Test 1 Special Senses Flashcards
The lens functions by keeping the focal point of the image directly on what structure?
Fovea centralis
What is another name for the ciliary zone?
Suspensory ligament
What is the name for the middle layer of the retina?
Bipolar cells
What nerve do the axons of the hair cells of the spiral organ of Corti synapse with?
Cochlear part of the Vestibulocochlear Nerve
The cord-like structures that hold the lens in place are known as what?
Suspensory ligament or ciliary zonule
To which layer of the eye does the pupil belong to?
Vascular
In the spiral organ of Corti, what is the small membrane within the cochlear duct that lies just above the hair cells?
Tectorial
Specifically, which muscle causes the pupil to contract?
Sphincter pupillae
Which of the three layers of the retina is closest to the light source (lines the inside of the vitreous chamber?
Ganglion cells
What does continuous influx of calcium and depolarization of the photoreceptor cell membrane cause?
Neurotransmitter release
The outer clear layer of the eye is known as what?
The Cornea
For close-in focusing, do the eyes converge medially or are they directed straight ahead?
Converge medially
The scientific name for the middle ear is what?
Tympanic Cavity
Once gultamate is NOT released from the photoreceptor, what effect is seen in the bipolar cells?
They are allowed to stimulate the ganglion cells.
What nerve innervates the vestibule?
Vestibular part of the Vestibulocochlear Nerve
What is inflammation of the conjunctiva?
Conjunctivitis
In the spiral organ of Corti, the middle chamber is known as what?
Cochlear Duct or Scala Media
What is the external wall of the cochlear duct which produces the endolymph?
Stria Vascularis
What is the clear ovoid structure which changes shape in order to focus images on the retina?
The Lens
Which of the three layers of the retina is farthest away from the light source?
The Photoreceptors
Which of the ossicles is attached to the tympanic membrane?
Malleus
What neurotransmitter is released by the photoreceptors?
Glutamate
The chamber(s) that are filled with Aqueous Humor are collectively known as what?
Anterior Segment
Stone-like structures which float in gel and settle due to gravity to stimulate hair cells are what?
Otoliths
The “beef taste” is known as what?
Umami
The space between the cornea and the iris is called what?
Anterior Chamber
The ciliary processes and muscles make up what structure?
Ciliary body
The hole through the iris through which light must pass?
Pupil
To which “layer” of the eye does the iris belong?
Vascular layer
Which photoreceptor cells respond to colors?
Cones
To which “layer” of the eye does the suspensory ligament belong to?
Vascular layer
To which “layer” of the eye does the ciliary muscles belong to?
Vascular layer
During close-in focusing, do the zonule fibers contract or loosen?
Loosen
What is the process of changing shape of the lens in order to focus of the eyes?
Accommodation of the lens
What is the area of the retina that has no rods or cones?
Blind Spot or Optic Disc
What is the cone-shaped indentation of the retina?
Macula Lutea
What is the process by which the pupils contract or dilate in response to the amount of light the eye is exposed to?
Accommodation Pupillary Reflex or Pupillary Reflex
What are the specialized cells which respond to light?
Photoreceptors
What is the point of the retina which possesses the highest concentration of cones for detailed color analysis?
Fovea Centralis
What does the influx of cation cause in the retina?
It depolarizes the cell membranes
What are the most common causes of sensorineural deafness?
Chronic infection or exposure to loud noises
What is the term that describes bumps or elevations when referring to the special senses?
Pupillae
What is the point where the image is most focused?
Fovea Centralis
Which compound is broken down by light in the photoreceptors?
Rhodopsin
What is the muscle which opens or widens the pupil?
Dilator Pupillae
During distant focusing, do the zonule fibers tighten or loosen?
Tighten
In the photoreceptors, what compounds binds and locks open special cation channels?
Cyclic Guanosine Monophosphate (cGMP)
What is the point of the retina where it is thinnest so the image travels through the least amount of tissue?
Fovea Centralis
Which of the photoreceptor cells are most sensitive?
Rods
What compound is activated by opsin?
Transducin
Which of the photoreceptor cells respond in low light conditions?
Rods
What is produced by the ciliary processes?
Aqueous Humor
What compound is activated by transducin?
Phosphodiesterase
For close-in focusing, does the lens flatten or become more rounded?
It becomes more rounded.
Which of the photoreceptor cells are most numerous in the macula lutea?
Cones
When the ciliary muscles contract, do the zonule fibers tighten or loosen?
Loosen
What is the loss of olfaction?
Anosmia
What produces aqueous humor?
Ciliary processes
For distant focusing, does the lens flatten or become more rounded?
It flattens
The area where the optic nerve exits the eye is known as what?
Blind Spot or Optic Disc
The external ear is known as what?
Auricle or Pinna
The outer white layer of the eye is known as what?
Sclera
The clinical term for nearsightedness is what?
Myopia
The sclera and the cornea make up what “layer” of the eye?
Fibrous layer
What is another term for ear wax?
Cerumen
To which “layer” of the eye does the ciliary zonule belong to?
Vascular layer
The axons of which neurons make up the optic nerve?
Ganglion cells
Do the pupils constrict or dilate in response to a decrease in light intensity?
Dilate
What is the function of cGMP in the retina?
Locks the cation channels OPEN
How does rhodopsin effect the eyes?
It makes the eyes more sensitive to light.
Do the pupils constrict or dilate in response to an increase in light intensity?
Constrict
What is a biconvex, transparent structure composed of protein fibers which changes shape in order to focus the eyes?
The Lens
To which “layer” of the eye does the ciliary body belong to?
Vascular layer
For distant focusing, do the eyes converge medially or are they directed straight ahead?
They are directed straight ahead
What is the clinical name for being cross-eyed?
Strabisumus
Which of the photoreceptor cells are less sensitive?
Cones
The clinical term for far-sightedness is what?
Hyperopia
Do we see dimly lit objects best when looking directly or NOT directly at them?
NOT directly
The sense of taste is known as what?
Gustation
Which of the photoreceptor cells respond best in day-light conditions?
Cones
During close-in focusing, do the ciliary muscles contract or relax?
Contract
What are the chemoreceptors for taste found within the papillae of the tongue?
Taste buds
Which of the photoreceptor cells are absent from the macula lutea?
Rods
Which of the autonomic nervous system causes the pupil to contract?
Parasympathetic
To which “layer” of the eye do the cones belong?
Inner layer
What muscles change the shape of the lens to regulate focusing?
Ciliary muscles
Damage to nerves or sensory receptors of the inner ear leading to hearing loss is known as what?
Sensorineural
Do the pupils constrict or dilate in response to close-in focusing?
Constrict
The space between the iris and the lens is called what?
Posterior Chamber
What breaks down rhodopsin?
Light
Which two compounds combine to make rhodopsin?
Opsin + Retinal
The sense of pain is known as what?
Nociceptors
Once the action potentials for hearing leave the inferior colliculus, what structure do they enter next?
Auditory Cortex
Dizziness and the false perception of movement is known as what?
Vertigo
What is the structure that is located in the External Auditory Canal and produces ear wax?
Cerumenous Glands
Do the pupils constrict or dilate in response to distant focusing?
Dilate
The degeneration of the ossicles making them immobile is a condition known as what?
Ostosclerosis
Tiny equilibrium receptors containing stone-like structures that are used to detect body positions while stationary is known as what?
Maculae
What compound activates transducin?
Opsin
The inability to focus close up due to a much less elastic lens which occurs with age is known as what?
Presbyopia
Which structure of the brain controls the pupillary reflexes?
Pretectal nuclei
The gelatinous material that fills the large chamber in the back of the eye is known as what?
Vitreous Humor
Which of the papillae are very large and located on the posterior part of the tongue?
Circumvallate Papillae
Is rhodopsin produced in light or dark?
Dark
Which compound makes the eyes more sensitive to light?
Rhodopsin
Which structure in the brain regulates the extrinsic muscles to the eyes?
Superior colliculi
What compound destroys cyclic Guanosine Monophosphate (cGMP)?
Phosphodiesterase
A term for the sense of touch is what?
Tactile
What compound is destroyed by phosphodiesterase?
cyclic Guanosine Monophosphate (cGMP)
Where is the primary visual center of the brain located?
Occipital Lobe
Ringing of the ears is known as what?
Tinnitus
What is the process by which light breaks down rhodopsin?
Bleaching
Name the fluid that fills the membranous labyrinth?
Endolymph
Which major component of the inner ear actually functions in hearing?
Cochlea
The ability to monitor position and movement of body is known as what?
Proprioception
Which structure of the brain leads to the pineal body/gland?
Suprachiasmatic nucleus
Name the fluid that fills the osseous (bony) labyrinth?
Perilymph
Receptors such as tough, pressure, and stretch are known as what?
Mechanoreceptors
The process by which the eyes become more sensitive to light in the dark and less sensitive to light in the light is what?
Light-Dark Adaptation
Which of the autonomic nervous systems stimulates the sphincter pupillae?
Parasympathetic
In the photoreceptors, cyclic Guanosine Monophosphate causes the influx of which cations?
Sodium and Calcium
An increasing in which of the autonomic nervous systems controls distant focusing?
Sympathetic
Specifically, which muscle causes the pupil to dilate?
Dilator Pupillae
What is the scientific name for the ear drum?
Tympanic membrane
What type of frequency travels the farthest in the cochlea?
Low frequency
Once through the optic tract, which structure sends the impulses to the Primary Visual Center of the brain?
Lateral Geniculate Body
During distant focusing, do the ciliary muscles contract or relax?
Relax
What is the condition caused by the inability of the Scleral Venous Sinus to drain aqueous humor?
Glaucoma
What is the condition in which the lens becomes opaque, therefore light is unable to pass?
Cataracts
What are the receptors that monitor blood pressure?
Baroreceptors
The sense of smell is known as what?
Olfaction
Which of the autonomic nervous systems causes the pupil to dilate?
Sympathetic
What is the type of receptor that is activated by molecules?
Chemoreceptor
What is the clinical name for double vision?
Diplopia
A function which detects body positions while stationary is known as what?
Static equilibrium
Which of the papillae are “mushroom-shaped” and located on tip, sides, and dorsum of tongue?
Fungiform papillae
Without cyclic Guanosine Monophosphate (cGMP), what happens to the photoreceptor’s cell membranes?
Cation channels close
What is the condition caused when the ossicles fuse together or to the oval window?
Otosclerosis
Which of the papillae are found on the sides of the tongue?
Foliate Papillae
Where you look, the lens change shape to place focal point on which structure within the eye?
Fovea Centralis
Which structures remove aqueous humor?
Scleral Venous Sinus
What happens to the photoreceptor’s cell membrane once the cation channels close?
Hyperpolarization
The process by which, when in the dark, the eyes become more sensitive to light?
Dark adaptation
The process by which, when in the light, the eyes become less sensitive to light?
Light Adaptation
What compound activates phosphodiesterase?
Transducin
Which component of rhodopsin is a derivative from Vitamin A?
Retinal
What are the two structures that make up the fibrous layer of the eye?
Sclera and Cornea
What is the middle ossicle?
Incus
Lancing the tympanic membrane to drain pus or place “ear tubes” is known as what?
Myringotomy
To which “layer” of the eye do the rods belong to?
Inner layer
What are the two muscles which contract in response to very loud sound to prevent over vibration of the middle ear that could result in hearing loss?
Tensor Tympani and Stapedius
Which two parts of the membranous labyrinth are located within the vestibule of the inner ear?
The utricle and saccule
The part of the osseous (bony) labyrinth which contains the utricle and the saccule is known as what?
Vestibule
What is the large chamber in the back of the eye filled by a gelatinous material?
Posterior Segment or Vitreous Chamber
Equilibrium receptors in the ampulla of the semicircular ducts composed of groups of hair cells are known as what?
Crista Ampullaris
To which “layer” of the eye do the photoreceptors belong?
Inner layer
What is the part of the eye which gives the eyes their externally seen color?
Iris
What is the involuntary jerky movement of the eye?
Nystagmus
What are the chambers within the bone that contain the membranous labyrinth?
Osseous (bony) Labyrinth
What is the function which detects motion or acceleration/deceleration?
Dynamic equilibrium
Which of the autonomic nervous systems stimulates the dilator pupillae?
Sympathetic
Which major component of the cochlear actually functions in hearing?
Spiral organ of Corti
Which structures in the inner ear regulate dynamic equilibrium?
Semicircular Canals
What are the swollen bases of the semicircular canals/ducts?
Ampulla
What are the sensory receptors within the spiral organ of Corti which send an action potential to the spiral ganglion?
Hair cells
To which “layer” of the eye does the ciliary processes belong?
Vascular layer
Another name for suspensory ligaments is what?
Ciliary zonule
To which “layer” of the eye does the choroid belong?
Vascular layer
When the ciliary muscles relax, do the zonule fibers tighten or loosen?
Tighten
An increase in which of the autonomic nervous systems controls close-in focusing?
Parasympathetic
What connects the pharynx with the tympanic cavity?
Pharyngotypmpanic Tube
Once the action potentials for hearing leave the auditory nerve, what structure do they enter?
Inferior Colliculus
What is the disease within the inner ear that leads to vertigo, nausea, and vomiting all due to the disruption of balance centers?
Meniere’s Syndrome
What type of frequency travels the least distance in the cochlea?
High frequency
Which of the ossicles is attached to the oval window?
Stapes
The muscle which contracts or closes the pupil is what?
Sphincter Pupillae
What is the condition caused by refractive error in the eye?
Astigmatism
Membranous sacs and tubes within the osseous labyrinth are known as what?
Membranous labyrinth
Deafness due to the blockage of the pathway that sound travels is known as what?
Conduction Deafness
The process of converting light into a graded (local) potential is what?
Phototransduction
An inflammation of the tympanic cavity or middle ear is known as what?
Otitis Media
In the spiral organ of Corti, the lower chamber is known as what?
Scala Tympani
The tiny bones in the middle ear are known as what?
Auditory ossicles
What is another name for ciliary zonule?
Suspensory ligament
What effect does glutamate have on the bipolar cells?
Inhibition
Which of the photoreceptor cells are more numerous in the periphery of the retina?
Rods
In which lobe of the brain is the auditory cortex located?
Temporal Lobe
The apex of the cone-shaped indentation of the retina is known as what?
Centralis
