Test 2 Blood Flashcards
Give the normal range for blood’s pH
7.35 - 7.45
What is bilirubin broken down into by the liver?
Bile
Deficiency in this is indicated in 10-30% adults and results in hemorrhage.
Iron Deficiency Anemia
The inability to form blood clots may reflect a general loss of which of the formed elements?
Platelets
A plasma protein that is an important factor in blood clotting is what?
Fibrinogen
What specialized proteins produced by WBCs mark pathogens for destruction by immune system?
Antibodies
Which of the leukocytes are commonly increased in number in response to allergic reactions and parasitic worm infections?
Eosinophils
Liver disease may be marked by an “increase” or decrease of plasma osmolarity?
Decrease
Long term athletic training in high altitudes results in elevated levels of erythropoietin, a process known as natural what?
Blood Doping
Which protein is the primary extracellular carrier of iron and transfers it to the cell?
Transferrin
A term that describes red blood cells as being without a nucleus is what?
Anucleated
A type of leukemia seen most often in pediatric cases is what?
Acute Lymphoblastic
5.0% is said to be “___” for plasma glucose
Isotonic
5.0% is said to be isotonic for which molecule?
Glucose
Which compound removes cholesterol from the cells and takes it to the liver to be processed?
High-Density Lipoproteins
Where is the hormone that is the primary inducer of the production of red blood cells produced?
Kidneys and Liver
Which proteins make up 36% of the plasma proteins?
Globulins
A solution with a HIGH concentration of solute compared to another solution (on the other side of a membrane for example)?
Hypertonic
What is the first structure to produce blood cells?
Yolk Sac
How much of our body weight does blood make up?
8%
The method of locomotion used by WBCs to move within the interstitium?
Amoeboid Movement
0.9% is said to be “___” for plasma NaCl
Isotonic
These proteins may “spill” out of dead cells and therefore provide a diagnostic tool for some disease?
Enzymes
At what age are RBCs produced within the liver, spleen, and lymph nodes?
Between the 2nd and 3rd trimester
A combination of protein and lipid that is associated with arteriosclerosis?
Low-Density Lipoproteins
Which of the WBCs is best described having abundant cytoplasm and a multilobular nucleus and darn purple/blue granules?
Basophils
A person with type “O” blood has which type of antigens on their RBCs cell membrane?
None
By what age does hemopoiesis occur in only the membranous (flat) bones such as the ilium, sternum, vertebrae, or ribs?
20-years-old
What are toxic compounds produced as a result of breaking down the amino acids from various proteins and nucleic acids?
Nitrogenous wastes
What percent of plasma proteins is made up by fibrinogen?
4%
What is a condition characterized by a mutated form of hemoglobin which may result in abnormally shaped RBCs which clog certain blood vessels?
Sickle Cell Anemia
Any decrease in quality of RBCs or hemoglobin is known as what?
Anemia
Similar to SCA, what condition affects people from areas such as Greece, Italy, and the southern Mediterranean area?
Beta Thalassemia
What are the intracellular proteins that store iron in a safe form?
Ferritin and Hemosiderin
What is the production of formed elements (blood cells & platelets)?
Hemopoiesis
Which organs are the primary removers of urea from the body?
Kidneys
The diffusion of water always proceeds from “___” to “___” water?
High to Low
What percentage of WBCs are represented by monocytes?
3-8%
Which virus causes mononucleosis?
Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV)
For patients that have NOT been diagnosed as “high risk,” plasma levels of low-density lipoproteins should be kept below what value?
100 mg/dL
How much of the body’s cholesterol is made by the liver?
85%
In what form is glucose stored in tissues?
Glycogen
What percent of the general U.S. population has type “O” blood?
48%
A condition of abnormally high iron levels which may cause pancreatic fibrosis, heart failure, and carcinoma of the liver is what?
Hemochromatosis
A measure of the contribution to total osmolarity of the blood that is made by over 2000 plasma proteins?
Colloid Osmotic Pressure
What fraction of the African-American infants are born with sickle cell anemia (SCA)?
1/625
Which of the formed elements initiate blood clotting?
Platelets
Which represent the second sites (more than one) for the production of RBCs?
Spleen, Liver, Lymphatic Tissue
A condition of abnormally high iron levels which may cause hemorrhage, infarcts, and congestion of various organs, however, little damage that is permanent is what?
Hemosiderosis
What is the average hemoglobin content for an adult female?
12-16 g/dL
After clotting, the fluid portion of blood is known as what?
Serum
According to our notes, a value of 280-296 mOSM is isotonic for which compounds?
All Plasma Solutes
A term that reflects a condition contracted in hospital e.g. patient picks up staphlococcal pneumonia?
Nosocomial
What is the lifespan of an average RBC?
120 days
A term that means to make better
Ameliorate
Which vitamin is required for blood clot formation?
Vitamin K
People who have the Rh factor on the cell membranes for their RBCs are said to be Rh “___”
Positive (+)
Which of the following is critical in the production of DNA in RBCs and found in plants such as greens?
Folate
What percent of plasma proteins is made up by the albumins?
60%
Which proteins are the most abundant regulators of plasma’s COP and viscosity?
Albumins
A person with type “A” blood is born with which type of antibodies traveling in their blood?
Anti-B
Plasma levels of cholesterol should be kept below what value?
180 mg/dL
What is a term that describes a WBC as having multilobular nucleus?
Polymorphonuclear
A combination of protein and lipid that is associated with coronary artery disease?
Low-Density Lipoproteins
What is the range for total blood volume for a typical female?
4-5L
What is the range for total blood volume for a typical male?
5-6L
Which factor allows the intestines to absorb vitamin B12?
Intrinsic Factor
Other than the liver, where else is glucose stored in relatively large amounts?
Muscles
A posterior neural tube closure defect in which dura mater, as well as the spinal cord, are forced out of their normal position resulting in a very large, fluid-filled sac on the baby’s spine?
Myelomeningocele
Which compound causes fibrinogen to combine with fibrin mesh?
Thrombin
What is the normal hematocrit value for an adult male?
47%
The manner which LDLs get lipids inside cells is?
Receptor Mediated Endocytosis
Which of the posterior neural tube defects (NTDs) usually has the best prognosis?
Spina Bifida Occulta
A person with type “B” blood has which type of antigens on their RBCs cell membrane?
B
A term that describes hemoglobin without oxygen.
Deoxyhemoglobin
A combination of protein and lipid that is associated with atherosclerosis?
Low-Density Lipoproteins
A condition in which the arteries become clogged by plaque?
Atherosclerosis
These cancers are neoplasm of plasma cells with tumors usually seen in bone?
Myelomas
How many platelets are there?
150,000 - 400,000 µl (microliters)
What percent of the general U.S. population has type AB blood?
4%
An overwhelming majority of proteins found in the plasma are made by which organ?
Liver
Which of the posterior neural tube defects (NTDs) has the poorest prognosis?
Myelomeningocele
Which of the following is the primary cause for jaundice?
Liver Disease
Plasma levels of phospholipids should be kept below what value?
6-12 mg/dL
Which of the compound is critical in the production of DNA in RBCs and NOT typically found in plants?
Vitamin B12
Which of the WBCs give rise to the macrophages?
Monocytes
A condition of sickle cell anemia in which the patient suffers extreme and widespread pain, often referred to several areas of the body?
Pain Crisis
Where is instrinsic factor produced?
Stomach
Yellow coloring of skin and whites of eyes due to build-up of bilirubin due to liver disease is known as what?
Jaundice
After the age of 20, where are the primary locations for the production of RBCs?
Membranous bones
Liver disease may be marked by a significant reduction in plasma proteins. Will this cause water to move in or out of the blood vessels?
Move out of blood vessels
Which of the formed elements transports oxygen?
Erythrocytes
Approximately how many hemoglobin molecules are in each RBC?
280 million
What organ releases glucose to the blood to elevate plasma glucose levels?
Liver
Dietary iron exists as Fe++ and Fe+++ but which is the only form that can be absorbed?
Fe++
A general reduction in WBCs will lead to a patient that is what?
Immunosuppressed
What organ breaks bilirubin into bile?
Liver
Maternal dietary deficiencies in which nutrient indicates an increased risk of neural tube defects?
Folate
What organ is the primary remover of dead and dying RBCs?
Spleen
When a blood vessel is damaged, which compound is exposed to the blood, thereby initiating clot formation?
Collagen
Above what level is it said that HDLs are protective against heart disease?
60 mg/dL
Until what age does hemopoiesis continue in all bones?
5-years-old
Under what conditions would your body make more erythropoietin?
Low oxygen
A condition in which the walls of the arteries harden or lose their elasticity?
Arteriosclerosis
What are the primary location where lymphocytes are made in adults?
Spleen and Lymphatic Tissues
What is the scientific name for WBCs?
Leukocyte
What organ produces the overwhelming majority of the plasma’s proteins?
Liver
A type of leukemia seen most often in adults is what?
Chronic Myelogenic
What is the process by which RBCs are produced?
Erythropoiesis
The cellular components of the blood are collectively known as what?
Formed elements
What is the average diameter of a RBC?
7.5 µm (micrometers)
Which toxic compound is the body’s major nitrogenous waste?
Urea
A measure of the amount of solute that is dissolved in a liquid is what?
Osmolarity
What is the average hemoglobin content for an adult male?
13-18 g/dL
Pigment from urobilinogen break-down that gives feces a brown color is what?
Stercobilin
A type of leukemia that involves B-cells which fail to mature to plasma cells is what?
Chronic Lymphoblastic
A condition of abnormally high iron levels which may cause liver damage, diabetes, and skin pigmentation is what?
Hemochromatosis
What procedure or test determines the percent of packed RBCs for a patient?
Hematocrit
Yellowish pigment made and released when hemoglobin is degraded by macrophages is what?
Bilirubin
The byproduct from bile break-down is what?
Urobilinogen
0.9% is said to be isotonic for which molecule?
NaCl
What dangerous condition in the fetus is indicated by an increase in alpha fetal protein?
Neural Tube Closure Defects (NTD)
Prior to clotting, the fluid, extracellular portion of blood is known as what?
Plasma
Which compound, used clinically, blocks the production of Thromboxane A2?
Aspirin
Which organ coverts Fe+++ into Fe++?
Stomach
Two other names for antibodies are what?
Gammaglobulins and immunoglobulins
A type of mutation in which 1 base pair on the entire gene is incorrect?
Point Mutation
What condition is diagnosed by a maternal deficiency in folate?
Neural Tube Defects
A person with type AB blood has which type of antigens on their RBC cell membrane?
AB
What cancers of the lymphoid tissue such as the thymus (children), lymph nodes, and symptoms include enlarged, painless masses, fever, and weight loss?
Lymphomas
Long fibrous strands which glue platelets together to form blood clots are what?
Fibrin
Of the approximately 146 amino acids found in hemoglobin beta, which one is incorrect for sickle cell anemia?
6th
Approximately how many RBCs are found in human males?
5.1 - 5.8 million µL
Another name for hemolytic disease of the newborn is what?
Erythroblastosis Fetalis
What percentage of WBCs are represented by neutrophils?
50-70%
For Erythroblastosis Fetalis, is the baby always at significant risk?
No
For Erythroblastosis Fetalis, is the fetus Rh (+) or Rh (-)
Rh (+)
What value represents isotonic conditions for glucose?
5.0%
Which of the formed elements comprise a major component of the immune system?
Leukocytes
The presence of a drumstick in the nucleus of a cell normally indicates what about the cell?
It came from a female
A reduction in the levels of WBCs is known as what?
Leukocytopenia
Name the hormone that regulates the formation of platelets?
Thrombopoietin
What happens to bile?
It’s excreted
A life-threatening condition due to sickle cell anemia in which small blood vessels clog is what?
Vaso-occlusive Crisis
Which of the leukocytes is described as the body’s primary phagocyte and inflammatory cell?
Neutrophils
Approximately how many RBCs are found in human females?
4.3-5.2 million µl (microliters)
A type of leukemia often caused by high doses of chemotherapy is what?
Acute Myelogenic
What percent of the WBCs are represented by basophils?
0.5-1%
Organelles found in neutrophils which function as that body’s detoxifyers are what?
Peroxysomes
The elevation of what protein in maternal plasma may indicate neural tube defect?
Alpha Fetal Protein
A type of leukemia that is derived from the cells giving rise to neutrophils, basophils, and eosinophils is what?
Myelogenic
When does the neural tube begin and end closing?
Days 9-27 of gestation
Which of the WBCs is best described as having abundant clear cytoplasm and a multilobular nucleus (no granules)?
Neutrophils
The (+) or (+) for blood types comes from yet another RBC cell membrane glycoprotein known as what?
Rh (Rhesus Group)
A term that means to make worse?
Exacerbate
Which of the WBCs is best described as having a dark, purple, round nucleus and often a small crescent of visible cytoplasm?
Lymphocytes
What percent of WBCs are represented by eosinophils?
2-4%
What percent of WBCs are represented by lymphocytes?
25%
What is the scientific name for a RBC?
Erythrocyte
Another name for Iron Overload Disease or Bronze Diabetes which causes permanent damage is what?
Hemochromatosis
An anterior neural tube closure defect in which the forebrain fails to develop resulting in a very large defect in the skull and the absence of most or all the cerebral cortex?
Anecephaly
You are born with “___” that attack the blood types you do not have.
Antibodies
People who DO NOT have the Rh factor on the cell membranes of their RBCs are said to be Rh (__)?
Negative (-)
For Erythroblastosis Fetalis, is the father Rh (+) or (-)?
Positive (+)
Which compound, used clinically, blocks the effect of vitamin K to prevent blood clot formation?
Warfarin
What compound keeps platelets coming to a damaged site of a blood vessel?
Thromboxane A2
Which of the leukocytes releases heparin?
Basophils
When collagen is exposed to blood, what compound helps the platelets aggregate?
Von Willenbrand Factor (VWF)
A solution with a LOW concentration of solute compared to another solution is what?
Hypotonic
What does the mother’s immune system make which attacks the second baby in Erythroblastosis Fetalis?
Antibodies
Which of the leukocytes releases histamine?
Basophils
What compound prevents platelets from adhering to the undamaged endothelium of a blood vessel?
Prostacyclin
What compound changes prothrombin into thrombin?
Prothrombin Activator
What organelles are found in various cells such as neutrophils which are the cells “digestive system?”
Lysosomes
A type of leukemia in which no proper antibodies are formed so the patient is immunosuppressed allowing opportunistic and auto immune diseases to gain foothold is what?
Chronic Lymphoblastic Leukemia
Other than the muscles, where else is glucose stored in relatively large amounts?
Liver
Maternal dietary reduction in what compound is associated with neural tube defects (NTDs)?
Folate or Folic Acid
What is another name for platelets?
Thrombocytes
What compounds activate and are attacked by the immune system?
Antigens
Blood typing is based on what type of organic molecule attached to cell membrane proteins of RBCs?
Carbohydrate
The process by which WBCs are attracted to locations by following the “scent” of various chemicals used to attract them is what?
Chemotaxis
Episodes of hypoxic injury (ischemia) and infarction/necrosis are symptoms of what?
Sickle Cell Anemia
From what cell are platelets derived?
Megakaryocytes
When the leakage of blood is stopped, the vasoconstriction of blood vessels following damage is known as what?
Vascular spasms
which compound is activated by Thrombin?
Fibrinogen
A term that described hemoglobin that is carrying oxygen?
Oxygemoglobin
For Erythroblastosis Fetalis, is the mother Rh (+) or (-)?
Negative (-)
What percent of plasma proteins is made up by the globulins?
36%
A posterior neural tube closure defect in which the dura mater (not the spinal cord) is forced out of its normal position often resulting in a very large, fluid-filled sac on the baby’s spine is what?
Meningocele
For patients that have been diagnosed as “high risk,” plasma levels of low-density lipoproteins should be kept below what value?
70 mg/dL
A condition characterized by the rupturing or hemolysis of RBCs is what?
Hemolytic Anemia
Which are the most abundant proteins found in plasma?
Albumins
A type of lymphoblastic leukemia especially seen in adults is what?
Chronic Lymphoblastic
How much of the body’s cholesterol is obtained from diet?
15%
The following triad of symptoms indicate which disease? - 1) Weakness, 2) Sore tongue, 3) Numb/tingling extremities
Pernicious Anemia
A term that reflects a condition caused by a clinician where the doctor leaves forceps in the abdomen is what?
Latrogenic
Elevated WBCs is known as what?
Leukocytosis
Which proteins makes up 60% of the plasma proteins?
Albumins
Which compound carries cholesterol to the cells?
Low-Density Lipoproteins
Reduced levels of platelets is called what?
Thrombocytopenia
The distended abdomens noted in starving children indicate the dysfunction of which organ?
Liver
A term that describes hemoglobin that is carry carbon dioxide is what?
Carbaminohemoglobin
How many WBC are there in the average human?
4000 - 11000 per microliters
A disease marked by too much iron stored by ferritin is what?
Hemosiderosis
An abnormal oxygen carrying capacity of the blood is known as what?
Anemia
A condition in which there are EQUAL concentrations of solute on both sides of a membrane?
Isotonic
The scientific name for the process by which the leakage of blood is stopped is known as what?
Hemostasis
Reduction in RBCs will lead to which disorder reflecting a loss of hemoglobin?
Anemia
What percent of the general U.S. population has type B blood?
16%
In liver disease does the plasma become “hypotonic” or “hypertonic” compared to the interstitium?
Hypotonic
According to your book, what are the normal plasma glucose levels?
70-110 mg/dL
What values represent the range for isotonic conditions when looking at all the solutes in plasma combined?
280-296 mOSM
Dietary deficiency of vitamin B12 results in which disease?
Pernicious Anemia
The inability to synthesize blood cells in bone marrow is a condition known as what?
Aplastic Anemia
What value represents isotonic conditions for NaCl?
0.9%
Water always diffuses towards a “___” solution.
Hypertonic
Plasma levels of triglycerides should be kept below what value?
150 mg/dL
Which compound, used clinically, blocks thrombin and clotting factor Xa?
Heparin
Similar to sickle cell anemia, what condition affects people from areas such as China, Vietnam, Cambodia, or Laos?
Alpha Thalassemia
Lack of instrinsic factor results in which disease?
Pernicious Anema
A person with type “O” blood is born with which type of antibodies traveling in their blood?
Anti-A and Anti-B
Which of the following best describes the normal range for plasma levels of high-density lipoproteins?
30-80 mg/dL
Which compound becomes thrombin?
Prothrombin
A type of leukemia that is derived from cells giving rise to the lymphocytes?
Lymphoblastic
What type is the universal blood donor?
O Negative
What type of WBCs are the most abundant?
Neutrophils
What is the normal hematocrit value for an adult female?
42%
A bleeding disorder caused by a mutation in the gene for clotting factor VIII is what?
Hemophilia A
Another name for Erythroblastosis Fetalis is what?
Hemolytic Disease of the newborn
A term that means of unknown origins is what?
Idiopathic
What hormone is the primary inducer of the production of RBCs?
Erythropoietin
Cations and anions such as Na+ and Cl- found in the plasma are known as what?
Electrolytes
A person with type-A blood has which type of antigens on their RBCs cell membrane?
A
Also known as the “kissing disease,” what virus causes enlarged atypical lymphocytes, extreme fatigue, lethargy, sore throat, and swollen lymph glands?
Mononucleosis
At what age are the blood cells synthesized in the yolk sac?
7 weeks
A reduction of all blood cells is called what?
Pancytopenia
Which of the WBCs is best described as having abundant cytoplasm and multilobular (often 2-lobed) nucleus and red/pink granules?
Eosinophils
Which of the WBCs is slightly larger than a RBC?
Lymphocytes
The general classes of globulins which transport lipids, metal ions, and the fat-soluble vitamins are what?
Alpha and Beta
Which cells produce antibodies?
Plasma cells
A condition in which fluid accumulates in the abdominal cavity causing it to distend significantly is what?
Ascites
A condition of great swollen lymph nodes, especially seen in the neck is what?
Lymphadenopathy
Which of the WBCs is described as having abundant cytoplasm, sometimes horseshoe shaped nucleus, and a nucleus that stains just a little lighter than the nuclei of other WBCs?
Monocytes
A person with type-B blood is born with which type of antibodies traveling in their blood?
Anti-A
What percent of the adult U.S. population suffers from iron deficiency anemia?
10-30%
Damage to which organ results in diabetes in hemochromatosis?
Pancreas
The process by which WBCs leave blood vessels into the interstitium is what?
Diapedesis
The diffusion of water always proceeds from “___” to “___” solute?
Low to high
Which proteins makes up 4% of the plasma proteins?
Fibrinogen
Which of the leukocytes typically releases compounds that cause allergic reactions?
Basophils
A person with type-AB blood is born with which type of antibodies traveling in their blood?
None
What compound does the liver convert cholesterol into (eventually eliminated w/ feces)?
Bile
A non-functional condensed X chromosome sometimes found in certain WBCs is what?
Drumstick
Of all the neural tube defects (posterior and anterior), which has the poorest prognosis?
Anencephaly
What is the major function of platelets?
Blood clotting
What percent of the general U.S. population has type-A blood?
32%
What is a term that describes WBCs as having a smooth, round nucleus?
Mononuclear
A posterior neural tube closure defect that may cause minimal damage and may be indicated by a tuft of hair growing on the lower lumbar/sacral skin over the spinal cord is what?
Spina Bifida Occulta
When looking at all solute particles for plasma/blood, 280-296 mOSM is said to be what?
Isotonic
What is neoplasm of leukocytes?
Leukemia
