Test 3 Lecture Flashcards
What characteristic of an EKG would indicate damage in atria blocking AP’s?
Prolonged P-Q segment
The outermost layer of the heart which is adhered to the heart muscle is what?
Epicardium
Are cardiac muscle cells branched or non-branched?
Branched
A reduction in blood flow is called what?
Ischemia
A small appendage-like chamber that adds volume to the right atrium is what?
Right Auricle
The sinoatrial node is located in the “____” which is in the roof of the right atrium.
Cristae Terminalis
Into which chamber of the heart does blood enter when returning from the entire body (other than lungs)?
Super Vena Cava
For an EKG, a wave sometimes seen in a normal EKG which has unknown origins is the what?
U-Wave
What is the valve between the right atrium and right ventricle?
Tricuspid Valve
Heart muscles on the inside of both ventricles that produces all the “nooks and crannies” are known as what?
Trabeculae Carneae
An enzyme that converts lactic acid to pyruvic acid - when cells die, this enzyme spills out to elevate its plasma levels. What is the enzyme?
Lactic Dehydrogenase (LDH)
What is the location of the cardioacceleratory center?
Medulla Oblongata
The valve between the left ventricle and the ascending aorta is what?
Aortic Semilunar Valve
What effect on blood pressure would vasoconstriction have generally?
Increases Blood Pressure
A layer of tissue that is adhered to the heart muscle?
Visceral Pericardium
What is another name for the atrioventricular node?
Secondary pacemaker of the heart
What specific tissue makes up the innermost lining of the heart?
Simple Squamous Epithelium
During an increase in heart rate as seen during exercise, which part of the cardiac cycle is shortened?
Diastole
If the heart muscle works too hard, it will increase in size (like any muscle) due to an increase in the individual muscle cells (not an increase in the number of muscle cells). This condition of size increase is called what?
Hypertrophy
The part of the aorta giving off the first 3 major arteries?
Aortic Arch
Which of the autonomic nervous systems is a negative chronotropic factor?
Parasympathetic Nervous System
Does the loss of arteries due to scarring increase or decrease afterload?
Increase
Specialized muscles in the ventricles of the heart which hold tension on the string-like cords that connect to the cusps of the atrioventricular valves?
Papillary muscles
Which part of the descending aorta is located above the diaphragm?
Thoracic
The area of the brain which increases the heart rate and strength of contraction is known as what?
Cardioacceleratory Center
Another name for left heart failure is what?
Congestive Heart Failure (CHF)
Small appendage-like chamber that adds volume to the left atrium?
Left auricle
Specialized structures containing gap junctions (holes) which allows the action potential (AP) to pass throughout the heart with relatively little resistance?
Inercallated Discs
Is caffeine a positive or negative chronotropic factor?
Positive
Into which chamber of the heart does blood enter when returning from the entire body (other than lungs)?
Right Atrium
Is epinephrine a positive or negative chronotropic factor?
Positive
Which of the autonomic nervous systems reduces heart rate and strength of contraction?
Parasympathetic
A condition caused by potassium efflux in which the inside of a neuron becomes more negative?
Repolarization
Difficulty breathing when lying down is known as what?
Orthopnea
50% of all deaths and approximately 1/3 of those between the age of 35-50 are caused by what?
Coronary Artery Disease
Which of the adrenergic receptors causes relaxation of smooth muscle around blood vessels?
Beta 2
This type of gradient keeps more Na+ OUTSIDE of the cell and more K+ INSIDE of the cell?
Chemical
Which part of the descending aorta is located below the diaphragm?
Abdominal
The sodium pump moves sodium ions in or out of the cell?
Out
What is the approximate systolic/diastolic pressure of the left atrium?
8/0
Any abnormal rate & rhythm of heart is known as what?
Dysrhythmias or Arrhythmias
Does atherosclerosis increase or decrease afterload?
Increase
The loss of the elasticity or hardening of the arteries is called what?
Arteriosclerosis
Through which part of the aorta does blood flow inferiorly?
Descending aorta
Which of the neurotransmitters discussed in our CV notes is a positive chronotropic factor?
Norepinepherine
The AV node is located in the “___,” near the bottom of the atrium just behind the opening for the coronary sinus?
Interatrial Septum
The phase of systole when blood is forced out of a ventricle is known as?
Ventricular Ejection
A state of a neuron in which the inside of a neuron is negative, the outside is positive and there is more sodium on the outside, more potassium on the inside?
Resting
This process is an example of primary active transport?
Sodium pump
In the trilogy of heart failure, the first phase is what?
Coronary Artery Disease
The chamber of the heart pumps blood to the entire body (except lungs)?
Left Ventricle
According to our notes, what is the normal heart rates?
75bpm
Pain experienced in the chest and left neck/arm pain due to build-up of lactic acid in the heart caused by the hypoxic conditions of clogged arteries?
Angina Pectoris
Which valve prevents blood in the right atrium from entering the vena cava?
None
The inside of the cell becomes more “positive” or “negative” if Na+ is pumped out?
Negative
Does sympathetic stimulation of the alpha 1 receptors increase or decrease afterload?
Increase
A large artery leading from the right ventricle to the pulmonary arteries?
Pulmonary trunk
Are most cells “positive” or “negative” on the outside of the cell membrane?
Positive
The wall between the two atria is known as what?
Interatrial septum
Caused by Cor Pulmonale, this is due to a permanent increase in the afterload for the right ventricle?
Right Heart Failure
Which medication used to hypertension reduces vasoconstriction and water retention to allow a drop in blood pressure?
ACE Inhibitors
Which of the parasympathetic receptors reduces heart rate and strength of contraction?
Muscarinic
One noteworthy characteristic of the action potential as it passes through the AV node “___.”
AV node “delay”
Once the AP leaves the atrioventricular bundle, what is the next structure (or structures) that it enters during its conduction?
Right & Left Bundle Branches
How much blood enters the ventricles due to atrial contraction?
20%
A sac that surrounds the heart is what?
Parietal Pericardium
What maintains the electrochemical gradients for cells?
Sodium Pumps
Which of the following statements best describes an electrocardiograph?
EKG’s represent the electrical events in the entire heart
The blood pressure in the peripheral arterioles is known as what?
Afterload
If both the SA and the AV nodes stop working, the Purkinje Fibers will take over, however, the rhythm is VERY slow with a rate of only “___” bpm?
20-40 bpm
An enzyme that transfers a phosphate group to another molecule - when cells die, this enzyme spills out to elevate its plasma levels?
Creatine Kinase (CK)
Which substance is pumped into a cell by the sodium pump?
Potassium
What effect on blood pressure would an increased strength of contraction have?
Increased blood pressure
What condition in the cardiac muscle cell is induced by acetylcholine?
The cell is hyperpolarized
Sudden, extreme attack of breathing difficulty that occurs at night?
Paroxysmal Nocturnal Dyspnea
Another name for the visceral pericardium is what?
Epicardium
Which substance is pumped OUT of a cell by the sodium pump?
Sodium
Once the AP leaves the bundle branches, what are the next structures that it enters during its conduction?
Purkinje Fibers
What characteristic of an EKG would indicate a left bundle branch block?
Bifid R-wave
Factors that effect heart rate are known as what?
Chronotropic
Which of the autonomic nervous systems increases heart rate and strength of contraction?
Sympathetic
What is the systolic pressure in the left ventricle?
120mmHg
The sodium pump moves potassium ions “in” or “out” of the cell?
In
The value in milliliters (mL) for the volume of blood pumped out of the heart each beat is what?
70mL
A point-of-no-return that is reached when the inside of a neuron becomes more positive at which an action potential is generated?
Threshold
Another name for the primary pacemaker of the heart?
Sinoatrial Node
An action potential that originates anywhere except the SA node is known as what?
an Ectopic Focus
The sodium pump moves “___” potassium ions?
two potassium ions
The name for the volume of the blood out of the heart for each beat is what?
Stroke Volume (SV)
If the SA node stops working, the secondary pacemaker of the heart will take over, but the heart rate is known as “___” or “___” rhythm?
Nodal or Junctional rhythm
Name the ion channels effected by acetylcholine.
Potassium Channels
This term describes the sympathetic nervous system receptors because of their close relationship to epinephrine or adrenalin?
adrenergic receptors
Another name for the sinoatrial node that reflects its ability to automatically generator action potentials in the heart?
Primary Pacemaker
Which of the adrenergic receptors causes an increase rate and strength of contraction?
Beta 1
For the heart, the mechanism of its action potential is similar to that of a neuron with the obvious exception of the “___,” which is caused by calcium influx?
Plateau
How much of the blood that enters the ventricles is contributed to by atrial contraction?
20%
Which of the autonomic nervous systems increases heart rate?
Sympathetic Nervous System
What is the approximate systolic/diastolic pressure of the aortic arch?
120/80
Where is the congestion that is typical of left heart failure?
Lungs
Which of the autonomic nervous systems is a positive chronotropic factor?
Sympathetic Nervous System
Is nicotine a positive or negative chronotropic factor?
Positive
A condition in which an underlying respiratory condition causes pulmonary hypertension which eventually results in right heart failure?
Cor Pulmonale
The first part of aorta leaving the heart?
Ascending aorta
A concept that states: a heart chamber will eject as much blood as it receives, so as increased venous return causes increased SV & increased ejection fraction?
Frank-Starling Law
Valve between the right ventricle and pulmonary trunk?
Pulmonary Semilunar Valve
Another name for the secondary pacemaker of the heart?
Atrioventricular Node
For an EKG, an extra wave sometimes caused by low potassium?
U-wave
The portion of the cardiac cycle represented by the higher blood pressure reading?
Systole
Do cardiac muscles require relatively more “extracellular calcium” or “intracellular calcium” compared to skeletal muscles?
Extracellular
Which of the adrenergic receptors increase the heart rate?
Beta 1
Factors that decrease heart rate are known as what?
Negative Chronotropic
What is the function of the “plateau” seen in the graph of a cardiac muscle cell’s action potential?
Maximize emptying
Does the inside of the cell becomes more “positive” or “negative” if Na+ is pumped in?
Positve
Is there more potassium “inside or outside” of most cells?
Inside
Is anxiety a positive or negative chronotropic factor?
Positive
An atrioventricular valve between the left atrium and left ventricle?
Bicuspid (Mitral) Valve
Another, older name for the atrioventricular bundle is what?
Bundle of His
Because the heart relies on extracellular calcium, one line of treatment for diseases such as hypertension is to use drugs such as?
Calcium Channel Blockers
This type of gradient, maintained by the sodium pump keeps a (+) outside and (-) inside of the cell membrane
Electrical
Once the AP leaves the AV node, what is the next structure that it enters during its conduction?
Atrioventricular Bundle
This used to be a fetal pulmonary bypass between the pulmonary artery and the aortic arch?
Ligamentum Arteriosum
Factors which decrease the hearts strength of contraction are known as what?
Negative inotropic factors
What characteristic of an EKG would indicate myocardial infarction?
Enlarged Q and/or Inverted T
Another name for congestive heart failure (CHF) is what?
Left Heart Failure
What would be the average heart rate if the vagus nerves were destroyed?
100 bpm
Another name for epinephrine is?
Adrenalin
The heart chamber receiving blood returning from lungs?
Left Atrium
Which of the cranial nerves reduces heart rate and strength of contraction?
Vagus Nerve
Give the location of the cardioinhibitory center?
Medulla oblongata
One characteristic of cardiac muscle which helps to prevent the myocardium from entering tetanus or fatigue is much longer “___ ___ ___” as compared to skeletal muscle?
Absolute Refractory Period
Which of the adrenergic receptors causes vasodilation?
Beta 2
Identify and tell what happens to the ion effected by acetylcholine?
potassium floods out of the cell
The tension in the heart wall chamber just prior to contraction represents what?
Preload
Another name for PVC’s which indicate the fact that an extra QRS complex occurs during the cardiac cycle?
Extrasystole
The portion of the cardiac cycle represented by relaxation of the heart?
Diastole
Which of the neurotransmitters discussed in our CV notes is a negative chronotropic factor?
Acetylcholine
Long term black lung may cause a permanent increase in the afterload of the right heart leading Right Heart Failure - what is this condition known as?
Cor Pulmonale
Which of the cholinergic receptors decrease the heart rate?
muscarinic
An electrical rate of over 300/minute is known as?
Fibrillation
What is the name for volume in a heart chamber at the end of its relaxation period?
End Diastolic Volume (EDV)
Described as a gallop, this heart sound may be normal in children and young adults, but indicates disease if over 30 years old?
s3
Does the loss of arteries due to tissue damage increase or decrease afterload?
Increase
Which of the autonomic nervous systems decreases heart rate?
Parasympathetic Nervous System
Without the influence of vagal tone, what would be the heart rate set up by the sinoatrial node?
100 bpm
Factors which increase the hearts strength of contraction are known as what?
Positive inotropic factors
A condition caused by potassium efflux in which the inside of a neuron becomes more negative than the resting state is known as “___” polarization
Hyperpolarization
Continuous low level vagal stimulation is known as?
Vagal tone
Which medication used to treat heart disease resets heart muscle cells to reestablish sinus rhythm by blocking the sodium channels open?
Lidocaine
An abnormal “gallop” indicating possible myocardial damage which causes stiff walls (noncompliant or non-elastic) which vibrate when blood hits them and makes sound
s4
The clogging of the arteries is known as what?
Atherosclerosis
Which neurotransmitter reduces heart rate and strength of contraction?
Acetylcholine
This term describes the parasympathetic nervous system receptors?
cholinergic
What is a normal sinus rhythm for a neonate (new born)?
120 bpm
The inside of the cell becomes more positive or negative of Cl- is pumped in?
Negative
Does the loss of arteries due to limb amputation increase or decrease afterload?
Increase
Which of the heart sounds represents closure of the atrioventricular (AV) valves?
s1
Factors which effect the heart’s strength of contraction are known as?
Inotropic Factors
Which of the adrenergic receptors causes bronchodilation?
Beta 2
Which of the two semilunar valves is predominantly heard while listening to the heart sounds?
Aortic
The resistance or pressure against which the heart must pump is known as?
Afterload
The wall between the two ventricles?
Interventricular Septum
When looking at the general population, what is the maximum heart rate that can be reached before there is not enough filling time so there is a reduction in the ejection fraction and a loss of heart’s efficiency?
200bpm
Where is the edema that is typical of left heart failure?
Lungs
What is the approximate systolic/diastolic pressure of the right ventricle?
12-25/0
What is the name for the volume in a heart chamber at the end of its contraction period?
End Systolic Volume (EDV)
Why is the left semilunar valve (aortic) heard predominantly (its louder) while listening to the heart sounds as compared to the right AV valve (pulmonary)?
Pressure is much higher
The area of the brain which reduces heart rate and strength of contraction is known as?
Cardioinhibitory Center
The inside of the cell becomes more positive or negative if Cl- is pumped out?
Positive
What characteristic of an EKG would indicate cardiac ischemia or hypoxia?
Flattened T
A group of drugs used to treat heart disease causes vasodilation of the coronary arteries to increase their blood flow?
Nitrates
The inside of the cell becomes more positive or negative if K+ is pumped in?
positive
A term that indicates that even though the heart is really mononucleated, due to the intercalated discs, they behave as if they were one giant multinucleated cell?
Functional Syncytium
What characteristic of an EKG would indicate ventricular hypertrophy?
Enlarged R
Venous return determines the tension on the heart chamber wall just before contraction which determines?
Preload
The portion of the cardiac cycle represented by contraction of the heart?
Systole
What is the valvular condition during isovolumetric relaxation?
All 4 valves are closed
For an EKG, what hides the repolarization of the ventricles?
T-wave
Reversible damage of the heart muscle due to reduced blood flow?
Myocardial Ischemia
Another name for adrenalin?
Epinephrine
What condition prevents diastolic pressure in the pulmonary arteries from falling to zero?
Sympathetic tone of arterial walls
What causes the plateau seen in the graph for a cardiac muscle’s action potential?
Calcium influx
According to our notes, what is the rate of sinus rhythm?
75 bpm
What is the volume (in mL) of blood in a heart chamber at the end of its relaxation period?
120 mL
According to our notes, what is the normal rate setup by the SA node?
75 bpm
Preload is represented by the amount of blood returning to the atria which is known as?
Venous Return
What is the volume (mL) of blood in a heart chamber at the end of its contraction period?
50 mL
The “charge” or voltage difference at the motor end plate is known as the end plate “___?”
End Plate “Potential”
Why is the left atrioventricular valve (mitral) heard predominantly while listening to the heart sounds as compared to the right AV (tricuspid) valve?
Pressure is much higher
What happens to the contraction of a heart chamber if the tension on the walls of that chamber is increased just prior to contraction?
Increases
Another name for the epicardium is?
Visceral Pericardium
What effect on blood pressure would an increased heart rate have?
Increases blood pressure
A term for the percent of the blood pumped out each beat?
Ejection fraction
An electrical rate between 250-300/minute is known as?
Flutter
What characteristic of an EKG would indicate an extra QRS complex occurring during a cardiac cycle?
Premature Ventricular Contractions (PVC)
The stretch of the heart wall chamber just prior to contraction represents?
Preload
The sodium pump moves “___” sodium ions?
Three
Which medication used to treat heart disease indirectly causes in an increase in Ca within cardiac muscle cells?
Digitalis
An increase in blood pressure of the arteries of the lungs caused by lung disease and subsequent loss of its vasculature?
Pulmonary Hypertension
A condition caused by long term pulmonary diseases that increase afterload in right ventricle, causing the right ventricle to work harder, and hypertrophies (enlarges), is known as what?
Cor Pulmonale
One phase of a neuron’s action potential that is not seen in that of a cardiac muscle cell is?
Hyperpolarization
The s3 sound in adults over 30-years-old may be caused by what cardiovascular condition?
Mitral Valve Regurgitation
Which major veins returns blood to the heart from structures below the diaphragm?
Inferior Vena Cava
The phase of the cardiac cycle when the ventricles begin to contract, but all valves are closed?
Isovolumetric Contraction (IVC)
How high can the ejection fraction reach during exercise?
90%
The portion of the cardiac cycle represented by ejection of blood from the heart’s chamber?
Systole
A term that reflects a condition of abnormally low plasma potassium levels?
Hypokalemia
Long term chronic bronchitis may cause a permanent increase in the afterload of the right heart leading Right Heart Failure - this condition is known as?
Cor Pulmonale
Which of the adrenergic receptors causes vasoconstriction?
Alpha 1
The tension on the heart chamber wall just before contraction is called?
Preload
For an EKG, what represents the depolarization of the atria?
P-wave
What is a probable cause for most angina pain?
Lactic acid build up in the heart
Which part of the conducting system of the heart begin at the apex and move up the sides of the heart and into the papillary muscles?
Purkinje Fibers
Should the pressure in the left atrium be just higher or lower than the pressure in the right atrium?
Higher
The phase of a cardiac cycle when the ventricles begin to relax, but all valves are closed?
Isovolumetric Relaxation (IVR)
The value for the percent of the blood pumped out each beat?
58.33%
Which of the heart sounds represents closure of the semilunar valves?
s2
Are most cells positive or negative on the inside of the cell membrane?
negative
What condition prevents the diastolic pressure in the aorta from falling to zero?
Sympathetic tone of arterial walls
What is the valvular condition during isovolumetric contraction?
all 4 valves closed
The speed or velocity of the action potential through the heart is slowed down in the AV node. The purpose of this “slow down” is?
The purpose of this slow down is to allow for optimal filling in the ventricles
What structure prevents the diastolic pressure in the pulmonary arteries from falling to zero?
Pulmonary valve
A term that means “at night?”
Nocturnal
A heart rate less than 60 bpm is known as what?
Bradycardia
A concept that states: the greater the stretch/tension on the wall of the heart the greater the force of contraction is?
Frank-Starling law
Which medication used to treat heart disease forces calcium build up within the cardiocytes which increases SOC?
Digitalis
A heart rate between 100-150 bpm is known as?
Tachycardia
If the SA node stops working, the secondary pacemaker of the heart will take over and set the heart rate at “___” bpm?
40-50 bpm
The name for the volume of blood pumped out of the heart each minute?
Cardiac Output
Factors that increase heart rate are known as?
Positive Chronotropic
Bundles of muscles only seen in the right atrium
Pectinate muscles
What type of tissue makes up the conducting fibers of the heart which carry its action potentials?
Cardiac Muscle
What is a name for the normal heart rate set up by the sinoatrial node?
Sinus Rhythm
In the trilogy of heart failure, the second phase is?
Myocardial Ischemia
What does a low ejection fraction indicate?
Heart disease
The left heard continues to push blood into the right heart, however, the right heart is not pushing this blood out. Where does the fluid leak out?
The periphery especially the lower extremities
What is the systolic pressure in the right ventricle?
12-25 mmHg
For the trilogy of heart disease, a reversible condition in which the walls of the arteries in the heart are damaged?
Coronary Artery Disease
A condition caused by sodium influx in which the inside of a neuron becomes more positive?
Depolarization
Which medication used to treat heard disease reduces the sodium-calcium counter transport (secondary active transport)?
Digitalis
This maintains a hypertonic sodium solution outside of the cell and a hypertonic potassium solution inside?
Sodium Pump
What is the location of the right and left bundle branches?
Interventricular Septum
What is the mean arterial pressure?
96 mmHg
The volume in the heart chamber just prior to contraction represents?
Preload
What characteristic of an EKG would indicate SA node damage?
Missing P-wave
What structure prevents the diastolic pressure in the aorta from falling to zero?
Aortic valve
What is the approximate systolic/diastolic pressure of the right atrium?
5/0
Which of the two atrioventricular valves is predominantly heard while listening to the heart sounds?
Mitral or Bicuspid
A drug used to treat heart disease causes vasolilation of the coronary arteries to increase their blood flow?
Nitroglycerine
How much blood enters the ventricles due to venous return alone (blood entering atria from veins) and not atrial contraction?
80%
The inside of the cell becomes more positive or negative if K+ is pumped out
Negative
A “dimple” or indentation in the interatrial septum that marks the location of a fetal pulmonary bypass?
Fossa Ovalis
The cavity between the lungs containing the pericardium and heart is known as the?
Mediastinum
The portion of the cardiac cycle represented by the filling of the heart’s chamber?
Diastole
Difficulty breathing is known as?
Dyspnea
An enzyme that is needed for the production of amino acids and used in kreb’s cycle - when cells die, this enzyme spills out to elevate its plasma levels?
Serum Glutamic-Oxaloacetic Transaminase (SGOT)
Where is the edema seen that is typical of right heart failure?
The periphery especially the lower extremities
In the trilogy of heart failure, the third phase is?
Myocardial infarction
An increase in a structure’s size due to an increase in individual cells and not due to an increase in the numbers of cells, as seen when you exercise a muscle?
Hypertrophy
How long does it take a person’s heart to pump their entire blood volume?
One minute
The innermost lining of the heart is known as?
Endocardium
The middle layer of the heart, it is the thickest layer and is composed of the heart muscle?
Myocardium
Which chamber of the heart pumps blood to the lungs?
Right ventricle
A sound that indicates too much volume in atrium as in mitral valve regurgitation when heard in patients over 30 years old?
s3
These structures take deoxygenated blood to the lungs?
Pulmonary Arteries
A scientific term for a truly multinucleated cell is?
Anatomical syncytium
Vessels which return oxygenated blood to the left atrium from the lungs?
Pulmonary veins
Which medication used to treat hypertension to reduce blood volume by increasing urine output?
Diuretics
Cardiac output is essentially equal to?
Total blood volume
Which medication used to treat heart disease Poisons the sodium-potassium ATPase pump?
Digitalis
Which medication used to treat heart disease causes less sodium to be available to diffuse into heart cells?
Digitalis
For an EKG, what represents the depolarization of the ventricles?
QRS complex
What characteristic of an EKG would indicate atrial hypertrophy?
Enlarged p-wave
A term that means a sudden, extreme, attack bordering on suffocation?
Paroxysmal
What is the location of the atrioventricular bundle?
Interventricular Septum
Which medication used to treat heart disease reduces the amount of calcium pumped out of the heart muscle cells?
Digitalis
Long term emphysema may cause a permanent increase in the afterload of the right heart leading right heart failure - this condition is known as?
Cor Pulmonale
What is the approximate systolic/diastolic pressure of the left ventricle?
120/0
The portion of the cardiac cycle represented by the lower blood pressure reading?
Diastole
The right heart continues to push blood into the left heart, however, the left heart is not pushing this blood out. Where does the fluid leak out?
Lungs
What is the approximate systolic/diastolic pressure of the pulmonary arteries?
12-25/8
Are cardiac muscle cells “striated or non-striated?”
Striated
The string-like cords that connect the cusps of the atrioventricular valves to specific muscles of the heart?
Chordae tendineae
A term that means tissue death is what?
Necrosis
Are cardiac muscle cells “voluntary or involuntary?”
Involuntary
A fancy-schmancy term that indicates that a person passed out due to anxiety or fear of a needle?
Vasovagal Episode with Concomitant Syncope
Which medication used to treat heart disease causes less sodium to be pumped out which reduces Na+ chemical gradient?
Digitalis
Generally, what is the formula for determining your maximum heart rate for testing?
220 - Age = Max Heart Rate
Does the release of atrialnatriuretic peptide increase or decrease blood pressure?
Decrease
At the venous end of a capillary, is the “interstitial colloid osmotic pressure” HIGH or LOW when compared to the interstitium?
Low
Does stimulation of the higher centers of the brain increase or decrease heart rate?
Increase
What structure in the kidneys indirectly monitors blood pressure through urine flow?
Macula Densa
Does the Renin-angiotensin system belong to the factors that regulate Short Term or Long Term control of blood pressure?
Long Term
Does ANP activate the sodium pump to pump 2 Potassium Ions “into” or “out of” the urine, to be reabsorbed by the body?
Out Of
Which of the following would occur in response to a rise in blood pressure: stimulation of baroreceptors or inhibition of baroreceptors?
Stimulation of Baroreceptors
Which of the following would occur in response to a rise in blood pressure: increase or decrease of endothelin?
Decrease of endothelin
The area of the brain responsible for regulating blood pressure is known as what?
Vasomotor Center
Give the value for the Mean Arterial Pressure (MAP).
96 mmHg
What is the combined surface area for all the capillaries?
6300 m2
A type of hypertension, for which there is no known cause is what?
Primary or Essential
Where is ADH stored and released?
Posterior Pituitary Gland
How do arteries respond when they are stretched due to an increase in blood pressure?
They vasoconstrict
A condition caused by poor tissue perfusion, reduced cellular metabolism, and organ failure is known as what?
Shock
The smallest blood vessels are known as what?
Capillaries
Does an increase in heart rate cause an increase or decrease in blood pressure?
Increase
Where is Nitric Oxide made?
Endothelium
Does a relatively high capillary colloid osmotic pressure tend to pull fluid in or push it out of a capillary?
Pull in
A ballooning or dilated artery is known as what?
Aneurysm
Does vasopressin belong to the factors that regulate short term or long term control of blood pressure?
Short term
A process in which blood vessel’s smooth muscle contracts so diameter of vessel gets smaller?
Vasoconstriction
The innermost layer of a blood vessel is known as the what?
Tunica intima (endothelium)
A reduction in blood pressure upon standing is known as what?
Orthostatic Hypotension
Does a reduction in the heart’s strength of contraction cause an increase or decrease in blood pressure?
Decrease
When measuring peripheral blood pressure, which phase of the blood pressure is indicated when the sounds are no longer heard?
Diastolic
Does an increase in the number of action potentials from the chemoreceptors increase or decrease perfusion?
Increase
Does an increase in the number of action potentials from the chemoreceptors increase or decrease blood pressure?
Increase
Does an increase in the number of action potentials from the chemoreceptors increase or decrease the heart’s strength of contraction?
Increase
Does a reduction in the heart rate cause an increase or decrease in blood pressure?
Decrease
Does sympathetic inhibition allow “vasodilation” or “vasoconstriction” in the periphery?
Vasodilation
Continuous sympathetic stimulation of arteries which allows constant “partial” contraction of the smooth muscle is known as what?
Vasomotor tone
ADH causes its effect by water retention and “___?”
Vasoconstriction
Does parasympathetic inhibition cause an “increase” or “decrease” in blood pressure?
Increase
What is the blood pressure found in the capillaries?
14-17 mmHg
Does stimulation of the higher centers of the brain increase or decrease the heart’s strength of contraction?
Increase
Do the baroreceptors belong to the factors that regulate short term or long term blood pressure?
Short term
Vasodilation caused by and increase in hydrogen ions is known as the “___” theory of autoregulation?
Metabolic Theory
What percent of hypertension cases belong to the secondary type?
10%
At the venous end of a capillary, is the “interstitial fluid hydrostatic pressure” HIGH or LOW when compared to the interstitium?
High
Does Nitric Oxide increase or decrease blood pressure?
Decrease
Does vagal inhibition cause an “increase” or “decrease” in blood pressure?
Increase
Does parasympathetic inhibition cause “vasodilation” or “vasoconstriction” in the periphery?
Vasoconstriction
What is the blood pressure found in the veins?
0-5
Relative to fluid balance, the blood pressure in a capillary is referred to as what?
Capillary hydrostatic pressure
Does endothelin typically act systemically or locally?
Locally
Which of the blood vessels are basically the tunica intima only?
Capillaries
Does an increase in the number of action potentials from the baroreceptors increase or decrease blood pressure?
Decrease
At rest, what percent of the capillaries in skeletal muscles remain open?
25%
Does an increase in heart’s strength of contraction cause an increase or decrease in blood pressure?
Increase
Blood vessels which carry blood back to the heart are known as what?
Veins
ANP causes its effects by activating the “____?”
Sodium Pump
The areas of the body that contain the most chemoreceptors are?
Carotid sinus and Aortic arch
At rest, what percent of the capillaries in skeletal muscles remain closed?
75%
Does sympathetic stimulation cause “vasodilation” or “vasoconstriction” in the periphery?
Vasoconstriction
At the arterial end of a capillary, is the “capillary colloid osmotic pressure” HIGH or LOW when compared to the interstitium?
Low
Does Nitric Oxide cause vasoconstriction or vasodilation?
Vasodilation
Vasodilation caused by and reduction in oxygen is known as the “___” theory of autoregulation?
Metabolic
The fact that muscles contract when stretched relates to the “____” theory of autoregulation?
Myogenic control
Does endothelin vasoconstriction or vasodilation?
Vasoconstriction
Does endothelin vasoconstriction or vasodilation?
Vasoconstriction
What is aldosterone’s major effect?
Water Retention
Baroreceptors belong to a group of receptors known as “___” or stretch receptors?
Mechanoreceptors
Another name for vasopressin is?
Antidiuretic Hormone
Does endothelin belong to the factors that regulate short term or long term control of blood pressure?
short term
Does a relatively high interstitial colloid osmotic pressure tend to push fluid in or pull it out of a capillary?
Pull out
Which of blood vessels have valves?
Veins
Which of the following would occur in response to a rise in blood pressure: increase or decrease of nitric oxide?
increase
Which substance is pumped into the urine due to ANP?
Sodium
Does stimulation of the higher centers of the brain increase or decrease sympathetic stimulation?
Increase
When measuring peripheral blood pressure, the first sound heard when releasing pressure from the cuff represents which phase of the blood pressure?
Systolic
Which layer of a blood vessel is made up of smooth muscle?
Tunica Media
Baroreceptors belong to a group of receptors known as “mechanoreceptors” or “____” receptors.
Stretch Receptors
Which of the autonomic nervous systems is the PRIMARY regulator of the vasomotor center to regulate blood pressure?
Sympathetic
Does Nitric Oxide belong to the factors that regulate short term or long term of blood pressure?
Short term
A type of poor tissue perfusion due to low volume is?
Hypovolemic
Does the release of more antidiuretic hormone increase or decrease blood pressure?
Increase
For the chemoreceptors, does an increase in hydrogen ions cause an increase or decrease in the number of action potentials traveling to the vasomotor center?
Increase
An instrument used to measure blood pressure by cutting off blood flow in an artery and listening to the sounds made when flow is re-established is what?
Sphygomomanometer
Where is ANP made?
Atria
A process in which a blood vessel’s smooth muscle relaxes so diameter of vessel gets larger?
Vasodilation
What percent of hypertension cases have known causes?
10%
Does an increase in the number of action potentials from the chemoreceptors increase or decrease sympathetic stimulation?
Increase
Which of the following would occur in response to a drop in blood pressure: increase or decrease of endothelin?
Increase
Which of the following would occur in response to a drop in blood pressure: increase or decrease of ANP?
Decrease
The most abundant form of hypertension is?
Primary or Essential
What is the location for the production of most of the body’s adrenalin?
Adrenal Medulla
Which of the following would occur in response to a rise in blood pressure: decrease or increase of ANP?
Increase
Which of the thin-walled blood vessels have diameters between 8-100um?
Venules
How do the arteries of the skin respond to increased temperature?
Vasodilation
ADH causes its effects by vasoconstriction and “____?”
Water retention
What enzyme is responsible for changing angiotensin I into angiotensin II?
Angiotensin Converting Enzyme
Does vasodilation in the periphery cause and increase or decrease in blood pressure?
Decreases
A type of poor tissue perfusion due to emesis is?
Hypovolemic
Where is ADH made?
Hypothalamus
Is endothelin released due to an increase or decrease in blood pressure?
Decrease
The ability of tissues regulate their own blood pressure to keep it steady regardless of changes in blood pressure elsewhere and also known as local control or?
Autoregulation
What specific tissue makes up the innermost layer of a blood vessel?
Simple Squamous Epithelium
Blood vessels which carry blood away from the heart are known as what?
Arteries
Where is endothelin made?
Endothelium
How does ADH cause water retention?
Turns on protein synthesis of water channels in kidneys
What is the location for the production of most of the body’s epinephrine?
Adrenal medulla
Does stimulation of the baroreceptors increase or decrease blood pressure?
Decrease
A type of poor tissue perfusion due to a bacterial or fungal infection in blood is?
Septic
How many sodium ions are pumped into the extra cellular matrix (ECM) under the influence of aldosterone?
Three
Vasodilation caused by and increase in lactic acid is known as the “____” theory of autoregulation?
Metabolic Theory
Specialized blood vessels with diameters between 10um - 0.3mm
Arterioles
To which group of lipids does aldosterone belong?
Steroids
Vasodilation caused by and increase in carbon dioxide is known as the “____” theory of autoregulation?
Metabolic theory
Which of the following would occur in response to a drop in blood pressure: stimulation of baroreceptors or inhibition of baroreceptors?
Inhibition
Where is angiotensin II made?
Lungs
For osmosis, what generally follows the osmotically active particle sodium?
Water
Which of the vessels demonstrate the largest combined surface area?
Capillaries
A term that means to listen as in listening to the heart sounds, etc?
Auscultation
What percent of hypertension cases belong to the primary type?
90%
What percent of hypertension cases have no known cause?
90%
How does aldosterone cause water retention?
Activates sodium pump in kidneys to reabsorb sodium
Which of the following would occur in response to a drop in blood pressure: increase or decrease acetylcholine?
Decrease
Drugs that lower blood pressure by blocking the production of angiotensin II are known as?
ACE inhibitors
Which of the following would occur in response to a rise in blood pressure: increase or decrease of epinephrine?
Decrease
As fluid leaves the arterial end of a capillary, does it become hypertonic, hypotonic, or remain isotonic?
Becomes hypertonic
On what compound does renin act (what is its substrate?)
Angiotensinogen
Does an increase in the number of action potentials from the baroreceptors increase or decrease sympathetic stimulation?
Decrease
A type of poor tissue perfusion due to an imbalance between the parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous systems is what?
Neurogenic
A type of poor tissue perfusion due to diarrhea is what?
Hypovolemic
Does endothelin increase or decrease blood?
Increase
How many potassium ions are pumped into the urine to be excreted under the influence of aldosterone?
Two
The areas of the body that contain the most baroreceptors are?
Carotid sinus and Aortic arch
ANP activates the sodium pump to pump 3 sodium ions “into” or out of” the urine?
Into
A type of poor tissue perfusion due to diuresis is what?
Hypovolemic
The ability of tissues regulate their own blood pressure to keep it steady regardless of changes in blood pressure elsewhere and also known as autoregulation or?
Local control of blood pressure
Which of the following would occur in response to a rise in blood pressure: increase or decrease of acetylcholine?
Increase
For osmosis, water generally follows which osmotically active particle?
Sodium
Does angiotensin II cause an increase or decrease in blood pressure?
increase
In which vessels does the exchange of blood gases occur?
Capillaries
Where is angiotensin I made?
Liver
Where is aldosterone made?
Adrenal cortex
Another name for antidiuretic hormone is?
Vasopressin
The sound listened to when cutting off blood flow in an artery and listening to the sounds made when flow are known as “___” sounds?
Korotkoff’s
Which of the following would occur in response to a drop in blood pressure: increase or decrease of nitric oxide
Decrease
Does the renin-angiotensin system activate due to an increase or decrease in blood pressure?
Decrease
Which of the following would occur in response to a drop in blood pressure: increase or decrease of ADH?
Increase
Does nitric oxide typically act systemically or locally?
locally
Does vasoconstriction in the periphery cause an increase or decrease in blood pressure?
Increase
Which substance is pumped out of the urine to be reabsorbed by the body due to ANP?
Potassium
The sodium pump moves how many potassium ions out of urine?
Two
For the chemoreceptors, does an increase in carbon dioxide cause an increase or decrease in the number of action potentials traveling to the vasomotor center?
Increase
A type of poor tissue perfusion due to burns is what?
Hypovolemic
Does a relatively high capillary hydrostatic pressure tend to push fluid in or out of a capillary?
Out
For the chemoreceptors, does a decrease in oxygen cause an increase or decrease in the number of action potentials traveling to the vasomotor center?
Increase
Is ADH released due to an increase or decrease in blood pressure?
Decrease
The sodium pump moves ho many sodium ions into the urine?
Three
As blood approaches the arterial end of a capillary, does fluid move into the capillary or out?
Out
Is nitric oxide released due to an increase or decrease in blood pressure?
Increase
If the blood pressure falls, what enzyme is released from the kidneys?
Renin
The outermost, connective tissue layer of a blood vessel is known as?
Tunica externa
Which of the blood vessels regulate a majority (2/3) of peripheral resistance?
Arterioles
For the baroreceptors, does an increase in blood pressure cause them to increase or decrease the number of action potentials traveling to the vasomotor center?
Increase
A type of poor tissue perfusion due to diaphoresis is?
Hypovolemic
How do the arteries of the lungs respond to high levels of oxygen?
Vasodilation
Blood flow to tissues relative to the tissue’s mass is known as?
Perfusion
The area of the brain responsible for regulating blood pressure is located in the what?
Medulla Oblongata
Does ADH belong to the factors that regulate short term or long term control of blood pressure?
Short term
What percent of the interstitial fluid must be removed by the lymphatics?
10%
What percent of total blood volume is contained in the veins and the venules?
64%
At the venous end of a capillary, is the “capillary hydrostatic pressure” high or low when compared to the interstitium?
Low
Does atrionatriuretic peptide (ANP) belong to the factors that regulate short term or long term control of blood pressure?
Short term
At the arterial end of a capillary, is the “capillary hydrostatic pressure” high or low when compared to the interstitium?
high
Does vagal stimulation cause an “increase” or “decrease” in blood pressure?
decrease
Relative to fluid balance, the amount of solute, especially proteins, in the interstitium is referred to as?
Interstitial colloid osmotic pressure
Do the chemoreceptors belong to the factors that regulate short term or long term control of blood pressure?
short term
Which of the following would occur in response to a rise in blood pressure: increase or decrease of ADH?
Decrease
Relative to fluid balance, the amount of solute, especially proteins, in the capillary is referred to as?
Capillary colloid osmotic pressure
Which of the following would occur in response to a drop in blood pressure: increase or decrease of epinephrine?
Increase
How do the arteries of the lungs respond to low levels of oxygen?
Vasoconstriction
Which of the cranial nerves supplies the baroreceptors in the aortic arch?
Vagus
Does parasympathetic stimulation cause an “increase” or “decrease” in blood pressure?
Decrease
Profuse sweating with fluid loss is known as?
Diaphoresis
Arteries with diameters between .3mm - 10mm which make up most of the named arteries?
Muscular Arteries
At the arterial end of a capillary, is the interstitial colloid osmotic pressure high or low when compared to the interstitium?
High
Where does angiotensin I go to play its major role?
lungs
Over stretched veins with compromised valves which allow tissue edema are known as?
Varicose Veins
Very large, thick walled vessels, near the heart are known as?
Elastic Arteries
Relative to fluid balance, the fluid pressure in the interstitium is referred to as?
Interstitial fluid hydrostatic pressure
What percent of the total blood volume is contained in the veins?
54%
Does a relatively high interstitial fluid hydrostatic pressure tend to push fluid in or out of a capillary?
in
Does angiotensin II cause vasoconstriction or vasodilation?
Vasoconstriction
Does stimulation of the higher centers of the brain increase or decrease blood pressure?
Increase
Another name for an abnormal increase in urinary output (urinating) is?
Diuresis
Which of the cranial nerves supplies the baroreceptors in the carotid sinus?
Glossopharyngeal
A type of hypertension in which the patient demonstrates a diastolic blood pressure great than 140 mmHg?
Malignant
Another name for vomiting is?
Emesis
At the arterial end of a capillary, is the interstitial fluid hydrostatic pressure high or low when compared to the interstitium?
Low
How do the arteries of the brain respond to increased levels of carbon dioxide?
Vasodilation
What blood vessel in the antecubital region is used to measure blood pressure?
Brachial artery
Does an increase in the number of action potentials from the chemoreceptors increase or decrease heart rate?
Increase
At the venous end of a capillary, is the “capillary colloid osmotic pressure” high or low when compared to the interstitium?
High
As blood reaches the venous end of a capillary, does fluid move into the capillary or out?
In
A type of poor tissue perfusion due to hemorrhage is?
Hypovolemic
A type of hypertension, for which the cause is known?
Secondary
A type of poor tissue perfusion due to heart failure such as myocardial infarction is?
Cardiogenic
An abnormal increase in blood pressure is referred to as?
Hypertension
Is ANP released due to an increase or decrease in blood pressure?
Increase
How do the arteries of the brain respond to increased levels of hydrogen ions?
Vasodilation
Where does renin have its direct effect?
Liver
A type of poor tissue perfusion due to a hypersensitive reaction to an allergy is?
Anaphylactic
Does activation of the renin-angiotensin system cause an increase or decrease in blood pressure?
Increase
Which results in the release of renin, an increase or decrease in blood pressure?
Decrease
Does parasympathetic stimulation allow “vasodilation” or “vasoconstriction” in the periphery?
Vasodilation
Does the total lung capacity (TLC) increase or decrease due to chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)?
Increase
What tissue lines the bronchioles?
Pseudostratified Ciliated Columnar Epithelium
What specific tissue makes up the parietal pleura?
Simple Squamous epithelium
What tissue lines the bronchi?
Pseudostratified Ciliated Columnar Epithelium
This area regulates breathing rhythms during vocalization?
Pontine Respiratory Centers
What is the primary cause of COPD?
Smoking
What organism causes tuberculosis?
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
Pus in pleural cavity is known as what?
Empyema
A compound produced by the alveoli that makes it easier to breathe?
Surfactant
What is the normal value for the percent of vital capacity that is exhaled in 1 second?
75-85%
For the carbonic anhydrase equation, what happens to the carbon dioxide levels if the hydrogen ion levels decrease?
Decreases
What is the diameter of a typical alveolus?
0.2-0.5 mm
Is forced expiration (inhalation) during exercise accomplished with or without muscle contraction?
With muscle contraction
Which cells of the lung tissues most closely resemble basophils?
Mast cells
Water-soluble compounds such as H+ “do” or “do not” cross the blood brain-barrier easily?
Do Not
An inflammation of the linings of the lungs and thoracic cavity often accompanied by the accumulation of fluids?
Pleurisy
What nerve transmits signals from the carotid chemoreceptors to the respiratory center?
Glossopharyngeal
Which of the alveolar cells produce surfactant?
Type II
Does a decrease in diphosphoglycerate (DPG) or biphosphoglycerate (BPG) cause hemoglobin to “bind” or “release” oxygen?
Bind
How much blood is found in the capillaries of the lungs?
120 mL
Which is the most abundant cell type of the alveoli?
Type I cells
What causes 1/3 of the collapsing forces of the lungs?
Elastic forces of the lungs
Which would be greater, the percent oxygen saturation of hemoglobin if pH is 7.6 or pH is 7.2?
pH is 7.6
How does surfactant make it easier to breathe?
Reduces surface tension of water
Which cell type makes up 5% of the alveoli?
Type II cells
Escherihia, Klebsiella, Pseudomonas are examples of?
Gram Negative Bacteria
A potentially fatal condition characterized by caseous necrosis and airborne, person-to-person transmission?
Tuberculosis (TB)
A genetic disease in which excessive mucus production causing respiratory and gastrointestinal problems?
Cystic Fibrosis (CF)
Which cells of the lung tissues produce histamine?
Mast cells
What is the most superficial (closest to the lumen or air) layer of the respiratory membrane?
Fluid
The amount of air left in lungs after maximum exhalation is referred to as?
Residual Volume
What specific tissue makes up the visceral pleura?
Simple Squamous Epithelium
What type of tissue does the lining of the bronchi and bronchioles become in squamous cell carcinoma?
Stratified squamous epithelium
What type of values would you expect with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease?
Lower
How does surfactant have its effect?
Reduces the surface tension of water
Approximately what percent of CO2 is carried by Hemoglobin?
20%
Which layer of the respiratory membrane is second from the alveolar lumen?
Alveolar epithelium
A foreign object such as a blood clot which lodges in the pulmonary arteries?
Pulmonary Embolism (PE)
The common phagocytic cells of the lung tissues are known as?
Macrophage
How thick is the respiratory membrane?
0.5 um
What tissue lines the pharynx?
Pseudostratified Ciliated Columnar Epithelium
What would be the result of a patient with 50 square meters for the combined surface area for the capillaries of the lungs?
Hypoxia
Identify the space between two pleura?
Pleural Cavity
What is the combined surface area for the capillaries of the lungs?
100 square meters
Approximately what percent of CO2 is found in the form of Carbonic Acid (H2C03)?
70%
Once in the lungs, which way does bicarbonate ion go relative to the erythrocyte?
In
Is expiration (exhalation) at rest accomplished with or without muscle contraction?
Without
Once in the lungs, which way does the chloride ion go relative to the erythrocyte?
Out
What is produced when CO2 binds with H2O?
Carbonic Acid
Specific forces of the lung tissue that facilitate the collapse of the lungs are known as?
Elastic Forces of the Lungs
0.5% of our atmosphere is comprised of which gas?
Water vapor
What effect on AVR does rapid, shallow breathing have?
Decrease
A general term for the various forms of lung cancers is?
Brochogenic Carcinomas
An insensitive epithet sadly given to patients with emphysema is?
Pink Puffers
The surface tension of water is caused by?
Hydrogen bonds
One of the major forces facilitating inhalation is “____” intrapleural pressure?
Negative
Name the major respiratory muscle.
Diaphragm
An overwhelming majority of pulmonary embolisms originate where?
Femoral or Calf veins
What percent of lung cancers is caused by squamous cell carcinoma?
30%
The chemoreceptors found within the central nervous system are referred to as?
Central
Name the tissue type that lines the Upper Respiratory Tract?
Pseudostratified Ciliated Columnar Epithelium
Which layer of the respiratory membrane is fifth from the alveolar lumen?
Capillary basement membrane
Another term for a disease acquired while in the hospital?
Nosocomial
Which compound normally found in the body has the least significant effect on respiration rates?
Oxygen
For the carbonic anhydrase equation, what happens to the carbon dioxide levels if the hydrogen ion levels increase?
Increases
Which layer of the respiratory membrane is fourth from the alveolar lumen?
Interstitium
Areas such as the mouth in which no gas exchange occurs are known as?
Anatomical Dead Air Space
One of the major forces facilitating inhalation is negative “____” pressure?
Intrapleural
The medical term for a collapsed lung is?
Atelectasis
Which of the bronchogenic cancers tends NOT to be very responsive to therapy?
Large Cell (Undifferentiated) Carcinoma
Which component of the respiratory system is thoracic?
Lower Respiratory Tract
Is inspiration (inhalation) at rest accomplished with or without muscle contraction?
With
An area at the base of the internal carotid arteries which contain a large group of chemoreceptors?
Carotid bodies
Of all the bronchogenic carcinomas, which demonstrates an average survival time of only 9-10 months past diagnosis?
Small (Oat) Cell Carcinoma
To which component of the respiratory system do the bronchi and bronchioles belong?
Lower Respiratory Tract
When the diaphragm contracts, does the intrapleural pressure become more positive or negative?
Negative
What percent of the alveolar cells are type I?
95%
What is the typical volume for anatomical dead air space?
150 mL
Does the functional reserve capacity (FRC) “increase” or “decrease” due to chronic obstructive pulmonary disease?
Increase
The amount of blood flow in the pulmonary capillaries is known as?
Perfusion
Does the functional reserve capacity (FRC) “increase” or “decrease” due to fibrosis?
Decrease
What tissue lines the trachea?
Pseudostratified Ciliated Columnar Epithelium
What percent of atmosphere gases is contributed by water vapor?
0.46%
Which tissue type makes up the capillary endothelium of the respiratory membrane?
Simple Squamous
The accumulation of air entering the pleural cavity causing the lungs to collapse?
Pneumothorax
The maximum amount of air exhaled beyond tidal volume is known as what?
Expiratory Reserve Volume
Give the normal value for alveolar ventilation rate (AVR)?
4200 mL/min
Areas such as the nasal passages in which no gas exchange occurs are known as?
Anatomical Dead Air Space
Areas such as the trachea in which no gas exchange occurs are known as?
Anatomical Dead Air Space
Hemoglobin bound to oxygen is known as?
Oxyhemoglobin
The percent of vital capacity that is exhaled in 1 second is known as ?
Forced Expiratory Volume (FEV)
Does the functional reserve capacity (FRC) “increase” or “decrease” due to tuberculosis
Decrease
Which specific area of the central nervous system integrates signals from peripheral stretch and chemoreceptors and sends information to the respiratory centers of the brain?
Dorsal Respiratory Group (DRG)
Dead air space due to disease which is added to anatomical dead air space is known as?
Physiological Dead Air Space
A good indicator of ventilation effectiveness which looks at the ventilation rate, tidal volume, and subtracts Dead Space from Tidal Volume?
Alveolar Ventilation Rate (AVR)
The maximum amount of air exhaled after maximum inhalation is known as?
Vital Capacity
Give the normal values for Forced Expiratory Volume (FEV)?
75-85%
Areas such as the bronchi in which no gas exchange occurs are known as?
Anatomical Dead Air Space
The loss of negative, interpleural pressure as it equilibriates with atmospheric pressure?
Pneumothorax
An abnormal increase in carbon dioxide will cause an increase in “____” resulting in acidosis?
Hydrogen Ions (H+)
What is the value for the maximum amount of air exhaled after maximum inhalation?
4800 mL
The amount air inhaled per minute is what?
Minute Ventilation
The maximum amount of air inspired after tidal expiration is referred to as what?
Inspiratory Capacity
Most of the air that is subjected to gas exchange is referred to as?
Alveolar Air
Areas such as the larynx in which no gas exchange occurs are known as?
Anatomical Dead Air Space
Does the total lung capacity (TLC) “increase” or “decrease” due to tuberculosis?
Decrease
When the diaphragm contracts, does the intrapleural volume increase or decrease?
Increases
Areas in the respiratory system in which NO gas exchange occurs are known as?
Dead Air Space
Does an increase in carbon dioxide (CO2) cause hemoglobin to “bind” or “release” oxygen?
Release
What is the typical value for alveolar air?
350 mL
What percent of atmospheric gases is contributed by nitrogen?
78.6%
The number one cancer cause of death in both women and men is cancer of the “___”
Lung
Does an increase in hydrogen ions, “increase” or “decrease” ventilation rate?
Increase
Does the residual volume (RV) “increase” or “decrease” due to chronic obstructive pulmonary disease?
Increase
Of all the bronchogenic carcinomas, which constitutes 30-35% of the lung cancers and appears to originate from glands and has a rather weak correlation with smoking?
Adenocarcinoma
A right shift in oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation curve is caused by an “increase” or “decrease” in temperature?
Increase
The surface tension of water is caused by?
The polar nature of the water molecules
A condition in which there is abnormally low levels of carbon dioxide in the blood?
Hypocapnia
Does an increase in CO2 “increase” or “decrease” ventilation rate?
Increase
What is the typical partial pressure of CO2 in the arteries?
40 mmHg
As blood moves from the arterial end of an alveolar capillary towards the venous end, the oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation curve will shift to the what?
Shift to the left
What happens to the diameter of a bronchiole if CO2 levels are high?
Bronchodilation
Compared to atmospheric (alveolar) air pressure, the intrapleural pressure must be “____” in order to inhale?
Negative
During the chloride shift for erythrocytes in the tissues (away from the lungs), which way does the bicarbonate ion go relative to the cell?
Out
What is the typical partial pressure of oxygen in the veins?
40 mmHg
A diagrammatic representation of when and where Hgb picks up or releases oxygen?
Oxygen-hemoglobin Dissociation Curve
At rest, how much of the oxygen bound to hemoglobin is delivered to the tissues?
5 mL/dL plasma
The amount of gas (air) reaching the alveoli is known as?
Ventilation
The higher the pH, the “higher” or “lower” the hydrogen ion (H+) concentration?
Lower
What is the typical partial pressure of CO2 in the pulmonary veins?
40 mmHg
What is typical volume of air inhaled at rest?
500 mL
During the chloride shift for erythrocytes in the tissues (away from the lungs), which way does the chloride ion go relative to the cell?
In
Does an increase in “ventilation rate” or “volume” increase AVR more efficiently?
Volume
The enzyme carbonic anhydrase is mainly found in the “____” and kidney tubules?
Erythrocytes
Which compounds normally found in the body has the second greatest effect on respiration rates?
Carbon Dioxide
What is the name for HCO3- (has a negative charge)?
Bicarbonate Ion
Name the layer that adheres to the outside of the lungs?
Visceral Pleura
What percent of the alveolar cells are type II?
5%
The enzyme carbonic anhydrase is mainly found in the erythrocytes and “___ ___?”
Kidney Tubules
What is the typical partial pressure of oxygen in the pulmonary arteries?
40 mmHg
Fat-Soluble compounds such as CO2 “do” or “do not” cross the blood-brain-barrier easily?
Do
Which cells of the lung tissues cause asthma?
Mast cells
An exercise in which the patient takes a deep breath and forcibly exhale maximally as rapidly as possible is known as?
Forced Vital Capacity
The higher the pH, the “higher” or “lower” the alkalinity?
Higher
These send action potential to the diaphragm?
Inspiratory Neurons
What enzyme is responsible for converting CO2 plus water into carbonic acid and visa versa?
Carbonic Anhydrase
A left shift in the Oxygen-Hemoglobin Dissociation Curve is caused by an “increase” or “decrease” in fetal hemoglobin?
Increase
Which would be greater, the percent oxygen saturation of hemoglobin if the metabolic rate is “higher” or “lower”?
lower
The endocrine function of the respiratory system is demonstrated by the lung’s ability to produce which hormone?
Angiotensin II
Does an increase in temperature cause hemoglobin to “bind” or “release” oxygen?
Release
The Haldane effect allows for the eventual removal of?
Hydrogen Ions and carbon dioxide
Which layer of the respiratory membrane is sixth from the alveolar lumen?
Endothelium of capillary
For the carbonic anhydrase equation, what happens to the hydrogen ion levels if the CO2 levels decrease?
Decreases
According to Boyle’s law, are pressure and volume directly or indirectly related?
Indirectly
A left shift in the oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation curve is caused by an “increase” or “decrease” in CO2?
Decrease
The lower of the pH, the “higher” or “lower” the acidity?
Higher
Which would be greater, the percent oxygen saturation of hemoglobin if the temperature is 37 degrees centigrade or the temperature is 45 degrees centigrade?
37 degrees centigrade
Is forced inspiration (inhalation) during exercise accomplished with or without muscle contraction?
With
What is the typical partial pressure of CO2 in the pulmonary arteries?
45 mmHg
How many times more oxygen can be delivered to the tissues during heavy exercise as compared to that delivered at rest?
3
Tumors that originate elsewhere in body are said to be?
Metastatic
The process in which a bicarbonate ion is exchanged for a chloride ion (Cl-) is known as?
Chloride Shift
The lower the pH, the “higher” or “lower” the hydrogen ion (H+) concentration?
Higher
This form of bronchogenic carcinoma constitutes 20-25% of lung cancers, demonstrates the worse prognosis, and has the highest correlation with smoking?
Small (Oat) Cell Carinoma
Compared to the tissues the lungs have “more” or “less” diphosphoglycerate (DPG) or biphosphoglycerate (BPG)?
Less
What is the result from damage to the pontine respiratory center?
The inability to fully exhale
What tissue lines the larynx?
Pseudostratified Ciliated Columnar Epithelium
Which compound normally found in the body has the greatest effect on respiration rates?
Hydrogen Ions (H+)
Will prolonged vomiting cause hemoglobin to “bind” or “release” oxygen?
Bind
In the fetus, where does hemoglobin bind to oxygen?
Placenta
How much oxygen can be delivered to the tissues during heavy exercise as compared to that delivered at rest?
15 mL/dL plasma
A thick fibrous capsule filled with creamy cheese-like material?
Tubercle
Compared to the lungs the tissues have “more” or “less” hydrogen ions (H+)?
More
The inability to fully exhale after damage to the brain is known as?
Apneustic Breathing
In the human, where does hemoglobin release oxygen?
Tissues
What type of values would you expect with asthma?
Lower
Will pulmonary disease cause hemoglobin to “bind” or “release” oxygen?
Release
As blood moves from the arterial end of a tissue capillary towards the venous end, the oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation curve will shift to the?
Right
What is the size of a typical tumor found in small cell or oat cell carcinoma?
Less than 6-8 mm diameter
What is the normal respiratory rate for an adult?
12-18 breaths per minute
Does an increase in hydrogen ion concentrations cause hemoglobin to “bind” or “release” oxygen?
Release
Which layer of the respiratory membrane is third from the alveolar lumen?
Alveolar basement membrane
An insensitive epithet sadly given to patients with long germ bronchitis?
Blue bloaters
Hemoglobin bound to carbon monoxide is known as?
Carboxyhemoglibin
What is the most common type of pneumonia?
Community Acquired
This form of lung cancer constitutes approximately 30%
Squamous Cell Carcinoma
Destruction of pulmonary arterioles/capillaries, causing an increase in resistance to blood flow is known as?
Pulmonary Hypertension
Will fever cause hemoglobin to “Bind” or “release” oxygen?
Release
Name the sole innervation for the major respiratory muscle?
Phrenic nerve
Does an increase in diphosphoglycerate (DPG) or bisphosphoglycerate (BPG) cause hemoglobin to “Bind” or “release” oxygen?
Release
What is the typical partial pressure of carbon dioxide in the veins?
45 mmHg
An area throughout the aortic arch which contain a large group of chemoreceptors?
Aortic bodies
A left shift in the oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation curve is caused by an “increase” or “decrease” in diphosphoglycerate (DPG) or bisphosphoglycerate (BPG)?
Decrease
A form of blindness seen in infants that were treated for pulmonary distress using very high concentrations of oxygen?
Retrolental Fibroplasia
This area regulates breathing rhythms during exercise?
Pontine Respiratory Centers
A type of atelectasis caused by the retraction of scar tissue?
Contraction
The higher the pH, the “higher” or “lower” the acidity?
Lower
What is H2CO3?
Carbonic Acid
A left shift in the oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation curve is caused by an “increase” or “decrease” in temperature?
Decrease
What percent of oxygen is carried, bound to hemoglobin?
98.5%
What tissue type makes up type I alveolar cells?
Simple Squamous Epithelium
Which way will the oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation curve shift to indicate that hemoglobin will bind to oxygen?
Left
At rest, what percent of the oxygen bound to hemoglobin is delivered to the tissues?
22%
A condition in which there is abnormally high levels of carbon dioxide in the blood?
Hypercapnia
The maximum amount of air inhaled beyond tidal volume is known as?
Inspiratory Reserve Volume
What is the typical partial pressure of oxygen in the pulmonary veins?
100 mmHg
At what location of the postnatal body is the oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation curve typically shifted to the left?
Lungs
A right shift in the oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation curve is caused by an “increase” or “decrease” in diphosphoglycerate (DPG) or bisphosphoglycerate (BPG)?
Increase
Inflammation of the bronchi causing obstruction?
Bronchitis
Polar compounds such as H+ “do” or “do not” cross the blood-brain-barrier easily?
Do Not
Pathological changes in lungs due to inhalation of particles is known as?
Pneumoconiosis
Hemoglobin bound to CO2 is known as?
Carbaminohemoglobin
Which of the lung cancers demonstrates the poorest prognosis?
Small (Oat) Cell Carcinoma
Name the motor nerve for the diaphragm?
Phrenic
Which of the bronchogenic carcinomas tends to be the least responsive to both chemo and radio-therapies?
Large Cell (Undifferentiated) Carcinoma
A disease that causes the destruction of alveolar walls and loss of elasticity of lungs?
Emphysema
A disease that causes permanent enlargement of alveoli?
Emphysema
Measuring volumes and capacities of the respiratory system is known as ?
Spirometry
Give the location for the dorsal Respiratory Group (DRG)?
Medulla Oblongata
Nonpolar compounds such as CO2 “do” or “do not” cross the blood-brain-barrier easily?
Do
0.04% of our atmosphere is comprised of which gas?
CO2
A type of atelectasis caused by blood entering the pleural cavity?
Hemothorax
The typical treatment for atelectasis is?
Deep breathing exercises
Give the location for the Ventral Respiratory Group (VRG)?
Medulla Oblongata
Does an increase in fetal hemoglobin to “bind” or “release” oxygen?
Bind
A right shift in the oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation curve is caused by “increase” or “decrease” in hydrogen ion concentration?
Increase
A condition in which the right ventricle is damaged due to long term pulmonary disease?
Cor Pulmonale
These inhibit the action potentials sent to the diaphragm?
Expiratory Neurons
An allergic inflammation of the lungs with bronchospasms and mucus production?
Asthma
A condition in which a diver loses reason and logic without any warning symptoms due to a drop in the levels of oxygen due to its displacement by another gas under extreme pressure?
Nitrogen narcosis
Approximately what percent of pulmonary embolisms originate in the femoral or calf veins?
90%
What saturation level does arterial blood reach?
97%
At what location of the body is the oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation curve typically shifted to the right?
Tissues
An elevation in the number of RBCs may cause skin to have a pinkish color?
Polycythemia
Where are tumors typically found in squamous cell carcinoma?
Near the hilus
For the carbonic anhydrase equation, what happens to the hydrogen ion levels if the carbon dioxide levels increase?
Increases
Two or more respiratory or pulmonary volumes are known as?
Pulmonary Capacities
The percent of vital capacity that is exhaled in 1 second is known as what?
Forced Expiratory Volume
Which gas displaces oxygen at the tremendous pressures experienced by deep diving?
Nitrogen
The primary cause of lung cancer in absolute numbers is what?
Smoking
In which structures of the lungs does most of the gas exchange occur?
Alveoli
Which tissue type makes up the alveolar epithelium of the respiratory membrane?
Simple squamous
Where are tumors typically found in small cell or oat cell carcinoma?
Centrally
What is the value for the amount of air inhaled or exhaled during 1 normal breath?
500 mL
Compared to the lungs the tissues have “more” or “less” diphosphoglycerate (DPG) or bisphosphoglycerate (BPG)?
More
A symptom of patients with long-term pulmonary disease which describes the appearance of the ends of their fingers?
Clubbed fingers
Does a decrease in hydrogen ion concentrations cause hemoglobin to “bind” or “release” oxygen?
Bind
Give the value for the total lung capacity?
6,000 mL
The fact that in a mixture of gases, each gas contributes to total pressure is known as?
Dalton’s Law of Partial Pressure
Does a decrease in temperature cause hemoglobin to “bind” or “release” oxygen?
Bind
Does the forced expiratory volume (FEV) “increase” or “decrease” with obstructive diseases such as asthma?
Decrease
What nerve transmits signals from the Aortic chemoreceptors to the respiratory center?
Vagus
A type of atelectasis caused by the displacement of the pleural cavity by a tumor, fluid, or air within the pleural cavity?
Compression
This area regulates breathing rhythms during sleeping?
Pontine Respiratory Centers
At what location of the fetal body is the oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation curve typically shifted to the left?
Placenta
A type of atelectasis caused by air trapped in the alveoli diffusing out of the alveolus?
Absorption or Obstructive
What percent of atmospheric gases is contributed by oxygen?
20.9%
This area smooths out the transition between inspiration and expiration?
Pontine Respiratory Centers
What is the mortality rate (percentage) for hospital acquired pneumonia?
50%
What is the typical partial pressure of the oxygen in the arteries?
100 mmHg
A right shift in the oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation curve is caused by an “increase” or “decrease” in CO2?
Increase
What is the number 2 cause (next to heart disease) of disability in adults under the age of 65?
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD)
The surface tension of water is caused by?
Attractive forces of water molecules
Areas such as the pharynx in which no gas exchange occurs are known as?
Anatomical Dead Air Space
20.9% of our atmosphere is comprised of which gas?
Oxygen
A foreign object (clot, plaque, air, etc) traveling in the blood is what?
Embolus
A symptom of patients with long-term pulmonary disease which describes the appearance of their enlarged thoracic cavity?
Barrel-chested
Does a decrease in CO2 cause hemoglobin to “bind” or “release” oxygen?
Bind
What percent of oxygen can be delivered to the tissues during heavy exercise as compared to that delivered at rest?
66%
A type of atelectasis often caused by pneumonia?
Patchy
Because the lungs do not collapse for emphysema patients they demonstrate “___” expiration?
Labored
A left shift in the oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation curve is caused by an “increase” or “decrease” in hydrogen ion concentration?
Decrease
What happens to the diameter of a pulmonary arteriole if ventilation is low?
Vasoconstriction
Compared to the lungs the tissues are “warmer” or “cooler?”
Warmer
What type of organism causes the most of the community acquired pneumonia?
Gram Positive Streptococcus
Which is the LEAST abundant cell type of the alveoli?
Type II cells
A relatively mild or self limiting form pneumonia is?
Viral
Will diarrhea (loss of bicarbonate ions) cause hemoglobin to “bind” or “release” oxygen?
Release
Which type of pneumonia have a rather poor prognosis?
Hospital acquired
What type of organism causes the most of the hospital acquired pneumonia?
Gram Negative Bacteria
In the postnatal human, where does hemoglobin bind to oxygen?
Lungs
What percent of oxygen is dissolved in plasma?
1.5%
Compared to the tissues the lungs are “warmer” or “cooler?”
Cooler
78.6% of our atmosphere is comprised of which gas?
Nitrogen
Asbestosis belongs to which category of pulmonary diseases?
Pneumoconiosis
What percent of the lung cancers is caused by small cell or oat cell carcinoma?
20-25%
A disease caused by the genetic loss of Chloride channels?
Cystic Fibrosis (CF)
Which mode of transmission typifies tuberculosis?
Airborne
Strongest correlation with smoking is what?
Small (Oat) Cell Carcinoma
Black lung seen in coal miners belongs to which category of pulmonary diseases?
Pneumoconiosis
A term that describes dead tissue with a “cheese-like” appearance is?
Caseous Necrosis
Which way will the oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation curve shift to indicate that hemoglobin will release oxygen?
Right
Smoking increases a person’s risk of lung cancer by how much?
25 times
Which is the most common fatal genetic disease?
Cystic Fibrosis (CF)
Which cell type makes up 95% of the alveoli?
Type I Cells
Compared to the tissues the lungs have “more” or “less” hydrogen ions (H+)?
Less
Compared to the tissues the lungs have “more” or “less” CO2?
Less
The total amount of air left in the lungs after a normal expiration is referred to as?
Functional Residual
What causes 2/3 of collapsing forces of the lungs?
Surface tension of water
At rest, what saturation level does venous blood typically drop to?
75%
What type of tissue typified the bronchi and bronchioles in a healthy lung… prior to lung cancer?
Pseudostratified Ciliated Columnar
An inhibitory signal which cuts off inspiratory efforts if the lungs overfill?
Hering-Breuer or Inflation reflex
This form of bronchogenic carcinoma constitutes 20-25% of lung cancers?
Small (Oat) cell
Compared to the lungs, the tissues have “more” or “less” CO2?
More
Which cells of the lung tissues cause allergic reactions?
Mast cells
What is the major product of the type II alveolar cells?
Surfactant
The amount of air inhaled or exhaled during 1 normal breath is known as what?
Tidal Volume
What tissue type makes up most of the alveolar wall?
Simple Squamous Epithelium
The most common form of metastatic tumors of the lung originate from what tissue?
Breast
The process by which more CO2 can bind with hemoglobin under conditions of low oxygen levels is known as?
Haldane Effect
Give the location for the pontine respiratory center?
Pons
Does the total lung capacity (TLC) “increase” or “decrease” due to fibrosis?
Decrease
Where are tumors typically found in adenocarcinomas?
Periphery
Give the combined alveolar surface area?
70 m^2
The chemoreceptors found outside of the central nervous system are referred to as?
Peripheral
What tissue lines the nasal cavities?
Pseudostratified Ciliated Columnar Epithelium
Of all the bronchogenic carcinomas, which demonstrates a 5 year survival rate of less than 5% and has the highest correlation with smoking?
Small (Oat) Cell Carcinoma
Name the lining of the thoracic wall?
Parietal Pleura
A condition caused by the formation of bubbles in the blood due to a sudden reduction in pressure?
The Bends or Decompression Sickness
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condition
-iatrics
medical specialty
ile-
intestine
im-
not
inter-
between
intercal-
insert
intra-
within, inside
-ism
condition
iso-
equal
jugul-
throat
juxta-
near
karyo-
kernal, nucleus
kera-
horn
kilo-
thousands
kin-
to move
kines-
to move
labi-
lip
labri-
lip
lact-
milk
lacun-
space or cavity
lamell-
small plate
lamina
layer, sheet
lat-
wide
laten-
hidden
later-
side
-lemma
sheath, husk
leuko-
white
leva-
raise
lingua-
tongue
lip-
fat
lipo-
fat
lith-
stone
-logy
the study of
luci-
clear
lumen
light
lut-
yellow
lymph
water
-lysis
loosening, breaking down
macro-
large
macula
spot
magn-
large
mal-
bad, abnormal
-malacia
soft
mamm-
breast
-mania
obsession, compulsion
mast-
breast
mater
mother
meat-
passage
medi-
middle
medull-
middle or inner portion
mega-
large
meio-
less
melan-
black
men-
month
meningo-
membrane
menstru-
month
mer-
a part
mero-
a part
meso-
middle
meta-
between, transition
metro-
uterus
micro-
small
mictur-
urinate
mito-
thread, filament
mnem-
memory
mono-
single
morpho-
form
multi-
many
mur-
wall
muta-
change
myelo-
spinal cord, marrow
myo-
muscle
nano-
dwarf
narco-
numbness
-nata
birth
natri-
sodium
necro-
death
neo-
new
nephro-
kidney
neuro-
nerve
noci-
harmful
-nom
govern
nom-
name
noto-
back
nucle-
pit, kernel, little nut
nutri-
feed, nourish
