Test 3 Lecture Flashcards
1
Q
What characteristic of an EKG would indicate damage in atria blocking AP’s?
A
Prolonged P-Q segment
2
Q
The outermost layer of the heart which is adhered to the heart muscle is what?
A
Epicardium
3
Q
Are cardiac muscle cells branched or non-branched?
A
Branched
4
Q
A reduction in blood flow is called what?
A
Ischemia
5
Q
A small appendage-like chamber that adds volume to the right atrium is what?
A
Right Auricle
6
Q
The sinoatrial node is located in the “____” which is in the roof of the right atrium.
A
Cristae Terminalis
7
Q
Into which chamber of the heart does blood enter when returning from the entire body (other than lungs)?
A
Super Vena Cava
8
Q
For an EKG, a wave sometimes seen in a normal EKG which has unknown origins is the what?
A
U-Wave
9
Q
What is the valve between the right atrium and right ventricle?
A
Tricuspid Valve
10
Q
Heart muscles on the inside of both ventricles that produces all the “nooks and crannies” are known as what?
A
Trabeculae Carneae
11
Q
An enzyme that converts lactic acid to pyruvic acid - when cells die, this enzyme spills out to elevate its plasma levels. What is the enzyme?
A
Lactic Dehydrogenase (LDH)
12
Q
What is the location of the cardioacceleratory center?
A
Medulla Oblongata
13
Q
The valve between the left ventricle and the ascending aorta is what?
A
Aortic Semilunar Valve
14
Q
What effect on blood pressure would vasoconstriction have generally?
A
Increases Blood Pressure
15
Q
A layer of tissue that is adhered to the heart muscle?
A
Visceral Pericardium
16
Q
What is another name for the atrioventricular node?
A
Secondary pacemaker of the heart
17
Q
What specific tissue makes up the innermost lining of the heart?
A
Simple Squamous Epithelium
18
Q
During an increase in heart rate as seen during exercise, which part of the cardiac cycle is shortened?
A
Diastole
19
Q
If the heart muscle works too hard, it will increase in size (like any muscle) due to an increase in the individual muscle cells (not an increase in the number of muscle cells). This condition of size increase is called what?
A
Hypertrophy
20
Q
The part of the aorta giving off the first 3 major arteries?
A
Aortic Arch
21
Q
Which of the autonomic nervous systems is a negative chronotropic factor?
A
Parasympathetic Nervous System
22
Q
Does the loss of arteries due to scarring increase or decrease afterload?
A
Increase
23
Q
Specialized muscles in the ventricles of the heart which hold tension on the string-like cords that connect to the cusps of the atrioventricular valves?
A
Papillary muscles
24
Q
Which part of the descending aorta is located above the diaphragm?
A
Thoracic
25
The area of the brain which increases the heart rate and strength of contraction is known as what?
Cardioacceleratory Center
26
Another name for left heart failure is what?
Congestive Heart Failure (CHF)
27
Small appendage-like chamber that adds volume to the left atrium?
Left auricle
28
Specialized structures containing gap junctions (holes) which allows the action potential (AP) to pass throughout the heart with relatively little resistance?
Inercallated Discs
29
Is caffeine a positive or negative chronotropic factor?
Positive
30
Into which chamber of the heart does blood enter when returning from the entire body (other than lungs)?
Right Atrium
31
Is epinephrine a positive or negative chronotropic factor?
Positive
32
Which of the autonomic nervous systems reduces heart rate and strength of contraction?
Parasympathetic
33
A condition caused by potassium efflux in which the inside of a neuron becomes more negative?
Repolarization
34
Difficulty breathing when lying down is known as what?
Orthopnea
35
50% of all deaths and approximately 1/3 of those between the age of 35-50 are caused by what?
Coronary Artery Disease
36
Which of the adrenergic receptors causes relaxation of smooth muscle around blood vessels?
Beta 2
37
This type of gradient keeps more Na+ OUTSIDE of the cell and more K+ INSIDE of the cell?
Chemical
38
Which part of the descending aorta is located below the diaphragm?
Abdominal
39
The sodium pump moves sodium ions in or out of the cell?
Out
40
What is the approximate systolic/diastolic pressure of the left atrium?
8/0
41
Any abnormal rate & rhythm of heart is known as what?
Dysrhythmias or Arrhythmias
42
Does atherosclerosis increase or decrease afterload?
Increase
43
The loss of the elasticity or hardening of the arteries is called what?
Arteriosclerosis
44
Through which part of the aorta does blood flow inferiorly?
Descending aorta
45
Which of the neurotransmitters discussed in our CV notes is a positive chronotropic factor?
Norepinepherine
46
The AV node is located in the "___," near the bottom of the atrium just behind the opening for the coronary sinus?
Interatrial Septum
47
The phase of systole when blood is forced out of a ventricle is known as?
Ventricular Ejection
48
A state of a neuron in which the inside of a neuron is negative, the outside is positive and there is more sodium on the outside, more potassium on the inside?
Resting
49
This process is an example of primary active transport?
Sodium pump
50
In the trilogy of heart failure, the first phase is what?
Coronary Artery Disease
51
The chamber of the heart pumps blood to the entire body (except lungs)?
Left Ventricle
52
According to our notes, what is the normal heart rates?
75bpm
53
Pain experienced in the chest and left neck/arm pain due to build-up of lactic acid in the heart caused by the hypoxic conditions of clogged arteries?
Angina Pectoris
54
Which valve prevents blood in the right atrium from entering the vena cava?
None
55
The inside of the cell becomes more "positive" or "negative" if Na+ is pumped out?
Negative
56
Does sympathetic stimulation of the alpha 1 receptors increase or decrease afterload?
Increase
57
A large artery leading from the right ventricle to the pulmonary arteries?
Pulmonary trunk
58
Are most cells "positive" or "negative" on the outside of the cell membrane?
Positive
59
The wall between the two atria is known as what?
Interatrial septum
60
Caused by Cor Pulmonale, this is due to a permanent increase in the afterload for the right ventricle?
Right Heart Failure
61
Which medication used to hypertension reduces vasoconstriction and water retention to allow a drop in blood pressure?
ACE Inhibitors
62
Which of the parasympathetic receptors reduces heart rate and strength of contraction?
Muscarinic
63
One noteworthy characteristic of the action potential as it passes through the AV node "___."
AV node "delay"
64
Once the AP leaves the atrioventricular bundle, what is the next structure (or structures) that it enters during its conduction?
Right & Left Bundle Branches
65
How much blood enters the ventricles due to atrial contraction?
20%
66
A sac that surrounds the heart is what?
Parietal Pericardium
67
What maintains the electrochemical gradients for cells?
Sodium Pumps
68
Which of the following statements best describes an electrocardiograph?
EKG's represent the electrical events in the entire heart
69
The blood pressure in the peripheral arterioles is known as what?
Afterload
70
If both the SA and the AV nodes stop working, the Purkinje Fibers will take over, however, the rhythm is VERY slow with a rate of only "___" bpm?
20-40 bpm
71
An enzyme that transfers a phosphate group to another molecule - when cells die, this enzyme spills out to elevate its plasma levels?
Creatine Kinase (CK)
72
Which substance is pumped into a cell by the sodium pump?
Potassium
73
What effect on blood pressure would an increased strength of contraction have?
Increased blood pressure
74
What condition in the cardiac muscle cell is induced by acetylcholine?
The cell is hyperpolarized
75
Sudden, extreme attack of breathing difficulty that occurs at night?
Paroxysmal Nocturnal Dyspnea
76
Another name for the visceral pericardium is what?
Epicardium
77
Which substance is pumped OUT of a cell by the sodium pump?
Sodium
78
Once the AP leaves the bundle branches, what are the next structures that it enters during its conduction?
Purkinje Fibers
79
What characteristic of an EKG would indicate a left bundle branch block?
Bifid R-wave
80
Factors that effect heart rate are known as what?
Chronotropic
81
Which of the autonomic nervous systems increases heart rate and strength of contraction?
Sympathetic
82
What is the systolic pressure in the left ventricle?
120mmHg
83
The sodium pump moves potassium ions "in" or "out" of the cell?
In
84
The value in milliliters (mL) for the volume of blood pumped out of the heart each beat is what?
70mL
85
A point-of-no-return that is reached when the inside of a neuron becomes more positive at which an action potential is generated?
Threshold
86
Another name for the primary pacemaker of the heart?
Sinoatrial Node
87
An action potential that originates anywhere except the SA node is known as what?
an Ectopic Focus
88
The sodium pump moves "___" potassium ions?
two potassium ions
89
The name for the volume of the blood out of the heart for each beat is what?
Stroke Volume (SV)
90
If the SA node stops working, the secondary pacemaker of the heart will take over, but the heart rate is known as "___" or "___" rhythm?
Nodal or Junctional rhythm
91
Name the ion channels effected by acetylcholine.
Potassium Channels
92
This term describes the sympathetic nervous system receptors because of their close relationship to epinephrine or adrenalin?
adrenergic receptors
93
Another name for the sinoatrial node that reflects its ability to automatically generator action potentials in the heart?
Primary Pacemaker
94
Which of the adrenergic receptors causes an increase rate and strength of contraction?
Beta 1
95
For the heart, the mechanism of its action potential is similar to that of a neuron with the obvious exception of the "___," which is caused by calcium influx?
Plateau
96
How much of the blood that enters the ventricles is contributed to by atrial contraction?
20%
97
Which of the autonomic nervous systems increases heart rate?
Sympathetic Nervous System
98
What is the approximate systolic/diastolic pressure of the aortic arch?
120/80
99
Where is the congestion that is typical of left heart failure?
Lungs
100
Which of the autonomic nervous systems is a positive chronotropic factor?
Sympathetic Nervous System
101
Is nicotine a positive or negative chronotropic factor?
Positive
102
A condition in which an underlying respiratory condition causes pulmonary hypertension which eventually results in right heart failure?
Cor Pulmonale
103
The first part of aorta leaving the heart?
Ascending aorta
104
A concept that states: a heart chamber will eject as much blood as it receives, so as increased venous return causes increased SV & increased ejection fraction?
Frank-Starling Law
105
Valve between the right ventricle and pulmonary trunk?
Pulmonary Semilunar Valve
106
Another name for the secondary pacemaker of the heart?
Atrioventricular Node
107
For an EKG, an extra wave sometimes caused by low potassium?
U-wave
108
The portion of the cardiac cycle represented by the higher blood pressure reading?
Systole
109
Do cardiac muscles require relatively more "extracellular calcium" or "intracellular calcium" compared to skeletal muscles?
Extracellular
110
Which of the adrenergic receptors increase the heart rate?
Beta 1
111
Factors that decrease heart rate are known as what?
Negative Chronotropic
112
What is the function of the "plateau" seen in the graph of a cardiac muscle cell's action potential?
Maximize emptying
113
Does the inside of the cell becomes more "positive" or "negative" if Na+ is pumped in?
Positve
114
Is there more potassium "inside or outside" of most cells?
Inside
115
Is anxiety a positive or negative chronotropic factor?
Positive
116
An atrioventricular valve between the left atrium and left ventricle?
Bicuspid (Mitral) Valve
117
Another, older name for the atrioventricular bundle is what?
Bundle of His
118
Because the heart relies on extracellular calcium, one line of treatment for diseases such as hypertension is to use drugs such as?
Calcium Channel Blockers
119
This type of gradient, maintained by the sodium pump keeps a (+) outside and (-) inside of the cell membrane
Electrical
120
Once the AP leaves the AV node, what is the next structure that it enters during its conduction?
Atrioventricular Bundle
121
This used to be a fetal pulmonary bypass between the pulmonary artery and the aortic arch?
Ligamentum Arteriosum
122
Factors which decrease the hearts strength of contraction are known as what?
Negative inotropic factors
123
What characteristic of an EKG would indicate myocardial infarction?
Enlarged Q and/or Inverted T
124
Another name for congestive heart failure (CHF) is what?
Left Heart Failure
125
What would be the average heart rate if the vagus nerves were destroyed?
100 bpm
126
Another name for epinephrine is?
Adrenalin
127
The heart chamber receiving blood returning from lungs?
Left Atrium
128
Which of the cranial nerves reduces heart rate and strength of contraction?
Vagus Nerve
129
Give the location of the cardioinhibitory center?
Medulla oblongata
130
One characteristic of cardiac muscle which helps to prevent the myocardium from entering tetanus or fatigue is much longer "___ ___ ___" as compared to skeletal muscle?
Absolute Refractory Period
131
Which of the adrenergic receptors causes vasodilation?
Beta 2
132
Identify and tell what happens to the ion effected by acetylcholine?
potassium floods out of the cell
133
The tension in the heart wall chamber just prior to contraction represents what?
Preload
134
Another name for PVC's which indicate the fact that an extra QRS complex occurs during the cardiac cycle?
Extrasystole
135
The portion of the cardiac cycle represented by relaxation of the heart?
Diastole
136
Which of the neurotransmitters discussed in our CV notes is a negative chronotropic factor?
Acetylcholine
137
Long term black lung may cause a permanent increase in the afterload of the right heart leading Right Heart Failure - what is this condition known as?
Cor Pulmonale
138
Which of the cholinergic receptors decrease the heart rate?
muscarinic
139
An electrical rate of over 300/minute is known as?
Fibrillation
140
What is the name for volume in a heart chamber at the end of its relaxation period?
End Diastolic Volume (EDV)
141
Described as a gallop, this heart sound may be normal in children and young adults, but indicates disease if over 30 years old?
s3
142
Does the loss of arteries due to tissue damage increase or decrease afterload?
Increase
143
Which of the autonomic nervous systems decreases heart rate?
Parasympathetic Nervous System
144
Without the influence of vagal tone, what would be the heart rate set up by the sinoatrial node?
100 bpm
145
Factors which increase the hearts strength of contraction are known as what?
Positive inotropic factors
146
A condition caused by potassium efflux in which the inside of a neuron becomes more negative than the resting state is known as "___" polarization
Hyperpolarization
147
Continuous low level vagal stimulation is known as?
Vagal tone
148
Which medication used to treat heart disease resets heart muscle cells to reestablish sinus rhythm by blocking the sodium channels open?
Lidocaine
149
An abnormal "gallop" indicating possible myocardial damage which causes stiff walls (noncompliant or non-elastic) which vibrate when blood hits them and makes sound
s4
150
The clogging of the arteries is known as what?
Atherosclerosis
151
Which neurotransmitter reduces heart rate and strength of contraction?
Acetylcholine
152
This term describes the parasympathetic nervous system receptors?
cholinergic
153
What is a normal sinus rhythm for a neonate (new born)?
120 bpm
154
The inside of the cell becomes more positive or negative of Cl- is pumped in?
Negative
155
Does the loss of arteries due to limb amputation increase or decrease afterload?
Increase
156
Which of the heart sounds represents closure of the atrioventricular (AV) valves?
s1
157
Factors which effect the heart's strength of contraction are known as?
Inotropic Factors
158
Which of the adrenergic receptors causes bronchodilation?
Beta 2
159
Which of the two semilunar valves is predominantly heard while listening to the heart sounds?
Aortic
160
The resistance or pressure against which the heart must pump is known as?
Afterload
161
The wall between the two ventricles?
Interventricular Septum
162
When looking at the general population, what is the maximum heart rate that can be reached before there is not enough filling time so there is a reduction in the ejection fraction and a loss of heart's efficiency?
200bpm
163
Where is the edema that is typical of left heart failure?
Lungs
164
What is the approximate systolic/diastolic pressure of the right ventricle?
12-25/0
165
What is the name for the volume in a heart chamber at the end of its contraction period?
End Systolic Volume (EDV)
166
Why is the left semilunar valve (aortic) heard predominantly (its louder) while listening to the heart sounds as compared to the right AV valve (pulmonary)?
Pressure is much higher
167
The area of the brain which reduces heart rate and strength of contraction is known as?
Cardioinhibitory Center
168
The inside of the cell becomes more positive or negative if Cl- is pumped out?
Positive
169
What characteristic of an EKG would indicate cardiac ischemia or hypoxia?
Flattened T
170
A group of drugs used to treat heart disease causes vasodilation of the coronary arteries to increase their blood flow?
Nitrates
171
The inside of the cell becomes more positive or negative if K+ is pumped in?
positive
172
A term that indicates that even though the heart is really mononucleated, due to the intercalated discs, they behave as if they were one giant multinucleated cell?
Functional Syncytium
173
What characteristic of an EKG would indicate ventricular hypertrophy?
Enlarged R
174
Venous return determines the tension on the heart chamber wall just before contraction which determines?
Preload
175
The portion of the cardiac cycle represented by contraction of the heart?
Systole
176
What is the valvular condition during isovolumetric relaxation?
All 4 valves are closed
177
For an EKG, what hides the repolarization of the ventricles?
T-wave
178
Reversible damage of the heart muscle due to reduced blood flow?
Myocardial Ischemia
179
Another name for adrenalin?
Epinephrine
180
What condition prevents diastolic pressure in the pulmonary arteries from falling to zero?
Sympathetic tone of arterial walls
181
What causes the plateau seen in the graph for a cardiac muscle's action potential?
Calcium influx
182
According to our notes, what is the rate of sinus rhythm?
75 bpm
183
What is the volume (in mL) of blood in a heart chamber at the end of its relaxation period?
120 mL
184
According to our notes, what is the normal rate setup by the SA node?
75 bpm
185
Preload is represented by the amount of blood returning to the atria which is known as?
Venous Return
186
What is the volume (mL) of blood in a heart chamber at the end of its contraction period?
50 mL
187
The "charge" or voltage difference at the motor end plate is known as the end plate "___?"
End Plate "Potential"
188
Why is the left atrioventricular valve (mitral) heard predominantly while listening to the heart sounds as compared to the right AV (tricuspid) valve?
Pressure is much higher
189
What happens to the contraction of a heart chamber if the tension on the walls of that chamber is increased just prior to contraction?
Increases
190
Another name for the epicardium is?
Visceral Pericardium
191
What effect on blood pressure would an increased heart rate have?
Increases blood pressure
192
A term for the percent of the blood pumped out each beat?
Ejection fraction
193
An electrical rate between 250-300/minute is known as?
Flutter
194
What characteristic of an EKG would indicate an extra QRS complex occurring during a cardiac cycle?
Premature Ventricular Contractions (PVC)
195
The stretch of the heart wall chamber just prior to contraction represents?
Preload
196
The sodium pump moves "___" sodium ions?
Three
197
Which medication used to treat heart disease indirectly causes in an increase in Ca within cardiac muscle cells?
Digitalis
198
An increase in blood pressure of the arteries of the lungs caused by lung disease and subsequent loss of its vasculature?
Pulmonary Hypertension
199
A condition caused by long term pulmonary diseases that increase afterload in right ventricle, causing the right ventricle to work harder, and hypertrophies (enlarges), is known as what?
Cor Pulmonale
200
One phase of a neuron's action potential that is not seen in that of a cardiac muscle cell is?
Hyperpolarization
201
The s3 sound in adults over 30-years-old may be caused by what cardiovascular condition?
Mitral Valve Regurgitation
202
Which major veins returns blood to the heart from structures below the diaphragm?
Inferior Vena Cava
203
The phase of the cardiac cycle when the ventricles begin to contract, but all valves are closed?
Isovolumetric Contraction (IVC)
204
How high can the ejection fraction reach during exercise?
90%
205
The portion of the cardiac cycle represented by ejection of blood from the heart's chamber?
Systole
206
A term that reflects a condition of abnormally low plasma potassium levels?
Hypokalemia
207
Long term chronic bronchitis may cause a permanent increase in the afterload of the right heart leading Right Heart Failure - this condition is known as?
Cor Pulmonale
208
Which of the adrenergic receptors causes vasoconstriction?
Alpha 1
209
The tension on the heart chamber wall just before contraction is called?
Preload
210
For an EKG, what represents the depolarization of the atria?
P-wave
211
What is a probable cause for most angina pain?
Lactic acid build up in the heart
212
Which part of the conducting system of the heart begin at the apex and move up the sides of the heart and into the papillary muscles?
Purkinje Fibers
213
Should the pressure in the left atrium be just higher or lower than the pressure in the right atrium?
Higher
214
The phase of a cardiac cycle when the ventricles begin to relax, but all valves are closed?
Isovolumetric Relaxation (IVR)
215
The value for the percent of the blood pumped out each beat?
58.33%
216
Which of the heart sounds represents closure of the semilunar valves?
s2
217
Are most cells positive or negative on the inside of the cell membrane?
negative
218
What condition prevents the diastolic pressure in the aorta from falling to zero?
Sympathetic tone of arterial walls
219
What is the valvular condition during isovolumetric contraction?
all 4 valves closed
220
The speed or velocity of the action potential through the heart is slowed down in the AV node. The purpose of this "slow down" is?
The purpose of this slow down is to allow for optimal filling in the ventricles
221
What structure prevents the diastolic pressure in the pulmonary arteries from falling to zero?
Pulmonary valve
222
A term that means "at night?"
Nocturnal
223
A heart rate less than 60 bpm is known as what?
Bradycardia
224
A concept that states: the greater the stretch/tension on the wall of the heart the greater the force of contraction is?
Frank-Starling law
225
Which medication used to treat heart disease forces calcium build up within the cardiocytes which increases SOC?
Digitalis
226
A heart rate between 100-150 bpm is known as?
Tachycardia
227
If the SA node stops working, the secondary pacemaker of the heart will take over and set the heart rate at "___" bpm?
40-50 bpm
228
The name for the volume of blood pumped out of the heart each minute?
Cardiac Output
229
Factors that increase heart rate are known as?
Positive Chronotropic
230
Bundles of muscles only seen in the right atrium
Pectinate muscles
231
What type of tissue makes up the conducting fibers of the heart which carry its action potentials?
Cardiac Muscle
232
What is a name for the normal heart rate set up by the sinoatrial node?
Sinus Rhythm
233
In the trilogy of heart failure, the second phase is?
Myocardial Ischemia
234
What does a low ejection fraction indicate?
Heart disease
235
The left heard continues to push blood into the right heart, however, the right heart is not pushing this blood out. Where does the fluid leak out?
The periphery especially the lower extremities
236
What is the systolic pressure in the right ventricle?
12-25 mmHg
237
For the trilogy of heart disease, a reversible condition in which the walls of the arteries in the heart are damaged?
Coronary Artery Disease
238
A condition caused by sodium influx in which the inside of a neuron becomes more positive?
Depolarization
239
Which medication used to treat heard disease reduces the sodium-calcium counter transport (secondary active transport)?
Digitalis
240
This maintains a hypertonic sodium solution outside of the cell and a hypertonic potassium solution inside?
Sodium Pump
241
What is the location of the right and left bundle branches?
Interventricular Septum
242
What is the mean arterial pressure?
96 mmHg
243
The volume in the heart chamber just prior to contraction represents?
Preload
244
What characteristic of an EKG would indicate SA node damage?
Missing P-wave
245
What structure prevents the diastolic pressure in the aorta from falling to zero?
Aortic valve
246
What is the approximate systolic/diastolic pressure of the right atrium?
5/0
247
Which of the two atrioventricular valves is predominantly heard while listening to the heart sounds?
Mitral or Bicuspid
248
A drug used to treat heart disease causes vasolilation of the coronary arteries to increase their blood flow?
Nitroglycerine
249
How much blood enters the ventricles due to venous return alone (blood entering atria from veins) and not atrial contraction?
80%
250
The inside of the cell becomes more positive or negative if K+ is pumped out
Negative
251
A "dimple" or indentation in the interatrial septum that marks the location of a fetal pulmonary bypass?
Fossa Ovalis
252
The cavity between the lungs containing the pericardium and heart is known as the?
Mediastinum
253
The portion of the cardiac cycle represented by the filling of the heart's chamber?
Diastole
254
Difficulty breathing is known as?
Dyspnea
255
An enzyme that is needed for the production of amino acids and used in kreb's cycle - when cells die, this enzyme spills out to elevate its plasma levels?
Serum Glutamic-Oxaloacetic Transaminase (SGOT)
256
Where is the edema seen that is typical of right heart failure?
The periphery especially the lower extremities
257
In the trilogy of heart failure, the third phase is?
Myocardial infarction
258
An increase in a structure's size due to an increase in individual cells and not due to an increase in the numbers of cells, as seen when you exercise a muscle?
Hypertrophy
259
How long does it take a person's heart to pump their entire blood volume?
One minute
260
The innermost lining of the heart is known as?
Endocardium
261
The middle layer of the heart, it is the thickest layer and is composed of the heart muscle?
Myocardium
262
Which chamber of the heart pumps blood to the lungs?
Right ventricle
263
A sound that indicates too much volume in atrium as in mitral valve regurgitation when heard in patients over 30 years old?
s3
264
These structures take deoxygenated blood to the lungs?
Pulmonary Arteries
265
A scientific term for a truly multinucleated cell is?
Anatomical syncytium
266
Vessels which return oxygenated blood to the left atrium from the lungs?
Pulmonary veins
267
Which medication used to treat hypertension to reduce blood volume by increasing urine output?
Diuretics
268
Cardiac output is essentially equal to?
Total blood volume
269
Which medication used to treat heart disease Poisons the sodium-potassium ATPase pump?
Digitalis
270
Which medication used to treat heart disease causes less sodium to be available to diffuse into heart cells?
Digitalis
271
For an EKG, what represents the depolarization of the ventricles?
QRS complex
272
What characteristic of an EKG would indicate atrial hypertrophy?
Enlarged p-wave
273
A term that means a sudden, extreme, attack bordering on suffocation?
Paroxysmal
274
What is the location of the atrioventricular bundle?
Interventricular Septum
275
Which medication used to treat heart disease reduces the amount of calcium pumped out of the heart muscle cells?
Digitalis
276
Long term emphysema may cause a permanent increase in the afterload of the right heart leading right heart failure - this condition is known as?
Cor Pulmonale
277
What is the approximate systolic/diastolic pressure of the left ventricle?
120/0
278
The portion of the cardiac cycle represented by the lower blood pressure reading?
Diastole
279
The right heart continues to push blood into the left heart, however, the left heart is not pushing this blood out. Where does the fluid leak out?
Lungs
280
What is the approximate systolic/diastolic pressure of the pulmonary arteries?
12-25/8
281
Are cardiac muscle cells "striated or non-striated?"
Striated
282
The string-like cords that connect the cusps of the atrioventricular valves to specific muscles of the heart?
Chordae tendineae
283
A term that means tissue death is what?
Necrosis
284
Are cardiac muscle cells "voluntary or involuntary?"
Involuntary
285
A fancy-schmancy term that indicates that a person passed out due to anxiety or fear of a needle?
Vasovagal Episode with Concomitant Syncope
286
Which medication used to treat heart disease causes less sodium to be pumped out which reduces Na+ chemical gradient?
Digitalis
287
Generally, what is the formula for determining your maximum heart rate for testing?
220 - Age = Max Heart Rate
288
Does the release of atrialnatriuretic peptide increase or decrease blood pressure?
Decrease
289
At the venous end of a capillary, is the "interstitial colloid osmotic pressure" HIGH or LOW when compared to the interstitium?
Low
290
Does stimulation of the higher centers of the brain increase or decrease heart rate?
Increase
291
What structure in the kidneys indirectly monitors blood pressure through urine flow?
Macula Densa
292
Does the Renin-angiotensin system belong to the factors that regulate Short Term or Long Term control of blood pressure?
Long Term
293
Does ANP activate the sodium pump to pump 2 Potassium Ions "into" or "out of" the urine, to be reabsorbed by the body?
Out Of
294
Which of the following would occur in response to a rise in blood pressure: stimulation of baroreceptors or inhibition of baroreceptors?
Stimulation of Baroreceptors
295
Which of the following would occur in response to a rise in blood pressure: increase or decrease of endothelin?
Decrease of endothelin
296
The area of the brain responsible for regulating blood pressure is known as what?
Vasomotor Center
297
Give the value for the Mean Arterial Pressure (MAP).
96 mmHg
298
What is the combined surface area for all the capillaries?
6300 m2
299
A type of hypertension, for which there is no known cause is what?
Primary or Essential
300
Where is ADH stored and released?
Posterior Pituitary Gland
301
How do arteries respond when they are stretched due to an increase in blood pressure?
They vasoconstrict
302
A condition caused by poor tissue perfusion, reduced cellular metabolism, and organ failure is known as what?
Shock
303
The smallest blood vessels are known as what?
Capillaries
304
Does an increase in heart rate cause an increase or decrease in blood pressure?
Increase
305
Where is Nitric Oxide made?
Endothelium
306
Does a relatively high capillary colloid osmotic pressure tend to pull fluid in or push it out of a capillary?
Pull in
307
A ballooning or dilated artery is known as what?
Aneurysm
308
Does vasopressin belong to the factors that regulate short term or long term control of blood pressure?
Short term
309
A process in which blood vessel's smooth muscle contracts so diameter of vessel gets smaller?
Vasoconstriction
310
The innermost layer of a blood vessel is known as the what?
Tunica intima (endothelium)
311
A reduction in blood pressure upon standing is known as what?
Orthostatic Hypotension
312
Does a reduction in the heart's strength of contraction cause an increase or decrease in blood pressure?
Decrease
313
When measuring peripheral blood pressure, which phase of the blood pressure is indicated when the sounds are no longer heard?
Diastolic
314
Does an increase in the number of action potentials from the chemoreceptors increase or decrease perfusion?
Increase
315
Does an increase in the number of action potentials from the chemoreceptors increase or decrease blood pressure?
Increase
316
Does an increase in the number of action potentials from the chemoreceptors increase or decrease the heart's strength of contraction?
Increase
317
Does a reduction in the heart rate cause an increase or decrease in blood pressure?
Decrease
318
Does sympathetic inhibition allow "vasodilation" or "vasoconstriction" in the periphery?
Vasodilation
319
Continuous sympathetic stimulation of arteries which allows constant "partial" contraction of the smooth muscle is known as what?
Vasomotor tone
320
ADH causes its effect by water retention and "___?"
Vasoconstriction
321
Does parasympathetic inhibition cause an "increase" or "decrease" in blood pressure?
Increase
322
What is the blood pressure found in the capillaries?
14-17 mmHg
323
Does stimulation of the higher centers of the brain increase or decrease the heart's strength of contraction?
Increase
324
Do the baroreceptors belong to the factors that regulate short term or long term blood pressure?
Short term
325
Vasodilation caused by and increase in hydrogen ions is known as the "___" theory of autoregulation?
Metabolic Theory
326
What percent of hypertension cases belong to the secondary type?
10%
327
At the venous end of a capillary, is the "interstitial fluid hydrostatic pressure" HIGH or LOW when compared to the interstitium?
High
328
Does Nitric Oxide increase or decrease blood pressure?
Decrease
329
Does vagal inhibition cause an "increase" or "decrease" in blood pressure?
Increase
330
Does parasympathetic inhibition cause "vasodilation" or "vasoconstriction" in the periphery?
Vasoconstriction
331
What is the blood pressure found in the veins?
0-5
332
Relative to fluid balance, the blood pressure in a capillary is referred to as what?
Capillary hydrostatic pressure
333
Does endothelin typically act systemically or locally?
Locally
334
Which of the blood vessels are basically the tunica intima only?
Capillaries
335
Does an increase in the number of action potentials from the baroreceptors increase or decrease blood pressure?
Decrease
336
At rest, what percent of the capillaries in skeletal muscles remain open?
25%
337
Does an increase in heart's strength of contraction cause an increase or decrease in blood pressure?
Increase
338
Blood vessels which carry blood back to the heart are known as what?
Veins
339
ANP causes its effects by activating the "____?"
Sodium Pump
340
The areas of the body that contain the most chemoreceptors are?
Carotid sinus and Aortic arch
341
At rest, what percent of the capillaries in skeletal muscles remain closed?
75%
342
Does sympathetic stimulation cause "vasodilation" or "vasoconstriction" in the periphery?
Vasoconstriction
343
At the arterial end of a capillary, is the "capillary colloid osmotic pressure" HIGH or LOW when compared to the interstitium?
Low
344
Does Nitric Oxide cause vasoconstriction or vasodilation?
Vasodilation
345
Vasodilation caused by and reduction in oxygen is known as the "___" theory of autoregulation?
Metabolic
346
The fact that muscles contract when stretched relates to the "____" theory of autoregulation?
Myogenic control
347
Does endothelin vasoconstriction or vasodilation?
Vasoconstriction
348
Does endothelin vasoconstriction or vasodilation?
Vasoconstriction
349
What is aldosterone's major effect?
Water Retention
350
Baroreceptors belong to a group of receptors known as "___" or stretch receptors?
Mechanoreceptors
351
Another name for vasopressin is?
Antidiuretic Hormone
352
Does endothelin belong to the factors that regulate short term or long term control of blood pressure?
short term
353
Does a relatively high interstitial colloid osmotic pressure tend to push fluid in or pull it out of a capillary?
Pull out
354
Which of blood vessels have valves?
Veins
355
Which of the following would occur in response to a rise in blood pressure: increase or decrease of nitric oxide?
increase
356
Which substance is pumped into the urine due to ANP?
Sodium
357
Does stimulation of the higher centers of the brain increase or decrease sympathetic stimulation?
Increase
358
When measuring peripheral blood pressure, the first sound heard when releasing pressure from the cuff represents which phase of the blood pressure?
Systolic
359
Which layer of a blood vessel is made up of smooth muscle?
Tunica Media
360
Baroreceptors belong to a group of receptors known as "mechanoreceptors" or "____" receptors.
Stretch Receptors
361
Which of the autonomic nervous systems is the PRIMARY regulator of the vasomotor center to regulate blood pressure?
Sympathetic
362
Does Nitric Oxide belong to the factors that regulate short term or long term of blood pressure?
Short term
363
A type of poor tissue perfusion due to low volume is?
Hypovolemic
364
Does the release of more antidiuretic hormone increase or decrease blood pressure?
Increase
365
For the chemoreceptors, does an increase in hydrogen ions cause an increase or decrease in the number of action potentials traveling to the vasomotor center?
Increase
366
An instrument used to measure blood pressure by cutting off blood flow in an artery and listening to the sounds made when flow is re-established is what?
Sphygomomanometer
367
Where is ANP made?
Atria
368
A process in which a blood vessel's smooth muscle relaxes so diameter of vessel gets larger?
Vasodilation
369
What percent of hypertension cases have known causes?
10%
370
Does an increase in the number of action potentials from the chemoreceptors increase or decrease sympathetic stimulation?
Increase
371
Which of the following would occur in response to a drop in blood pressure: increase or decrease of endothelin?
Increase
372
Which of the following would occur in response to a drop in blood pressure: increase or decrease of ANP?
Decrease
373
The most abundant form of hypertension is?
Primary or Essential
374
What is the location for the production of most of the body's adrenalin?
Adrenal Medulla
375
Which of the following would occur in response to a rise in blood pressure: decrease or increase of ANP?
Increase
376
Which of the thin-walled blood vessels have diameters between 8-100um?
Venules
377
How do the arteries of the skin respond to increased temperature?
Vasodilation
378
ADH causes its effects by vasoconstriction and "____?"
Water retention
379
What enzyme is responsible for changing angiotensin I into angiotensin II?
Angiotensin Converting Enzyme
380
Does vasodilation in the periphery cause and increase or decrease in blood pressure?
Decreases
381
A type of poor tissue perfusion due to emesis is?
Hypovolemic
382
Where is ADH made?
Hypothalamus
383
Is endothelin released due to an increase or decrease in blood pressure?
Decrease
384
The ability of tissues regulate their own blood pressure to keep it steady regardless of changes in blood pressure elsewhere and also known as local control or?
Autoregulation
385
What specific tissue makes up the innermost layer of a blood vessel?
Simple Squamous Epithelium
386
Blood vessels which carry blood away from the heart are known as what?
Arteries
387
Where is endothelin made?
Endothelium
388
How does ADH cause water retention?
Turns on protein synthesis of water channels in kidneys
389
What is the location for the production of most of the body's epinephrine?
Adrenal medulla
390
Does stimulation of the baroreceptors increase or decrease blood pressure?
Decrease
391
A type of poor tissue perfusion due to a bacterial or fungal infection in blood is?
Septic
392
How many sodium ions are pumped into the extra cellular matrix (ECM) under the influence of aldosterone?
Three
393
Vasodilation caused by and increase in lactic acid is known as the "____" theory of autoregulation?
Metabolic Theory
394
Specialized blood vessels with diameters between 10um - 0.3mm
Arterioles
395
To which group of lipids does aldosterone belong?
Steroids
396
Vasodilation caused by and increase in carbon dioxide is known as the "____" theory of autoregulation?
Metabolic theory
397
Which of the following would occur in response to a drop in blood pressure: stimulation of baroreceptors or inhibition of baroreceptors?
Inhibition
398
Where is angiotensin II made?
Lungs
399
For osmosis, what generally follows the osmotically active particle sodium?
Water
400
Which of the vessels demonstrate the largest combined surface area?
Capillaries
401
A term that means to listen as in listening to the heart sounds, etc?
Auscultation
402
What percent of hypertension cases belong to the primary type?
90%
403
What percent of hypertension cases have no known cause?
90%
404
How does aldosterone cause water retention?
Activates sodium pump in kidneys to reabsorb sodium
405
Which of the following would occur in response to a drop in blood pressure: increase or decrease acetylcholine?
Decrease
406
Drugs that lower blood pressure by blocking the production of angiotensin II are known as?
ACE inhibitors
407
Which of the following would occur in response to a rise in blood pressure: increase or decrease of epinephrine?
Decrease
408
As fluid leaves the arterial end of a capillary, does it become hypertonic, hypotonic, or remain isotonic?
Becomes hypertonic
409
On what compound does renin act (what is its substrate?)
Angiotensinogen
410
Does an increase in the number of action potentials from the baroreceptors increase or decrease sympathetic stimulation?
Decrease
411
A type of poor tissue perfusion due to an imbalance between the parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous systems is what?
Neurogenic
412
A type of poor tissue perfusion due to diarrhea is what?
Hypovolemic
413
Does endothelin increase or decrease blood?
Increase
414
How many potassium ions are pumped into the urine to be excreted under the influence of aldosterone?
Two
415
The areas of the body that contain the most baroreceptors are?
Carotid sinus and Aortic arch
416
ANP activates the sodium pump to pump 3 sodium ions "into" or out of" the urine?
Into
417
A type of poor tissue perfusion due to diuresis is what?
Hypovolemic
418
The ability of tissues regulate their own blood pressure to keep it steady regardless of changes in blood pressure elsewhere and also known as autoregulation or?
Local control of blood pressure
419
Which of the following would occur in response to a rise in blood pressure: increase or decrease of acetylcholine?
Increase
420
For osmosis, water generally follows which osmotically active particle?
Sodium
421
Does angiotensin II cause an increase or decrease in blood pressure?
increase
422
In which vessels does the exchange of blood gases occur?
Capillaries
423
Where is angiotensin I made?
Liver
424
Where is aldosterone made?
Adrenal cortex
425
Another name for antidiuretic hormone is?
Vasopressin
426
The sound listened to when cutting off blood flow in an artery and listening to the sounds made when flow are known as "___" sounds?
Korotkoff's
427
Which of the following would occur in response to a drop in blood pressure: increase or decrease of nitric oxide
Decrease
428
Does the renin-angiotensin system activate due to an increase or decrease in blood pressure?
Decrease
429
Which of the following would occur in response to a drop in blood pressure: increase or decrease of ADH?
Increase
430
Does nitric oxide typically act systemically or locally?
locally
431
Does vasoconstriction in the periphery cause an increase or decrease in blood pressure?
Increase
432
Which substance is pumped out of the urine to be reabsorbed by the body due to ANP?
Potassium
433
The sodium pump moves how many potassium ions out of urine?
Two
434
For the chemoreceptors, does an increase in carbon dioxide cause an increase or decrease in the number of action potentials traveling to the vasomotor center?
Increase
435
A type of poor tissue perfusion due to burns is what?
Hypovolemic
436
Does a relatively high capillary hydrostatic pressure tend to push fluid in or out of a capillary?
Out
437
For the chemoreceptors, does a decrease in oxygen cause an increase or decrease in the number of action potentials traveling to the vasomotor center?
Increase
438
Is ADH released due to an increase or decrease in blood pressure?
Decrease
439
The sodium pump moves ho many sodium ions into the urine?
Three
440
As blood approaches the arterial end of a capillary, does fluid move into the capillary or out?
Out
441
Is nitric oxide released due to an increase or decrease in blood pressure?
Increase
442
If the blood pressure falls, what enzyme is released from the kidneys?
Renin
443
The outermost, connective tissue layer of a blood vessel is known as?
Tunica externa
444
Which of the blood vessels regulate a majority (2/3) of peripheral resistance?
Arterioles
445
For the baroreceptors, does an increase in blood pressure cause them to increase or decrease the number of action potentials traveling to the vasomotor center?
Increase
446
A type of poor tissue perfusion due to diaphoresis is?
Hypovolemic
447
How do the arteries of the lungs respond to high levels of oxygen?
Vasodilation
448
Blood flow to tissues relative to the tissue's mass is known as?
Perfusion
449
The area of the brain responsible for regulating blood pressure is located in the what?
Medulla Oblongata
450
Does ADH belong to the factors that regulate short term or long term control of blood pressure?
Short term
451
What percent of the interstitial fluid must be removed by the lymphatics?
10%
452
What percent of total blood volume is contained in the veins and the venules?
64%
453
At the venous end of a capillary, is the "capillary hydrostatic pressure" high or low when compared to the interstitium?
Low
454
Does atrionatriuretic peptide (ANP) belong to the factors that regulate short term or long term control of blood pressure?
Short term
455
At the arterial end of a capillary, is the "capillary hydrostatic pressure" high or low when compared to the interstitium?
high
456
Does vagal stimulation cause an "increase" or "decrease" in blood pressure?
decrease
457
Relative to fluid balance, the amount of solute, especially proteins, in the interstitium is referred to as?
Interstitial colloid osmotic pressure
458
Do the chemoreceptors belong to the factors that regulate short term or long term control of blood pressure?
short term
459
Which of the following would occur in response to a rise in blood pressure: increase or decrease of ADH?
Decrease
460
Relative to fluid balance, the amount of solute, especially proteins, in the capillary is referred to as?
Capillary colloid osmotic pressure
461
Which of the following would occur in response to a drop in blood pressure: increase or decrease of epinephrine?
Increase
462
How do the arteries of the lungs respond to low levels of oxygen?
Vasoconstriction
463
Which of the cranial nerves supplies the baroreceptors in the aortic arch?
Vagus
464
Does parasympathetic stimulation cause an "increase" or "decrease" in blood pressure?
Decrease
465
Profuse sweating with fluid loss is known as?
Diaphoresis
466
Arteries with diameters between .3mm - 10mm which make up most of the named arteries?
Muscular Arteries
467
At the arterial end of a capillary, is the interstitial colloid osmotic pressure high or low when compared to the interstitium?
High
468
Where does angiotensin I go to play its major role?
lungs
469
Over stretched veins with compromised valves which allow tissue edema are known as?
Varicose Veins
470
Very large, thick walled vessels, near the heart are known as?
Elastic Arteries
471
Relative to fluid balance, the fluid pressure in the interstitium is referred to as?
Interstitial fluid hydrostatic pressure
472
What percent of the total blood volume is contained in the veins?
54%
473
Does a relatively high interstitial fluid hydrostatic pressure tend to push fluid in or out of a capillary?
in
474
Does angiotensin II cause vasoconstriction or vasodilation?
Vasoconstriction
475
Does stimulation of the higher centers of the brain increase or decrease blood pressure?
Increase
476
Another name for an abnormal increase in urinary output (urinating) is?
Diuresis
477
Which of the cranial nerves supplies the baroreceptors in the carotid sinus?
Glossopharyngeal
478
A type of hypertension in which the patient demonstrates a diastolic blood pressure great than 140 mmHg?
Malignant
479
Another name for vomiting is?
Emesis
480
At the arterial end of a capillary, is the interstitial fluid hydrostatic pressure high or low when compared to the interstitium?
Low
481
How do the arteries of the brain respond to increased levels of carbon dioxide?
Vasodilation
482
What blood vessel in the antecubital region is used to measure blood pressure?
Brachial artery
483
Does an increase in the number of action potentials from the chemoreceptors increase or decrease heart rate?
Increase
484
At the venous end of a capillary, is the "capillary colloid osmotic pressure" high or low when compared to the interstitium?
High
485
As blood reaches the venous end of a capillary, does fluid move into the capillary or out?
In
486
A type of poor tissue perfusion due to hemorrhage is?
Hypovolemic
487
A type of hypertension, for which the cause is known?
Secondary
488
A type of poor tissue perfusion due to heart failure such as myocardial infarction is?
Cardiogenic
489
An abnormal increase in blood pressure is referred to as?
Hypertension
490
Is ANP released due to an increase or decrease in blood pressure?
Increase
491
How do the arteries of the brain respond to increased levels of hydrogen ions?
Vasodilation
492
Where does renin have its direct effect?
Liver
493
A type of poor tissue perfusion due to a hypersensitive reaction to an allergy is?
Anaphylactic
494
Does activation of the renin-angiotensin system cause an increase or decrease in blood pressure?
Increase
495
Which results in the release of renin, an increase or decrease in blood pressure?
Decrease
496
Does parasympathetic stimulation allow "vasodilation" or "vasoconstriction" in the periphery?
Vasodilation
497
Does the total lung capacity (TLC) increase or decrease due to chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)?
Increase
498
What tissue lines the bronchioles?
Pseudostratified Ciliated Columnar Epithelium
499
What specific tissue makes up the parietal pleura?
Simple Squamous epithelium
500
What tissue lines the bronchi?
Pseudostratified Ciliated Columnar Epithelium
501
This area regulates breathing rhythms during vocalization?
Pontine Respiratory Centers
502
What is the primary cause of COPD?
Smoking
503
What organism causes tuberculosis?
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
504
Pus in pleural cavity is known as what?
Empyema
505
A compound produced by the alveoli that makes it easier to breathe?
Surfactant
506
What is the normal value for the percent of vital capacity that is exhaled in 1 second?
75-85%
507
For the carbonic anhydrase equation, what happens to the carbon dioxide levels if the hydrogen ion levels decrease?
Decreases
508
What is the diameter of a typical alveolus?
0.2-0.5 mm
509
Is forced expiration (inhalation) during exercise accomplished with or without muscle contraction?
With muscle contraction
510
Which cells of the lung tissues most closely resemble basophils?
Mast cells
511
Water-soluble compounds such as H+ "do" or "do not" cross the blood brain-barrier easily?
Do Not
512
An inflammation of the linings of the lungs and thoracic cavity often accompanied by the accumulation of fluids?
Pleurisy
513
What nerve transmits signals from the carotid chemoreceptors to the respiratory center?
Glossopharyngeal
514
Which of the alveolar cells produce surfactant?
Type II
515
Does a decrease in diphosphoglycerate (DPG) or biphosphoglycerate (BPG) cause hemoglobin to "bind" or "release" oxygen?
Bind
516
How much blood is found in the capillaries of the lungs?
120 mL
517
Which is the most abundant cell type of the alveoli?
Type I cells
518
What causes 1/3 of the collapsing forces of the lungs?
Elastic forces of the lungs
519
Which would be greater, the percent oxygen saturation of hemoglobin if pH is 7.6 or pH is 7.2?
pH is 7.6
520
How does surfactant make it easier to breathe?
Reduces surface tension of water
521
Which cell type makes up 5% of the alveoli?
Type II cells
522
Escherihia, Klebsiella, Pseudomonas are examples of?
Gram Negative Bacteria
523
A potentially fatal condition characterized by caseous necrosis and airborne, person-to-person transmission?
Tuberculosis (TB)
524
A genetic disease in which excessive mucus production causing respiratory and gastrointestinal problems?
Cystic Fibrosis (CF)
525
Which cells of the lung tissues produce histamine?
Mast cells
526
What is the most superficial (closest to the lumen or air) layer of the respiratory membrane?
Fluid
527
The amount of air left in lungs after maximum exhalation is referred to as?
Residual Volume
528
What specific tissue makes up the visceral pleura?
Simple Squamous Epithelium
529
What type of tissue does the lining of the bronchi and bronchioles become in squamous cell carcinoma?
Stratified squamous epithelium
530
What type of values would you expect with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease?
Lower
531
How does surfactant have its effect?
Reduces the surface tension of water
532
Approximately what percent of CO2 is carried by Hemoglobin?
20%
533
Which layer of the respiratory membrane is second from the alveolar lumen?
Alveolar epithelium
534
A foreign object such as a blood clot which lodges in the pulmonary arteries?
Pulmonary Embolism (PE)
535
The common phagocytic cells of the lung tissues are known as?
Macrophage
536
How thick is the respiratory membrane?
0.5 um
537
What tissue lines the pharynx?
Pseudostratified Ciliated Columnar Epithelium
538
What would be the result of a patient with 50 square meters for the combined surface area for the capillaries of the lungs?
Hypoxia
539
Identify the space between two pleura?
Pleural Cavity
540
What is the combined surface area for the capillaries of the lungs?
100 square meters
541
Approximately what percent of CO2 is found in the form of Carbonic Acid (H2C03)?
70%
542
Once in the lungs, which way does bicarbonate ion go relative to the erythrocyte?
In
543
Is expiration (exhalation) at rest accomplished with or without muscle contraction?
Without
544
Once in the lungs, which way does the chloride ion go relative to the erythrocyte?
Out
545
What is produced when CO2 binds with H2O?
Carbonic Acid
546
Specific forces of the lung tissue that facilitate the collapse of the lungs are known as?
Elastic Forces of the Lungs
547
0.5% of our atmosphere is comprised of which gas?
Water vapor
548
What effect on AVR does rapid, shallow breathing have?
Decrease
549
A general term for the various forms of lung cancers is?
Brochogenic Carcinomas
550
An insensitive epithet sadly given to patients with emphysema is?
Pink Puffers
551
The surface tension of water is caused by?
Hydrogen bonds
552
One of the major forces facilitating inhalation is "____" intrapleural pressure?
Negative
553
Name the major respiratory muscle.
Diaphragm
554
An overwhelming majority of pulmonary embolisms originate where?
Femoral or Calf veins
555
What percent of lung cancers is caused by squamous cell carcinoma?
30%
556
The chemoreceptors found within the central nervous system are referred to as?
Central
557
Name the tissue type that lines the Upper Respiratory Tract?
Pseudostratified Ciliated Columnar Epithelium
558
Which layer of the respiratory membrane is fifth from the alveolar lumen?
Capillary basement membrane
559
Another term for a disease acquired while in the hospital?
Nosocomial
560
Which compound normally found in the body has the least significant effect on respiration rates?
Oxygen
561
For the carbonic anhydrase equation, what happens to the carbon dioxide levels if the hydrogen ion levels increase?
Increases
562
Which layer of the respiratory membrane is fourth from the alveolar lumen?
Interstitium
563
Areas such as the mouth in which no gas exchange occurs are known as?
Anatomical Dead Air Space
564
One of the major forces facilitating inhalation is negative "____" pressure?
Intrapleural
565
The medical term for a collapsed lung is?
Atelectasis
566
Which of the bronchogenic cancers tends NOT to be very responsive to therapy?
Large Cell (Undifferentiated) Carcinoma
567
Which component of the respiratory system is thoracic?
Lower Respiratory Tract
568
Is inspiration (inhalation) at rest accomplished with or without muscle contraction?
With
569
An area at the base of the internal carotid arteries which contain a large group of chemoreceptors?
Carotid bodies
570
Of all the bronchogenic carcinomas, which demonstrates an average survival time of only 9-10 months past diagnosis?
Small (Oat) Cell Carcinoma
571
To which component of the respiratory system do the bronchi and bronchioles belong?
Lower Respiratory Tract
572
When the diaphragm contracts, does the intrapleural pressure become more positive or negative?
Negative
573
What percent of the alveolar cells are type I?
95%
574
What is the typical volume for anatomical dead air space?
150 mL
575
Does the functional reserve capacity (FRC) "increase" or "decrease" due to chronic obstructive pulmonary disease?
Increase
576
The amount of blood flow in the pulmonary capillaries is known as?
Perfusion
577
Does the functional reserve capacity (FRC) "increase" or "decrease" due to fibrosis?
Decrease
578
What tissue lines the trachea?
Pseudostratified Ciliated Columnar Epithelium
579
What percent of atmosphere gases is contributed by water vapor?
0.46%
580
Which tissue type makes up the capillary endothelium of the respiratory membrane?
Simple Squamous
581
The accumulation of air entering the pleural cavity causing the lungs to collapse?
Pneumothorax
582
The maximum amount of air exhaled beyond tidal volume is known as what?
Expiratory Reserve Volume
583
Give the normal value for alveolar ventilation rate (AVR)?
4200 mL/min
584
Areas such as the nasal passages in which no gas exchange occurs are known as?
Anatomical Dead Air Space
585
Areas such as the trachea in which no gas exchange occurs are known as?
Anatomical Dead Air Space
586
Hemoglobin bound to oxygen is known as?
Oxyhemoglobin
587
The percent of vital capacity that is exhaled in 1 second is known as ?
Forced Expiratory Volume (FEV)
588
Does the functional reserve capacity (FRC) "increase" or "decrease" due to tuberculosis
Decrease
589
Which specific area of the central nervous system integrates signals from peripheral stretch and chemoreceptors and sends information to the respiratory centers of the brain?
Dorsal Respiratory Group (DRG)
590
Dead air space due to disease which is added to anatomical dead air space is known as?
Physiological Dead Air Space
591
A good indicator of ventilation effectiveness which looks at the ventilation rate, tidal volume, and subtracts Dead Space from Tidal Volume?
Alveolar Ventilation Rate (AVR)
592
The maximum amount of air exhaled after maximum inhalation is known as?
Vital Capacity
593
Give the normal values for Forced Expiratory Volume (FEV)?
75-85%
594
Areas such as the bronchi in which no gas exchange occurs are known as?
Anatomical Dead Air Space
595
The loss of negative, interpleural pressure as it equilibriates with atmospheric pressure?
Pneumothorax
596
An abnormal increase in carbon dioxide will cause an increase in "____" resulting in acidosis?
Hydrogen Ions (H+)
597
What is the value for the maximum amount of air exhaled after maximum inhalation?
4800 mL
598
The amount air inhaled per minute is what?
Minute Ventilation
599
The maximum amount of air inspired after tidal expiration is referred to as what?
Inspiratory Capacity
600
Most of the air that is subjected to gas exchange is referred to as?
Alveolar Air
601
Areas such as the larynx in which no gas exchange occurs are known as?
Anatomical Dead Air Space
602
Does the total lung capacity (TLC) "increase" or "decrease" due to tuberculosis?
Decrease
603
When the diaphragm contracts, does the intrapleural volume increase or decrease?
Increases
604
Areas in the respiratory system in which NO gas exchange occurs are known as?
Dead Air Space
605
Does an increase in carbon dioxide (CO2) cause hemoglobin to "bind" or "release" oxygen?
Release
606
What is the typical value for alveolar air?
350 mL
607
What percent of atmospheric gases is contributed by nitrogen?
78.6%
608
The number one cancer cause of death in both women and men is cancer of the "___"
Lung
609
Does an increase in hydrogen ions, "increase" or "decrease" ventilation rate?
Increase
610
Does the residual volume (RV) "increase" or "decrease" due to chronic obstructive pulmonary disease?
Increase
611
Of all the bronchogenic carcinomas, which constitutes 30-35% of the lung cancers and appears to originate from glands and has a rather weak correlation with smoking?
Adenocarcinoma
612
A right shift in oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation curve is caused by an "increase" or "decrease" in temperature?
Increase
613
The surface tension of water is caused by?
The polar nature of the water molecules
614
A condition in which there is abnormally low levels of carbon dioxide in the blood?
Hypocapnia
615
Does an increase in CO2 "increase" or "decrease" ventilation rate?
Increase
616
What is the typical partial pressure of CO2 in the arteries?
40 mmHg
617
As blood moves from the arterial end of an alveolar capillary towards the venous end, the oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation curve will shift to the what?
Shift to the left
618
What happens to the diameter of a bronchiole if CO2 levels are high?
Bronchodilation
619
Compared to atmospheric (alveolar) air pressure, the intrapleural pressure must be "____" in order to inhale?
Negative
620
During the chloride shift for erythrocytes in the tissues (away from the lungs), which way does the bicarbonate ion go relative to the cell?
Out
621
What is the typical partial pressure of oxygen in the veins?
40 mmHg
622
A diagrammatic representation of when and where Hgb picks up or releases oxygen?
Oxygen-hemoglobin Dissociation Curve
623
At rest, how much of the oxygen bound to hemoglobin is delivered to the tissues?
5 mL/dL plasma
624
The amount of gas (air) reaching the alveoli is known as?
Ventilation
625
The higher the pH, the "higher" or "lower" the hydrogen ion (H+) concentration?
Lower
626
What is the typical partial pressure of CO2 in the pulmonary veins?
40 mmHg
627
What is typical volume of air inhaled at rest?
500 mL
628
During the chloride shift for erythrocytes in the tissues (away from the lungs), which way does the chloride ion go relative to the cell?
In
629
Does an increase in "ventilation rate" or "volume" increase AVR more efficiently?
Volume
630
The enzyme carbonic anhydrase is mainly found in the "____" and kidney tubules?
Erythrocytes
631
Which compounds normally found in the body has the second greatest effect on respiration rates?
Carbon Dioxide
632
What is the name for HCO3- (has a negative charge)?
Bicarbonate Ion
633
Name the layer that adheres to the outside of the lungs?
Visceral Pleura
634
What percent of the alveolar cells are type II?
5%
635
The enzyme carbonic anhydrase is mainly found in the erythrocytes and "___ ___?"
Kidney Tubules
636
What is the typical partial pressure of oxygen in the pulmonary arteries?
40 mmHg
637
Fat-Soluble compounds such as CO2 "do" or "do not" cross the blood-brain-barrier easily?
Do
638
Which cells of the lung tissues cause asthma?
Mast cells
639
An exercise in which the patient takes a deep breath and forcibly exhale maximally as rapidly as possible is known as?
Forced Vital Capacity
640
The higher the pH, the "higher" or "lower" the alkalinity?
Higher
641
These send action potential to the diaphragm?
Inspiratory Neurons
642
What enzyme is responsible for converting CO2 plus water into carbonic acid and visa versa?
Carbonic Anhydrase
643
A left shift in the Oxygen-Hemoglobin Dissociation Curve is caused by an "increase" or "decrease" in fetal hemoglobin?
Increase
644
Which would be greater, the percent oxygen saturation of hemoglobin if the metabolic rate is "higher" or "lower"?
lower
645
The endocrine function of the respiratory system is demonstrated by the lung's ability to produce which hormone?
Angiotensin II
646
Does an increase in temperature cause hemoglobin to "bind" or "release" oxygen?
Release
647
The Haldane effect allows for the eventual removal of?
Hydrogen Ions and carbon dioxide
648
Which layer of the respiratory membrane is sixth from the alveolar lumen?
Endothelium of capillary
649
For the carbonic anhydrase equation, what happens to the hydrogen ion levels if the CO2 levels decrease?
Decreases
650
According to Boyle's law, are pressure and volume directly or indirectly related?
Indirectly
651
A left shift in the oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation curve is caused by an "increase" or "decrease" in CO2?
Decrease
652
The lower of the pH, the "higher" or "lower" the acidity?
Higher
653
Which would be greater, the percent oxygen saturation of hemoglobin if the temperature is 37 degrees centigrade or the temperature is 45 degrees centigrade?
37 degrees centigrade
654
Is forced inspiration (inhalation) during exercise accomplished with or without muscle contraction?
With
655
What is the typical partial pressure of CO2 in the pulmonary arteries?
45 mmHg
656
How many times more oxygen can be delivered to the tissues during heavy exercise as compared to that delivered at rest?
3
657
Tumors that originate elsewhere in body are said to be?
Metastatic
658
The process in which a bicarbonate ion is exchanged for a chloride ion (Cl-) is known as?
Chloride Shift
659
The lower the pH, the "higher" or "lower" the hydrogen ion (H+) concentration?
Higher
660
This form of bronchogenic carcinoma constitutes 20-25% of lung cancers, demonstrates the worse prognosis, and has the highest correlation with smoking?
Small (Oat) Cell Carinoma
661
Compared to the tissues the lungs have "more" or "less" diphosphoglycerate (DPG) or biphosphoglycerate (BPG)?
Less
662
What is the result from damage to the pontine respiratory center?
The inability to fully exhale
663
What tissue lines the larynx?
Pseudostratified Ciliated Columnar Epithelium
664
Which compound normally found in the body has the greatest effect on respiration rates?
Hydrogen Ions (H+)
665
Will prolonged vomiting cause hemoglobin to "bind" or "release" oxygen?
Bind
666
In the fetus, where does hemoglobin bind to oxygen?
Placenta
667
How much oxygen can be delivered to the tissues during heavy exercise as compared to that delivered at rest?
15 mL/dL plasma
668
A thick fibrous capsule filled with creamy cheese-like material?
Tubercle
669
Compared to the lungs the tissues have "more" or "less" hydrogen ions (H+)?
More
670
The inability to fully exhale after damage to the brain is known as?
Apneustic Breathing
671
In the human, where does hemoglobin release oxygen?
Tissues
672
What type of values would you expect with asthma?
Lower
673
Will pulmonary disease cause hemoglobin to "bind" or "release" oxygen?
Release
674
As blood moves from the arterial end of a tissue capillary towards the venous end, the oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation curve will shift to the?
Right
675
What is the size of a typical tumor found in small cell or oat cell carcinoma?
Less than 6-8 mm diameter
676
What is the normal respiratory rate for an adult?
12-18 breaths per minute
677
Does an increase in hydrogen ion concentrations cause hemoglobin to "bind" or "release" oxygen?
Release
678
Which layer of the respiratory membrane is third from the alveolar lumen?
Alveolar basement membrane
679
An insensitive epithet sadly given to patients with long germ bronchitis?
Blue bloaters
680
Hemoglobin bound to carbon monoxide is known as?
Carboxyhemoglibin
681
What is the most common type of pneumonia?
Community Acquired
682
This form of lung cancer constitutes approximately 30%
Squamous Cell Carcinoma
683
Destruction of pulmonary arterioles/capillaries, causing an increase in resistance to blood flow is known as?
Pulmonary Hypertension
684
Will fever cause hemoglobin to "Bind" or "release" oxygen?
Release
685
Name the sole innervation for the major respiratory muscle?
Phrenic nerve
686
Does an increase in diphosphoglycerate (DPG) or bisphosphoglycerate (BPG) cause hemoglobin to "Bind" or "release" oxygen?
Release
687
What is the typical partial pressure of carbon dioxide in the veins?
45 mmHg
688
An area throughout the aortic arch which contain a large group of chemoreceptors?
Aortic bodies
689
A left shift in the oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation curve is caused by an "increase" or "decrease" in diphosphoglycerate (DPG) or bisphosphoglycerate (BPG)?
Decrease
690
A form of blindness seen in infants that were treated for pulmonary distress using very high concentrations of oxygen?
Retrolental Fibroplasia
691
This area regulates breathing rhythms during exercise?
Pontine Respiratory Centers
692
A type of atelectasis caused by the retraction of scar tissue?
Contraction
693
The higher the pH, the "higher" or "lower" the acidity?
Lower
694
What is H2CO3?
Carbonic Acid
695
A left shift in the oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation curve is caused by an "increase" or "decrease" in temperature?
Decrease
696
What percent of oxygen is carried, bound to hemoglobin?
98.5%
697
What tissue type makes up type I alveolar cells?
Simple Squamous Epithelium
698
Which way will the oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation curve shift to indicate that hemoglobin will bind to oxygen?
Left
699
At rest, what percent of the oxygen bound to hemoglobin is delivered to the tissues?
22%
700
A condition in which there is abnormally high levels of carbon dioxide in the blood?
Hypercapnia
701
The maximum amount of air inhaled beyond tidal volume is known as?
Inspiratory Reserve Volume
702
What is the typical partial pressure of oxygen in the pulmonary veins?
100 mmHg
703
At what location of the postnatal body is the oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation curve typically shifted to the left?
Lungs
704
A right shift in the oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation curve is caused by an "increase" or "decrease" in diphosphoglycerate (DPG) or bisphosphoglycerate (BPG)?
Increase
705
Inflammation of the bronchi causing obstruction?
Bronchitis
706
Polar compounds such as H+ "do" or "do not" cross the blood-brain-barrier easily?
Do Not
707
Pathological changes in lungs due to inhalation of particles is known as?
Pneumoconiosis
708
Hemoglobin bound to CO2 is known as?
Carbaminohemoglobin
709
Which of the lung cancers demonstrates the poorest prognosis?
Small (Oat) Cell Carcinoma
710
Name the motor nerve for the diaphragm?
Phrenic
711
Which of the bronchogenic carcinomas tends to be the least responsive to both chemo and radio-therapies?
Large Cell (Undifferentiated) Carcinoma
712
A disease that causes the destruction of alveolar walls and loss of elasticity of lungs?
Emphysema
713
A disease that causes permanent enlargement of alveoli?
Emphysema
714
Measuring volumes and capacities of the respiratory system is known as ?
Spirometry
715
Give the location for the dorsal Respiratory Group (DRG)?
Medulla Oblongata
716
Nonpolar compounds such as CO2 "do" or "do not" cross the blood-brain-barrier easily?
Do
717
0.04% of our atmosphere is comprised of which gas?
CO2
718
A type of atelectasis caused by blood entering the pleural cavity?
Hemothorax
719
The typical treatment for atelectasis is?
Deep breathing exercises
720
Give the location for the Ventral Respiratory Group (VRG)?
Medulla Oblongata
721
Does an increase in fetal hemoglobin to "bind" or "release" oxygen?
Bind
722
A right shift in the oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation curve is caused by "increase" or "decrease" in hydrogen ion concentration?
Increase
723
A condition in which the right ventricle is damaged due to long term pulmonary disease?
Cor Pulmonale
724
These inhibit the action potentials sent to the diaphragm?
Expiratory Neurons
725
An allergic inflammation of the lungs with bronchospasms and mucus production?
Asthma
726
A condition in which a diver loses reason and logic without any warning symptoms due to a drop in the levels of oxygen due to its displacement by another gas under extreme pressure?
Nitrogen narcosis
727
Approximately what percent of pulmonary embolisms originate in the femoral or calf veins?
90%
728
What saturation level does arterial blood reach?
97%
729
At what location of the body is the oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation curve typically shifted to the right?
Tissues
730
An elevation in the number of RBCs may cause skin to have a pinkish color?
Polycythemia
731
Where are tumors typically found in squamous cell carcinoma?
Near the hilus
732
For the carbonic anhydrase equation, what happens to the hydrogen ion levels if the carbon dioxide levels increase?
Increases
733
Two or more respiratory or pulmonary volumes are known as?
Pulmonary Capacities
734
The percent of vital capacity that is exhaled in 1 second is known as what?
Forced Expiratory Volume
735
Which gas displaces oxygen at the tremendous pressures experienced by deep diving?
Nitrogen
736
The primary cause of lung cancer in absolute numbers is what?
Smoking
737
In which structures of the lungs does most of the gas exchange occur?
Alveoli
738
Which tissue type makes up the alveolar epithelium of the respiratory membrane?
Simple squamous
739
Where are tumors typically found in small cell or oat cell carcinoma?
Centrally
740
What is the value for the amount of air inhaled or exhaled during 1 normal breath?
500 mL
741
Compared to the lungs the tissues have "more" or "less" diphosphoglycerate (DPG) or bisphosphoglycerate (BPG)?
More
742
A symptom of patients with long-term pulmonary disease which describes the appearance of the ends of their fingers?
Clubbed fingers
743
Does a decrease in hydrogen ion concentrations cause hemoglobin to "bind" or "release" oxygen?
Bind
744
Give the value for the total lung capacity?
6,000 mL
745
The fact that in a mixture of gases, each gas contributes to total pressure is known as?
Dalton's Law of Partial Pressure
746
Does a decrease in temperature cause hemoglobin to "bind" or "release" oxygen?
Bind
747
Does the forced expiratory volume (FEV) "increase" or "decrease" with obstructive diseases such as asthma?
Decrease
748
What nerve transmits signals from the Aortic chemoreceptors to the respiratory center?
Vagus
749
A type of atelectasis caused by the displacement of the pleural cavity by a tumor, fluid, or air within the pleural cavity?
Compression
750
This area regulates breathing rhythms during sleeping?
Pontine Respiratory Centers
751
At what location of the fetal body is the oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation curve typically shifted to the left?
Placenta
752
A type of atelectasis caused by air trapped in the alveoli diffusing out of the alveolus?
Absorption or Obstructive
753
What percent of atmospheric gases is contributed by oxygen?
20.9%
754
This area smooths out the transition between inspiration and expiration?
Pontine Respiratory Centers
755
What is the mortality rate (percentage) for hospital acquired pneumonia?
50%
756
What is the typical partial pressure of the oxygen in the arteries?
100 mmHg
757
A right shift in the oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation curve is caused by an "increase" or "decrease" in CO2?
Increase
758
What is the number 2 cause (next to heart disease) of disability in adults under the age of 65?
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD)
759
The surface tension of water is caused by?
Attractive forces of water molecules
760
Areas such as the pharynx in which no gas exchange occurs are known as?
Anatomical Dead Air Space
761
20.9% of our atmosphere is comprised of which gas?
Oxygen
762
A foreign object (clot, plaque, air, etc) traveling in the blood is what?
Embolus
763
A symptom of patients with long-term pulmonary disease which describes the appearance of their enlarged thoracic cavity?
Barrel-chested
764
Does a decrease in CO2 cause hemoglobin to "bind" or "release" oxygen?
Bind
765
What percent of oxygen can be delivered to the tissues during heavy exercise as compared to that delivered at rest?
66%
766
A type of atelectasis often caused by pneumonia?
Patchy
767
Because the lungs do not collapse for emphysema patients they demonstrate "___" expiration?
Labored
768
A left shift in the oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation curve is caused by an "increase" or "decrease" in hydrogen ion concentration?
Decrease
769
What happens to the diameter of a pulmonary arteriole if ventilation is low?
Vasoconstriction
770
Compared to the lungs the tissues are "warmer" or "cooler?"
Warmer
771
What type of organism causes the most of the community acquired pneumonia?
Gram Positive Streptococcus
772
Which is the LEAST abundant cell type of the alveoli?
Type II cells
773
A relatively mild or self limiting form pneumonia is?
Viral
774
Will diarrhea (loss of bicarbonate ions) cause hemoglobin to "bind" or "release" oxygen?
Release
775
Which type of pneumonia have a rather poor prognosis?
Hospital acquired
776
What type of organism causes the most of the hospital acquired pneumonia?
Gram Negative Bacteria
777
In the postnatal human, where does hemoglobin bind to oxygen?
Lungs
778
What percent of oxygen is dissolved in plasma?
1.5%
779
Compared to the tissues the lungs are "warmer" or "cooler?"
Cooler
780
78.6% of our atmosphere is comprised of which gas?
Nitrogen
781
Asbestosis belongs to which category of pulmonary diseases?
Pneumoconiosis
782
What percent of the lung cancers is caused by small cell or oat cell carcinoma?
20-25%
783
A disease caused by the genetic loss of Chloride channels?
Cystic Fibrosis (CF)
784
Which mode of transmission typifies tuberculosis?
Airborne
785
Strongest correlation with smoking is what?
Small (Oat) Cell Carcinoma
786
Black lung seen in coal miners belongs to which category of pulmonary diseases?
Pneumoconiosis
787
A term that describes dead tissue with a "cheese-like" appearance is?
Caseous Necrosis
788
Which way will the oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation curve shift to indicate that hemoglobin will release oxygen?
Right
789
Smoking increases a person's risk of lung cancer by how much?
25 times
790
Which is the most common fatal genetic disease?
Cystic Fibrosis (CF)
791
Which cell type makes up 95% of the alveoli?
Type I Cells
792
Compared to the tissues the lungs have "more" or "less" hydrogen ions (H+)?
Less
793
Compared to the tissues the lungs have "more" or "less" CO2?
Less
794
The total amount of air left in the lungs after a normal expiration is referred to as?
Functional Residual
795
What causes 2/3 of collapsing forces of the lungs?
Surface tension of water
796
At rest, what saturation level does venous blood typically drop to?
75%
797
What type of tissue typified the bronchi and bronchioles in a healthy lung... prior to lung cancer?
Pseudostratified Ciliated Columnar
798
An inhibitory signal which cuts off inspiratory efforts if the lungs overfill?
Hering-Breuer or Inflation reflex
799
This form of bronchogenic carcinoma constitutes 20-25% of lung cancers?
Small (Oat) cell
800
Compared to the lungs, the tissues have "more" or "less" CO2?
More
801
Which cells of the lung tissues cause allergic reactions?
Mast cells
802
What is the major product of the type II alveolar cells?
Surfactant
803
The amount of air inhaled or exhaled during 1 normal breath is known as what?
Tidal Volume
804
What tissue type makes up most of the alveolar wall?
Simple Squamous Epithelium
805
The most common form of metastatic tumors of the lung originate from what tissue?
Breast
806
The process by which more CO2 can bind with hemoglobin under conditions of low oxygen levels is known as?
Haldane Effect
807
Give the location for the pontine respiratory center?
Pons
808
Does the total lung capacity (TLC) "increase" or "decrease" due to fibrosis?
Decrease
809
Where are tumors typically found in adenocarcinomas?
Periphery
810
Give the combined alveolar surface area?
70 m^2
811
The chemoreceptors found outside of the central nervous system are referred to as?
Peripheral
812
What tissue lines the nasal cavities?
Pseudostratified Ciliated Columnar Epithelium
813
Of all the bronchogenic carcinomas, which demonstrates a 5 year survival rate of less than 5% and has the highest correlation with smoking?
Small (Oat) Cell Carcinoma
814
Name the lining of the thoracic wall?
Parietal Pleura
815
A condition caused by the formation of bubbles in the blood due to a sudden reduction in pressure?
The Bends or Decompression Sickness
816
-ia
condition
817
-iatrics
medical specialty
818
ile-
intestine
819
im-
not
820
inter-
between
821
intercal-
insert
822
intra-
within, inside
823
-ism
condition
824
iso-
equal
825
jugul-
throat
826
juxta-
near
827
karyo-
kernal, nucleus
828
kera-
horn
829
kilo-
thousands
830
kin-
to move
831
kines-
to move
832
labi-
lip
833
labri-
lip
834
lact-
milk
835
lacun-
space or cavity
836
lamell-
small plate
837
lamina
layer, sheet
838
lat-
wide
839
laten-
hidden
840
later-
side
841
-lemma
sheath, husk
842
leuko-
white
843
leva-
raise
844
lingua-
tongue
845
lip-
fat
846
lipo-
fat
847
lith-
stone
848
-logy
the study of
849
luci-
clear
850
lumen
light
851
lut-
yellow
852
lymph
water
853
-lysis
loosening, breaking down
854
macro-
large
855
macula
spot
856
magn-
large
857
mal-
bad, abnormal
858
-malacia
soft
859
mamm-
breast
860
-mania
obsession, compulsion
861
mast-
breast
862
mater
mother
863
meat-
passage
864
medi-
middle
865
medull-
middle or inner portion
866
mega-
large
867
meio-
less
868
melan-
black
869
men-
month
870
meningo-
membrane
871
menstru-
month
872
mer-
a part
873
mero-
a part
874
meso-
middle
875
meta-
between, transition
876
metro-
uterus
877
micro-
small
878
mictur-
urinate
879
mito-
thread, filament
880
mnem-
memory
881
mono-
single
882
morpho-
form
883
multi-
many
884
mur-
wall
885
muta-
change
886
myelo-
spinal cord, marrow
887
myo-
muscle
888
nano-
dwarf
889
narco-
numbness
890
-nata
birth
891
natri-
sodium
892
necro-
death
893
neo-
new
894
nephro-
kidney
895
neuro-
nerve
896
noci-
harmful
897
-nom
govern
898
nom-
name
899
noto-
back
900
nucle-
pit, kernel, little nut
901
nutri-
feed, nourish
