) inhibits acetylcholine?
Atropine
Massive accumulation of fluid in peritoneal cavity causing distension?
Ascites
The reasons that ingested lipids and lipid soluble compounds/toxins/drugs pose a potential problem is?
They bypass the livers detoxification on first pass
Which cells of the stomach release pepsinogen?
Zymogen cells
What percent of the feces is composed of dead bacteria?
30%
Once in the intestinal lumen, where do water-soluble compounds/drugs/toxins go next?
Intestinal Veins
What type of tissue lines the alimentary canal from the stomach through the colon?
Simple Columnar Epithelium
Which of the transport processes is demonstrated by the chloride shift?
Counter transport
During the chloride shift what compound is exchanged with the bicarbonate ions?
Chloride
A type of diarrhea caused when food passes through the intestines too fast for water absorption?
Increase motility
These structures allow ingested lipids to enter the intestinal lacteals?
Chylomicrons
Other than nerves and certain chemicals, what stimulates movement and secretion along the gastro-intestinal tract?
Stretch due to the presence of food
Intestinal gas produced by various bacteria is known as?
Flatus
All the folds and folds of the folds, etc. of the small intestines increase the total surface area by a factor of?
600x
Droplets of bile surrounding lipids such as broken down triglycerides which allow these lipids to be absorbed by the intestines?
Micelles
A compound released by the pancreas which is similar to trypsin in that it digests proteins into smaller yet still non-absorbable peptides?
Chymotrypsin
The genus and species of the major bacterium that grows in our colon is?
Escherichia coli
Once through the hepatic sinusoids, where do water-soluble compounds/drugs/toxins go next?
Central vein
Approximately how much of your cholesterol is made by the liver?
85%
What percent of the feces is composed of fiber?
30%
A term that identifies a structure that produces hormones that are released from ductless glands directly into blood?
Endocrine Functions
Other than the liver, what else stores glycogen?
Muscle
A glycerol with only one fatty acid is known as?
Monosaccharide
Inflammation of colon is known as?
Colitis
A protein in various grains that acts as an allergin in some people?
Gluten
An enzyme produced by the stomach that digests proteins into smaller yet still non-absorbable peptides?
Pepsin
Where is glucagon produced?
Pancreas
Special cells that actively pump hydrogen ions into the stomach’s lumen to create its acid are known as?
parietal cells
Which plexus controls various GI glands and the muscularis mucosa?
Submucosal Nerve Plexus
Structures of the pancreas that carry out most of its endocrine functions?
Islets of Langerhans
What organ releases glucose to increase plasma levels?
Liver
Once in the hepatic veins, where do water-soluble compounds/drugs/toxins go next?
General circulation via inferior vena cava
Which of the transport processes is demonstrated by the production of gastric acid by the stomach?
Counter transport
The process by which liver makes glucose from non-carbohydrates such as proteins is known as?
Gluconeogenesis
The liver breaks glucose off of which compound in order to increase plasma levels?
Glycogen
What hormone is responsible for increasing plasma glucose levels by increasing hepatic release of glucose?
Glucagon
Larger mushroom-shaped papillae which are scattered over tongues dorsal surface?
Fungiform
Small amounts of blood in the intestines that cannot be readily seen?
Occult Blood
Which nerve stimulates movement and secretion along the GI tract?
vagus
What type of connective tissue makes up the submucosa?
Areolar Connective Tissue
A thin layer of smooth muscle in the mucosa of the alimentary canal which serves to increase the surface area to maximize absorption of nutrients?
Muscularis mucosa
B blood presenting from the rectum is known as?
Hematochezia
Where are low density lipoproteins made?
liver
An enzyme produced by the pancreas that digests starch into smaller carbohydrates?
Amylase
Where is bile made?
Liver
The accumulation of bilirubin due to the fact that the liver is unable to break it down?
Jaundice
The digestive tract from mouth to anus is known as?
Alimentary canal
What is the name for the disease that usually appears in adults in which patients demonstrate the loss of normal function of the insulin receptors?
Type II diabetes mellitus
What is the normal value for the colloid pressure of Bowman’s capsule?
0
Normal BUN levels would be:
7-18 mg/dL
If the liver cannot produce plasma protein (due to liver failure), the blood becomes hyoptonic. Fluid will move “into” or “out” of the blood?
Out
What percent of water (or sodium) is reabsorbed by the loop of Henle?
15%
In type I diabetes does the patient typically gain or lose weight?
Lose
A nitrogenous waste product from the break down of creatine phosphate?
Creatinine
What type of nephron is found near the surface of the renal cortex and have relatively short reaching tubules?
Cortical
ADH causes its effects by vasoconstriction and “____”?
Water retention
Under normal conditions, what is the net glomerular pressure?
10 mmHg outward
A condition in which the extremities (especially the lower extremities) swell to gigantic proportions due to blockage of the lymphatic vessels?
Elephantiasis
Which substance is pumped into the urine due to ANP?
Sodium
Openings in the specialized cells that surround the filtering capillaries to aid in the filtration process are known as?
Filtration slits
Which of the following is the most common cause for renal failures?
Acute tubular necrosis
What is the normal value for Bowman’s capsule hydrostatic pressure?
15 mmHg
Into which structures do the minor calyces drain?
Major calyx
An enzyme produced by the kidneys which results in an increased top?
Renin
What effect on urine output does a reduction in the receptors for anti-diuretic hormone have?
Increase
Specialized cells that surround the filtering capillaries to aid in the filtration process?
Podocytes
What is the name for a disease in which the patient is unable to produce anti-diuretic hormone?
Neurogenic Diabetes Insipidus
As blood approaches the VENOUS end of a tissue capillary, fluid tends to go “in” or “out” of the capillary?
In
On section, these triangular-shaped structures are found within the medulla and contain the deeper renal loops and collecting ducts?
Pyramids
Into which structures does the ureter drain?
urinary bladder
ANP activates the sodium pump to pump 2 potassium ions “into” or “out of” the urine, to be reabsorbed by the body?
Out
What is the diameter of the openings in the specialized cells that surround the filtering capillaries to aid in the filtration process known as?
30 nm
Diabetes causes clogging of the arteries of the eye resulting in a condition known as?
Retinopathy
Kidney damage due, often to diabetes is known as?
Diabetic nephropathy
Which part of the nephron takes filtered blood from the glomerulus?
Efferent arteriole
An increased frequency of drinking is known as?
Polydipsia
In what urinary organ is the compound from that stimulates the production of red blood cells produced?
Kidney
The sodium pump moves how many sodium ions into the urine?
3
Where does angiotensin I go to play its major role?
Lungs
Which of the renal tubules drain into the collecting ducts?
Distal Convoluted Tubules
Which of the renal tubules drain into the Distal Convoluted Tubules?
Loop of Henle
Which of the renal tubules lies between the proximal and distal convoluted tubules?
Loop of Henle
A molecule used to make ATP?
Creatine phosphate
Which of the renal tubules lies between the loop of henle and the collecting duct?
Distal convoluted tubules
Is ADH released due to an increase or decrease in BP?
Decrease
Approximately what percentage of diabetes cases are type II?
90%
Into which structures do the major calyces drain?
Renal pelvis
What percent of the blood is made up by proteins?
7%
The tips of these structures drain into the minor calyces?
Pyramids
What type of nephrons is found in near the deeper regions of the kidney and have long tubules?
Juxtamedullary
Name the inner layer o the kidney?
Medulla
What effect on water loss does Aldosteron have?
Reduces loss
Into which structures does the renal pelvis drain?
Ureter
Damage of capillaries throughout the body due to diabetes is known as?
Microvascular Disease
What is the diameter for the tiny holes in the walls of the filtering capillaries of the kidneys allowing increased filtration?
70-90 nm
What must happen to the relative value of the glomerular hydrostatic pressure in order to decrease GFR (increase or decrease)?
Decrease
Which structure regulates the diameter of the afferent arteriole in the case of blood pressure change?
Macula densa
What percent of kidney stones are made of calcium oxylate?
85%
An increased BP causes an increase in urine output. This is known as?
Pressure diruresis
Name the mechanism that MAINTAINS an extremely hypertonic renal medulla?
Counter Current Exchanger
What must happen to the relative value of the hydrostatic pressure of the Bowman’s capsule in order to increase GFR?
Decrease
A condition in which the kidneys are excreting over 3.5 grams of protein per day due to glomerular damage?
Nephrotic syndrome
Where is ANP made?
Atria
What is the approximate osmolarity of the renal cortex?
300 mOsm
Another name for vasopressin is?
Antidiuretic Hormone
What percent of water (or sodium) is reabsorbed by the distal convoluted tubules?
10%
Approximately how many of the basic filtering units of the kidneys are located in each kidney?
1 million
Which of the renal tubules lies between the Distal Convoluted Tubules and the Renal Papillae?
Collecting duct
Approximately what percentage of diabetes cases are type I?
10%
Which part of the nephron brings unfiltered blood to the glomerulus?
Afferent Arteriole
Another name for antidiuretic hormone is?
Vasopressin
Which substance is pumped OUT Of the urine to be reabsorbed by the body due to ANP?
Potassium
A disease in which the glomeruli are involved leading to abnormalities in their ability to filter blood?
Glomerulonephritis
Into which structures do the renal papillae drain?
Minor calyx
Describe the relative plasma hydrostatic pressure at the ARTERIAL end of a tissue capillary?
High
Which compound allows the small intestines to absorb calcium and phosphate for bone use, etc.
Calcitriol or Vitamin D3
What must happen to the relative value of the glomerular capillary hydrostatic pressure in order to increase GFR?
Increase
Which compound from the kidneys and liver stimulates the production of RBCs?
Erythropoietin
Describe the relative interstitial hydrostatic pressure at the ARTERIAL end of a tissue capillary
Low
For the basic filtering unit of the kidney, the filtering capillaries are known as?
Glomerulus
The primary, toxic nitrogenous waste product by the degradation of nucleotide bases from RNA and “___”?
DNA
ANP cause its effect by activating the “___”?
Sodium Pump
Which of the renal tubules channels the urine to the papillae?
Collecting Duct
Into which structure does the urinary bladder drain?
Urethra
An enzyme produced by the kidneys which is used in the production of angiotensin II?
Renin
Where is ADH stored and released?
Posterior Pituitary Gland
The primary toxic nitrogenous waste product is produced by the degradation of amino acids and “____”?
Nucleotide bases
Does the release of more antidiuretic hormone increase or decrease BP?
Increase
Does angiotensin II cause an increase or decrease in BP?
Increase
Where is ADH made?
Hypothalamus
Describe the relative plasma colloid pressure at the ARTERIAL end of a tissue capillary?
Low
Does activation of the Renin-angiotensin system cause an increase or decrease in BP?
Increase
How does the drug prednisone cause fluid retention?
Increases sodium resorption
The primary, toxic nitrogenous waste product is produced by the degradation of nucleotide bases from DNA and “___”?
RNA
An inflammation of the urinary bladder is known as?
Cystitis
Which mechanism of GFR regulation is based on the fact that a muscle contracts against being stretched?
Myogenic Mechanism
Excretion of 3-5 grams of protein per day is known as?
Proteinurea
What effect on water loss does estrogen generally have?
Reduces loss
What percent of kidney stones are made of cystine?
less than 1%
Name the outer layer of the kidney?
Cortex
How does ADH cause water retention?
Turns on protein synthesis of water channels in kidneys?
Does the Renin-angiotensin system activate due to an increase or decrease in blood pressure?
Decrease
The destruction of blood vessels, especially in the legs due to diseases such as diabetes is known as?
Peripheral Vascular Disease
The most common cause of end stage renal disease in western world?
Diabetic nephropathy
Water always diffuses towards the “hypotonic” or “isotonic” or “hypertonic” solution?
Hypertonic
Of all the fluid that is filtered out of the blood by the kidneys, what percent is reabsorbed?
99.3%
What happens to the afferent arteriole if the systemic blood pressure falls?
Vasodilation
The quantity of filtrate (filtered fluid) produced by the kidneys per unit time is known as?
Glomerular Filtration Rate (GFR)
For osmosis, what generally follows the osmotically active particle sodium?
Water
To which group of lipids does aldosterone belong?
Steroids
Which mechanism of GFR regulation is based on the fact that macula densa causes a change in the diameter of the afferent arteriole?
Tubuloglomerular Feedback Mechanism
Water lost in the feces is known as?
Insensible
Name the tips of the triangular-shaped structures in the medulla that drain into the minor calyces?
Papilla
What is aldosterone ‘s major effect?
Water retention
A type of water loss that you are aware of is known as?
sensible
Does an increase in urine output (with all other parameters held constant) increase or decrease BP?
Decrease
Drugs that lower BP by blocking the production of angiotensin II are known as?
ACE inhibitors
The covering that surrounds the glomerulus?
Bowman’s capsule
An increase in BP has what effect on the urine output?
Polyuria
A measure of nitrogenous wastes in the blood?
Blood Urine Nitrogen (BUN)
Which results in the release of renin, an increase or decrease in BP?
Decrease
Where is the active form of the compound that allows the small intestines to absorb calcium and phosphate for bone use, etc produced?
Kidney
What effect of water loss does atrialnatriuretic hormone have?
increases water loss
Which of the renal tubules drain into the loop of henle?
Proximal Convoluted Tubules
Water lost in the urine is known as?
Sensible
What effect on water loss does antidiuretic hormone have?
Reduces loss
If your body needed to increase urine output to regulate BP, would you see an increase or decrease in the release of aldosterone?
Decrease
The sodium pump moves how many potassium ions out of urine?
2
What is the normal value for the colloid pressure of the blood?
30 mmHg
A pathogenic condition demonstrating an increase in BUN and creatinine?
Azotemia
How does aldosterone cause water retention?
Activates sodium pump in kidneys to reabsorb sodium
Water that is lost by being exhaled from the lungs is known as?
Insensible
Name the mechanism that creates an extremely hypertonic renal medulla?
Counter Current Multiplier
What enzyme is responsible for changing angiotensin I into angiotensin II?
Angiotensin Converting Enzyme
If your body needed to increase urine output to regulate BP, would you see an increase or decrease in the release of antidiuretic hormone?
decreased
Where is aldosterone made?
Adrenal cortex
The presence of blood in the urine is known as?
Hematuria
What is the clinical name for the condition in which plasma glucose levels are greater than 200 mg/dL?
Hyperglycemia
Describe the relative plasma hydrostatic pressure at the venous end of a tissue capillary?
Low
If your body needed to increase urine output to regulate BP, would you see an increase or decrease in the release of atrialnatriuretic peptide hormone?
Increase
Does an increase in BP (with all other parameters held constant) increase or decrease urine output?
Increase
A condition marked by renal function that has dropped to approximately 25% of normal?
Renal insufficiency
A condition marked by the production of toxic compounds causing a “fruity” smelling breath that may lead to coma due to diabetes?
Ketoacidosis
How many sodium ions are pumped to the ECM under the influence of aldosterone?
3
What must happen to the relative value of the colloid pressure of the glomerular capillary blood in order to decrease GFR?
Increase
Does angiotensin II cause vasoconstriction or vasodilation?
Vasoconstriction
What must happen to the relative value of the colloid pressure of the Bowman’s capsule in order to decrease GFR?
Decrease
The general term for the manner in which kidneys maintain constant GFR even though the systemic BP changes?
Autoregulation
Which diabetes is less common?
Type I
As blood approaches the ARTERIAL end of a tissue capillary, fluid tends to go “in” or “out” of the capillary?
Out
Tiny holes in the walls of the filtering capillaries of the kidneys allowing increased filtration?
Fenestrae
How much of the interstitial fluid is removed by the lymphatics?
10%
A condition that is indicated when renal function is approximately 10% of normal is known as?
End Stage Renal Failure
What is the name for a disease in which the patient is unable to produce receptors for antidiuretic hormone?
Nephrogenic Diabetes Insipidus
The term “colloid” really refers to which major organic compounds?
Proteins
What percent of water (or sodium) is reabsorbed by the collecting ducts?
9.3%
Which of the renal tubules drain into the Renal Papillae/Major Calyx?
Collecting Duct
Type I diabetes may destroy beta cells of the pancreas by way of?
Autoimmune mechanism
Which of the following is a primary defect in neurogenic diabetes insipidus?
Patient is unable to produce ADH
The primary toxic nitrogenous waste product is produced by the degradation of nucleotide bases and “___”?
Proteins or their Amino Acids
How many potassium ions are pumped into the urine to be excreted under the influence of aldosterone?
2
The most common form of kidney stones are made of?
Calcium Oxylate
What is the primary defect in nephrogenic diabetes insipidus?
Lacking functional receptors for ADH
Describe the relative interstitial colloid pressure at the VENOUS end of a tissue capillary?
Low
Describe the relative interstitial colloid pressure at the ARTERIAL end of a tissue capillary?
High
In diabetes, how much above the normal can the urine output reach?
12 times
As blood approaches the VENOUS end of a tissue capillary, it becomes more?
Hypertonic
ANP activates the sodium pump to pump 3 sodium ions “into” or “out of” the urine?
Into
What structure in the kidneys indirectly monitors BP through urine flow?
Macula densa
A protein hormone, made by the heart that helps regulate fluid retention/loss by the kidneys?
Atrialnatriuretic peptide
How does ANP have its effect?
Increases sodium excretion
Is ANP due to an increase or decrease in BP?
Increase
Water that is lost directly though the skin via mild un-noticed perspiration is known as?
Insensible
On what compound does renin act?
Angiotensin
What must happen to the relative value of the colloid pressure of the Bowman’s capsule in order to increase GFR?
Increase
A type of water loss that you are unaware of is known as?
Insensible
Hyperglycemia makes the blood hypertonic leading to “hypervolemia” or “hypovolemia”?
Hypervolemia
Where does renin have its direct effect?
Liver
What percent of water (or sodium) is reabsorbed by the proximal convoluted tubules?
65%
What is the approximate osmolarity of the renal medulla?
1200 mOsmm
Describe the relative plasma colloid pressure at the VENOUS end of a tissue capillary?
High
Where is angiotensin II made?
Lungs
Without regulation of GFR a slight increase in BP would?
Cause a drastic increase in filtration
What is the normal value for the glomerular hydrostatic pressure (BP)?
55 mmHg
Which type of diabetes is directly attributed to obesity?
Type II
What must happen to the relative value of the colloid pressure of the glomerular capillary blood in order to increase GFR?
Decrease
A nitrogenous waste product not filtered by kidneys?
Creatinine
IF you smash your thumb in the car door, cells are damaged and spill their contents into the interstitium making it hypertonic. Does fluid move “into” or “out” of the interstitium?
Into
ADH causes its effects by water retention and “___”?
Vasoconstriction
A reversible condition in which blood vessels feeding the heart are damaged?
Coronary Artery Disease
What must happen to the relative value of the hydrostatic pressure of the Bowman’s capsule in order to decrease GFR?
Increase
An increase in blood volume has what effect on BP?
Hypertension
The major, toxic nitrogenous waste product found in our blood is?
Urea
Clogging of the arteries
Atheroscerosis
Name the structure responsible for CREATING an extremely hypertonic renal medulla?
Loop of Henle
The basic filtering unit of kidneys is known as the?
Nephron
Name the structure that MAINTAINS an extremely hypertonic renal medulla?
Vasa Recta
Which of the following is a disease of the renal pelvis and interstitium?
Pyelonepritis
The most common cause of renal failure is?
Acute Tubular Necrosis
Where is angiotensin I made?
Liver
What happens to the afferent arteriole if the systemic blood pressure rises?
Vasoconstriction
Describe the relative interstitial hydrostatic pressure at the VENOUS end of a tissue capillary?
High
In diabetes insipidus, how much above normal can the urine output reach?
24 times
Without regulation of GFR a slight decrease of only 15% in blood pressure would?
Stop filtration
A condition in which arteries of the brain are clogged, stopping blood flow to certain areas of the brain?
Stroke
Very high BP seen in hypertension causes fluid to move “into” or “out” of the blood?
Out
The most common cause of neurological damage in western world is?
Diabetic neuropathy
What is the disease that strikes young people in which the patient is unable to produce insulin
Type I diabetes
Does the release of atrialnatriuretic peptide increase or decrease blood pressure/blood volume?
Decrease
For osmosis, water generally follows which osmotically active particle?
Sodium
What percent of kidney stones are made of uric acid?
7%
What percent of the urine is made up by proteins?
0.03%
What percent of kidney stones are made up of magnesium-ammonium-phosphate?
15%
Anabolic reactions tend to be “endergonic” or “exergonic”?
Endergonic
The metabolic norm in which an organism is biochemically balanced is?
Homeostasis
All the chemical processes of an organism is?
Metabolism
The process of breaking complex compounds into simpler ones is?
Catabolism
In order to make ATP, lipids must be broken down into which 2-carbon molecules?
Acetly group
What is the formula for glucose?
C6H12O6
The water produced during intermediate reactions is what?
Metbolic water
The disruption of homeostasis is generally known as?
Disease
The process of combining simple compounds into complex such as growth, weight gain, etc is?
Anabolism
An enzyme activity that causes the phosphorylation of ADP into ATP?
ATP Synthase
Another name for electron transport chain that reflects the fact that ADP is phosphorylated into ATP?
Oxidative Phosphorylation
A type of respiration that does not require O2 and makes fuel for the Kreb’s cycle and Electron Transport Chain is?
Anaerobic
How many CO2 molecules are produced by the processing of 1 glucose molecule by the intermediate reaction?
2
In order to make ATP proteins must be broken down into which 2-carbon molecules?
Acetyl group
Where in the cell does the intermediate reaction occur?
Matrix of mitochondria
In which organ is lactic acid changed into pyruvic acid?
Liver
How many carbons are in one glucose molecule?
6
Name the electron and H+ transfer molecule that is produced during the Kreb’s cycle that will result in the production of 2 ATPs?
Flavin Adenine Dinucleotide
In order to make ATP, carbohydrates must be broken down into which 2-carbon molecules?
Acetyl group
The process in which lactic acid is produced at the end of glycolysis due to low oxygen levels?
Anaerobic Fermentation
Where in the cell does glycolysis occur?
Cytoplasm
What is the net ATP production during glycolysis?
2
What do the 2-carbon that is chemically cut away from the acetate ion during the Kreb’s cycle become?
CO2
The removal of the amino group from an amino acid is what?
Deamination
Where in the cell does the kreb’s cycle occur?
Matrix of Mitochondria
What is the fate of the NADH produced by the intermediate reaction?
goes to the electron transport chain (system)
How many CO2 molecules are produced by the processing of 1 pyruvic acid by the intermediate reaction?
1
The process by which glucose is broken down into 2, 3-carbon molecules?
Glycolysis
Name the electron and H+ transfer molecule that is produced during the intermediate reaction?
Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide
Name the electron and H+ transfer molecule that is produced during glycolysis?
Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide
Catabolic reactions tend to be “endergonic” or “exergonic”?
Exergonic
Digestion is an example of “anabolism” or “catabolism”?
Catabolism
What type of reaction is demonstrated when a peptide bond is broken by the addition of the equivalence of water?
Hydrolysis
Give the abbreviation for the reduced form of the electron and H+ transfer molecule that is produced during glycolysis?
NADH
If the NADH produced during glycolysis passes its electrons and hydrogen ions to NAD+ within the mitochondria, how many ATPs will result?
3
The process in which lactic acid is changed back to pyruvic acid in the liver?
Cori Cycle
What molecule is produced when oxygen accepts electrons and hydrogen ions during the very last step of respiration?
Water (H2O)
Name the 3-carbon molecules produced during glycolysis with plenty of oxygen available?
Pyruvic acid
What does the carbon that is chemically cut away from the pyruvic acid during the intermediate reaction become?
CO2
What compound is produced from the amino groups that are removed during amino acids or nucleic acid breakdown?
Urea
What molecule must attach to co-enzyme A in order to enter the Kreb’s cycle?
Acetate ion
If the NADH produced during the glycolysis passes its electrons and hydrogen ions to FAD+ within the mitochondria, how many ATPs will result?
2
The primary importance of the Kreb’s cycle is that it?
Makes more “fuel” for electron transport chain
What happens to the carbons that are chemically cut away from the pyruvic acid that enters the intermediate reaction?
We breathe it out as CO2
What do the 6 carbon that is chemically cut away from the original GLUCOSE molecule during metabolism become?
CO2
What is the fate of 3-carbon molecule produced during glycolysis?
Intermediate reaction
The process in which in the presence of plenty of oxygen, pyruvic acid is oxidized to carbon dioxide and water?
Aerobic Fermentation
How many ATPs are directly produced from one acetate ion during the Kreb’s cycle?
1
The finger-like projections of the inner mitochondrial membrane are?
Cristae
Another name for glucose?
Dextrose
How many ATPs will result from the NADH produced by the intermediate reaction?
3
Growth is an example of “anabolism” or “catabolism”?
Anabolism
Once toxic product of several metabolic processes such as glycolysis that causes a reduction in the body’s pH?
H+ ions
Where does the electron transport chain occur?
Cristae of mitochondria
How many acetate ions are produced by the processing of one GLUCOSE molecule during the intermediate reaction?
2
How many acetate ions are produced by the processing of 1 pyruvic acid during the intermediate reaction?
1
Where does oxidative phosphorylation occur?
Cristae of the mitochondria
Name the electron and H+ transfer molecule that is produced during the Kreb’s cycle that will result in the production of 3 ATPs?
Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide
Give the appreciation for the oxidized form of the electron and H+ transfer molecule that is produced during glycolysis?
NAD+
A process by which the equivalence of water is added to a compound in order to break it down into simpler compounds?
Hydrolysis
How many NADHs are produced by the processing of one pyruvic acid during the intermediate reaction?
1
Pyruvic acid is broken down into what 2-carbon molecule during the intermediate reaction?
Acetate ion
What is the fate of the electron and H+ transfer molecule produced during glycolysis?
Pass their electrons and H+ to another transfer molecule in the mitochondria
Name the high energy molecule that is necessary to carry out most life processes that require energy?
Adenosine Trophosphate
As electrons and hydrogen ions are passed from molecule to molecule to molecule during cellular respiration, what molecule is the very last to receive them?
Oxygen
A 3-carbon molecule produced in low oxygen conditions that causes pain as in exercising or coronary artery disease?
Lactic acid
Another name for the electron transport chain that reflects its dependency on oxygen?
Oxidative Phosphorylation
How many NADHs are produced by the processing of 1 glucose molecule during the intermediate reaction?
2
What is the fate of the NADH produced by the Kreb’s cycle?
goes to the electron transport system
Before entering the Kreb’s cycle, what molecule must the acetate ion attach to?
Co-Enzyme A
How many NADH are produced from one acetate ion during the Kreb’s cycle?
3
How many ATP’s will result from each of the NADHs produced during the Kreb’s Cycle?
3
How many ATPs will result from NADHs made in the cytoplasm?
2 or 3
What is phosphorylated to make adenosine triphosphate?
Adenosine Diphosphate
How many ATPs will result from each of the FADH2s produced during the kreb’s cycle?
2
What is phosphorylated to make adenosine diphosphate?
Adenosine monophosphate
The process in which H+ are pumped out of the mitochondrial matrix into the outer chamber?
Chemiosmosis
A type of reaction that gives off energy such as heat is?
Exergonic
How many ATPs will result in NADHs made during glycolysis?
2 or 3
The center portion of the mitochondria is known as?
Matrix
Pain in the left neck, shoulder, arm due to build up of a toxic molecule due to the lack of sufficient oxygen in the heart muscle?
Angina Pectoris
What is the fate of the FADH2s (Flavin Adenine Dinucleotide) produced by the kreb’s cycle?
goes to electron transoport chain
How many FADH2s are produced from one acetate ion during the kreb’s cycle?
1
A type of reaction that required the input of energy is?
Endergonic
ob-
before, against
odyn-
pain in a certain part
-oid
like, resembling
oligo-
few
oo-
egg
-opia
defect of eye
orchi-
testis
orth-
straight, direct
ory-
referring to
osm-
smell
osmo-
pushing
pan-
all
papill-
nipple
para-
beside, near
(pectus) pect-
breast
pelv-
a basin
peni-
a tail
penna-
feather
Pep (s) (t)
digest
per-
through
peri-
around
permea-
through
phago-
eat
-phasia
speech
pheno-
show
phleb-
vein
-phragm
partition
-phylax
guard
pia
tender
pili
hairy
pin(o)-
drink
-plas
grow
-plasm
form, shape
platy-
flat
-pelgia
paralysis
pleur-
side, rib
plex(us)-
net
pod-
foot
pre-/pro-
before, ahead of
procto-
rectum, anus
pron-
bent forward
propri-
one’s own
ptos-
fall
pub-
of the pubis
pulmo-
lung
pyo-
pus
rect-
straight
retic/retin-
net
retro-
backward, behind
rheum-
water flow, change, or flux
rhin(o)-
nose
-rrhagia
excessive dischange
-rrhea
flow or discharge
-ruga
fold
