Micro Practical II Flashcards
Define: **Polymer Hydrolysis
Adding water to a polymer to break the covalent bonds between monomers
Define: Exoenzyme
Enzymes secreted to the outside of the bacterial cell that speed up polymer hydrolysis
What type of media is used for starch hydrolysis?
Starch Agar
What exoenzyme is involved in starch hydrolysis?
Amylase
What reagent is added after incubation in starch hydrolysis to determine the results?
Iodine
For the starch hydrolysis, identify and physically describe a (+) result
(+) means NO BLUE/BLACK COLOR appear around bacterial growth.
For the starch hydrolysis, identify and physically describe a (-) result
(-) BLUE/BLACK color appears around bacterial growth.
What is happening biochemically in a (+) result for starch hydrolysis?
Biochemically, in a (+) result, bacterium ARE PRODUCING AMYLASE
What is happening biochemically in a (-) result for starch hydrolysis?
Biochemically, in a (-) result, bacterium ARE NOT PRODUCING AMYLASE.
Define: Lipid
Macromolecule; fat/oil
What type of media is used for Lipid Hydrolysis?
Spirit Blue Lipid Agar
What exoenzyme is involved in lipid hydrolysis?
Lipase
What is the reagent added after incubation in Lipid Hydrolysis to determine results?
NO REAGENT is added
For lipid hydrolysis test, identify and physically describe a (+) result?
(+) INTENSE BLUE COLOR APPEARS under bacterial growth.
For lipid hydrolysis test, identify and physically describe a (-) result?
(-) means NO BLUE color under bacterial growth.
Define: Peptonization
hydrolyse a protein to a peptone
Define: Protease
Generic term for an exoenzyme of protein
Define: Proteolysis
Breakdown of proteins into smaller polypeptides or amino acids
What media is used for the Casein Hydrolysis test?
Skim Milk Nutrient Agar
What is the name of the exoenzyme used for the Casein Hydrolysis test?
Casease
What reagent is added after incubation in Casein Hydrolysis test to determine the results?
NO REAGENT is needed
For Casein Hydrolysis test, identify and physically describe a (+) result?
(+) NO WHITE COLOR around bacterial growth
For Casein Hydrolysis test, identify and physically describe a (-) result?
(-) WHITE COLOR APPEARS around bacterial growth.
What is happening biochemically in a (+) result for Casein Hydrolysis test?
(+) result bacterium DID PRODUCE Casease
What is happening biochemically in a (-) result for Casein Hydrolysis test?
(-) result bacterium DID NOT produce Casease
Where is the protein Casein found in nature?
Animal milk
What media is used for the Gelatin Hydrolysis test?
Gelatin Nutrient Agar
What is the name of the exoenzyme involved in the Gelatin Hydrolysis test?
Gelatinase
What reagent is added after incubation in Gelatin Hydrolysis test to determine results?
Trichloroacetic Acid
For Gelatin Hydrolysis test, identify and physically describe a (+) result?
(+) NO WHITE COLOR appears around bacterial growth
For Gelatin Hydrolysis test, identify and physically describe a (-) result?
(-) WHITE COLOR APPEARS around bacterial growth
What is happening biochemically in a (+) result for Gelatin Hydrolysis test?
(+) result the bacterium DID PRODUCE GELATINASE
What is happening biochemically in a (-) result for Gelatin Hydrolysis test?
(-) result the bacterium DID NOT PRODUCE GELATINASE
Define: **Exoenzyme
Enzymes secreted to the outside of the bacterial cell that speed up polymer hydrolysis
Define: Exonuclease
An exoenzyme for Nucleic Acid
Define: Nucleic Acid
Macromolecule made of Nucleotide Monomers
What is the media used for Nuclease test?
DNAse Agar
What is the exoenzyme involved in Nuclease test?
Exonuclease
What reagent is added after incubate in Nuclease test to determine results?
NO REAGENT IS ADDED
For Nuclease test, identify and physically describe a (+) result?
NO GREEN APPEARS around bacterial growth.
For Nuclease test, identify and physically describe a (-) result?
GREEN COLOR APPEARS around bacterial growth.
What is happening biochemically in a (+) result for Nuclease test?
(+) result means BACTERIUM DID PRODUCE EXONUCLEASE
What is happening biochemically in a (-) result for Nuclease test?
(-) result means BACTERIUM DID NOT PRODUCE EXONUCLEASE.
Define: Hemolysin
Exoenzyme that speeds up hemolysis
Define: Alpha Hemolysis
Incomplete destruction of RBC and hemoglobin
Define: Beta Hemolysis
Complete destruction of RBC and hemoglobin
Define: Gamma Hemolysis (Nonhemolytic)
No destruction of RBC and hemoglobin
What is the media used for Hemolysis test?
Blood Agar
What is the name of the exoenzyme in Hemolysis test?
Hemolysin
What reagent is added after incubation in Hemolysis test to determine results?
NO REAGENT IS ADDED
For Hemolysis test, identify and physically describe a (+) and (-) result.
Beta Hemolysis - NO RED COLOR APPEARS around bacterial growth
Alpha Hemolysis - GREENISH COLOR APPEARS around bacterial growth
Gamma Hemolysis (nonhemolytic) - RED COLOR APPEARS around bacterial growth
Biochemically, what is happening in a (+) and (-) result for Hemolysis test?
Beta Hemolysis - BACTERIUM IS CAPABLE OF COMPLETE DESTRUCTION OF RBC AND HEMOGLOBIN
Alpha Hemolysis - BACTERIUM IS CAPABLE OF INCOMPLETE DESTRUCTION OF RBC AND HEMOGLOBIN
Gamma Hemolysis- BACTERIUM NOT CAPABLE OF DESTROYING RBC AND HEMOGLOBIN
Define: Reduction
transfer of electrons
Define: Dissimilation
break down of complex substances into simpler ones with release of energy
What media is used for Hydrogen Sulfide test?
Kligler Iron Agar
What piece of equipment is used to inoculate the Kliger Iron Agar in Hydrogen Sulfide test?
Inoculating Needle
What media is used for Hydrogen Sulfide test?
Kligler Iron Agar (media is in a slant tube)
For Hydrogen Sulfide test, identify and physically describe a (+) result?
(+) BLACK COLOR ANYWHERE IN MEDIA
For Hydrogen Sulfide test, identify and physically describe a (-) result?
(-) NO BLACK COLOR ANYWHERE IN MEDIA
Biochemically, what is happening in a (+) result for Hydrogen Sulfide test?
(+) DID PRODUCE HYDROGEN SULFIDE
Biochemically, what is happening in a (-) result for Hydrogen Sulfide test?
(-) DID NOT PRODUCE HYDROGEN SULFIDE
What is the location of organisms that produce hydrogen sulfide (Hydrogen Sulfide test)?
Highly anaerobic muds, lakes, and streams
What is the function/purpose of producing hydrogen sulfide? Why does it occur?
Production of Hydrogen Sulfide in bacteria is how bacteria get rid their waste; it occurs so they can release their waste.
Define: Fermentation
Anaerobic incomplete breakdown of carbohydrates in cells
Define: pH indicator
change color in acidic and basic conditions
Define: Durham tube
Small inverted test tube designed to trap gas
What media is used for Sugar Fermentation test?
Phenol red (Sugar) Broth
What are the 2 general end products of fermentation in Sugar Fermentation test?
Acid and Gas
For Sugar Fermentation test, identify and physically describe a (+) result?
(+) YELLOW COLOR IN MEDIA
For Sugar Fermentation test, identify and physically describe a (-) result?
(-) ANY COLOR OTHER THAN YELLOW IN MEDIA
Biochemically, what is happening in a (+) result for Sugar Fermentation test?
(+) means bacterium IS CAPABLE OF FERMENTING THE SPECIFIC TYPE OF SUGAR IN MEDIA
Biochemically, what is happening in a (-) result for Sugar Fermentation test?
(-) means bacterium IS NOT CAPABLE OF FERMENTING SPECIFIC TYPE OF SUGAR IN MEDIA.
Name the small test tube that is upside down in the media. (Sugar Fermentation)
Durham Tube
What are the 2 general end products of fermentation in Sugar Fermentation test?
Acid and Gas (CO2)
What is the purpose of the Durham Tube?
To trap gas
After performing a fermentation test on a bacterium, a student found that the media was orange after incubation. What is the result of this test?
Result is (-) because any color other than yellow in the media is negative. Yellow is (+).
Define: Coliform
gram negative, enteric, bacillus shaped bacteria
Define: Enteric
Intestinal
What does IMViC stand for?
Indole, Methyl Red, Voges Proskauer, Citrate
What is the media used for Indole Test?
SIM Media
What piece of equipment is used to inoculate the SIM Media for the Indole test?
Inoculating Loop
What reagent is used to determine a result in Indole test?
Indole Reagent
For Indole test, identify and physically describe a (+) result?
(+) PINK/RED COLOR FLOATING AT TOP OF MEDIA
For Indole test, identify and physically describe a (-) result?
(-) NO COLOR FLOATING AT THE TOP OF MEDIA
Biochemically, what is happening in a (+) result for Indole test?
(+) result means BACTERIUM IS CAPABLE OF USING TRYPTOPHAN TO MAKE INDOLE
Biochemically, what is happening in a (-) result for Indole test?
(-) ACTERIUM IS NOT CAPABLE OF USING TRYPTOPHAN TO MAKE INDOLE
What media is used for the Methyl Red test?
MRVP Broth
What reagent is used to determine results for Methyl Red Test?
Methyl Red Reagent
For Methyl Red test, identify and physically describe a (+) result?
(+) RED COLOR IN MEDIA
For Methyl Red test, identify and physically describe a (-) result?
(-) ANY COLOR OTHER THAN RED IN MEDIA
Biochemically, what is happening in a (+) result for Methyl Red test?
(+) result means bacterium IS CAPABLE OF USING GLUCOSE TO MAKE ACID
Biochemically, what is happening in a (-) result for Methyl Red test?
(-) result means bacterium is NOT CAPABLE OF USING GLUCOSE TO MAKE ACID
What media is used for the Voges-Proskauer test?
MRVP Broth
What is the name of the reagent used to determine the result for Voges-Proskauer test?
VP-A and VP-B
For Voges-Proskauer test, identify and physically describe a (+) result?
(+) RED COLOR IN MEDIA
For Voges-Proskauer test, identify and physically describe a (-) result?
(-) ANY COLOR OTHER THAN RED
Biochemically, what is happening in a (+) result for Voges-Proskauer test?
(+) bacterium IS CAPABLE OF PRODUCING 2,3 BUTANEDIOL AND ACETOIN
Biochemically, what is happening in a (-) result for Voges-Proskauer test?
(-) bacterium IS NOT CAPABLE OF PRODUCING 2,3 BUTANEDIOL AND ACETOIN
What media is used for Citrate test?
Simmons Citrate Agar
What piece of equipment is used to inoculate the media in Citrate test?
Inoculating Needle
For Citrate test, identify and physically describe a (+) result?
(+) BLUE COLOR ANYWHERE IN MEDIA
For Citrate test, identify and physically describe a (-) result?
(-) GREEN COLOR IN MEDIA
Biochemically, what is happening in a (+) result for Citrate test?
(+) means bacterium IS CAPABLE OF USING CITRATE AS THEIR ONLY SOURCE OF CARBON
Biochemically, what is happening in a (-) result for Citrate test?
(-) means bacterium IS NOT CAPABLE OF USING CITRATE AS THEIR ONLY SOURCE OF CARBON
Define: Catalase
Bacterial enzyme that degrades H2O2
Define: Oxidase
Enzyme that transfers electrons from cytochrome C to oxygen
Define: Peroxidase
Enzyme made by humans that degrades H2O2
How is the Catalase test conducted?
Using a microscope slide that will have bacteria added onto it then using aseptic technique, placing the bacteria onto the dry slide onto 2 different spots that are labeled. 1 drop of H2O2 is added to each spot where the bacteria was applied to then find out the result.
What reagent is used to determine the result for the Catalase test?
H2O2
For Citrate test, identify and physically describe a (+) result?
(+) is indicated by BLUE COLOR ANYWHERE IN MEDIA
For Catalase test, identify and physically describe a (+) result?
(+) result is indicated by BUBBLES APPEAR
For Catalase test, identify and physically describe a (-) result?
(-) result is indicated by NO BUBBLES APPEARING
Biochemically, what is happening in a (-) result for Citrate test?
(-) means bacterium IS NOT CAPABLE OF USING CITRATE AS THEIR ONLY SOURCE OF CARBON
Biochemically, what is happening in a (+) result for Catalase test?
(+) result means bacterium IS CAPABLE OF PRODUCING CATALASE
How is Oxidase test conducted?
Filter paper is used and labeled with the bacteria names. Oxidase reagent is added to filter paper in the 2 different spots. Then using the aseptic technique and inoculating loop, bacteria is collected and added to the filter paper that has the oxidase reagent applied.
What reagent is used to determine result for Oxidase test?
Oxidase reagent
For Oxidase test, identify and physically describe a (+) result?
(+) result is indicated by BLUE COLOR
For Oxidase test, identify and physically describe a (-) result?
(-) result is indicated by NO BLUE COLOR
Biochemically, what is happening in a (+) result for Oxidase test?
(+) means bacterium IS ABLE TO PRODUCE OXIDASE
Biochemically, what is happening in a (-) result for Oxidase test?
(-) means bacterium IS NOT ABLE TO PRODUCE OXIDASE
What are the functions of these enzymes (oxidase, catalase) inside the cell?
Catalase breaks down H2O2 before it can do any damage because it’s toxic to the cell.
Oxidase is used to tell us if bacterium has Electron Transport Chain.
What molecule in humans is used to break down hydrogen peroxide?
Peroxidase
What molecule determines the presence of cytochrome c in bacteria?
Oxidase
What molecule is used by bacteria to break down hydrogen peroxide?
Catalase
Define: Nitrate Reductase
Enzyme responsible for nitrate respiration
Define: Nitrite Reductase
Denitrification
What media is used for Nitrate Respiration/Denitrification test?
Nitrate Broth
What media is used for Nitrate Respiration/Denitrification test?
Nitrate Broth
What’s the name of the reagent used to determine results for Nitrate Respiration/Denitrification test?
Nitrate A and Nitrate B
For Nitrate Respiration/Denitrification test, identify and physically describe a (+) result?
(+) result is indicated by RED COLOR IN TUBE and means bacteria (+) for nitrate respiration and (-) for denitrification
What’s the name of the reagent used to determine results for Nitrate Respiration/Denitrification test?
Nitrate A and Nitrate B; Zinc Powder; HCL
For Nitrate Respiration/Denitrification test, identify and physically describe a (-) result?
If red color does not appear after Nitrate A&B added, add Zn powder and HCL and if it turns red, bacteria (-) for nitrate respiration and (-) for denitrification. If it does NOT TURN RED, then bacteria (+) for nitrate respiration and (+) for denitrification
Name all possible reagents that could be used for Nitrate Respiration.
Nitrate A and Nitrate B;
Zinc Powder;
HCL
Define: **Nitrate Respiration
Reduction of nitrate to nitrite
Define: **Denitrification
Reduction of nitrate to nitrogen gas and nitrous oxide
In lab, a bacterium is found to be (+) for nitrate respiration and (-) for denitrification. How was this result determined?
This was determined by adding Nitrate A and Nitrate B.
Define: **Enteric
Intestinal
Define: Pure Culture
a culture in which only 1 strain is present
Define: **Coliform
gram negative, enteric, bacillus shaped bacteria
What is the purpose of using a miniature rapid biochemical system (Enteropluri)?
To help us identify an unknown bacterium by looking at its metabolic profile
What is the specific miniature system used for Enteropluri?
Enterotube II
What type of bacteria does Enteropluri help us identify?
Most enteric bacteria
Define: Antimicrobial
Chemical that kills or inhibits the growth of a microbe
Define: Antibiotic
Chemical that kills or inhibits the growth of bacteria
Define: Antimicrobial Susceptibility
sensitivity of bacteria to antibiotics
Define: Antimicrobial Resistance
ability for microbes to grow in the presence of chemical that would normally kill them
Define: Kriby-Bauer method
standardized procedure used to do antibiotic susceptibility testing
Define: Zone of inhibition
area around filter paper disk where there is no bacterial growth
Define: Antimicrobial Resistance
antibiotic does not work for specific bacterium
What is the media used for Antimicrobial Susceptibility test?
Mueller Hinton Agar
What’s the procedure to determine if a given antibiotic will work against a particular bacterium?
Kirby-Bauer Method
What is the miniaturized rapid biochemical system used in lab?
Enteropluri
What specific type of bacteria does Enteropluri (Miniaturized Rapid Biochemical System) help identify?
Enteric bacteria
What is one advantage of using a miniaturized rapid biochemical system (enteropluri)?
Saves space in incubator and time
Define: **Zone of inhibition
area around filter paper disk where there is no bacterial growth
What does resistant mean?
antibiotic will not work against the bacterium to kill or inhibit growth
What does sensitive mean?
susceptible meaning it will work to kill or inhibit growth of bacterium
Define: Lawning Technique
Surface of agar that is covered with bacteria by swabbing
Define: **Bacteriostatic
Anything that inhibits bacterial growth
Definie: **Bacteriocidal
Anything that kills bacterial cells
What is the name of the media used in Action of Disinfectants and Antiseptics test?
Nutrient Agar
What is the name of the media used in Action of Disinfectants and Antiseptics test?
Nutrient Agar
In the Action of Disinfectants and Antiseptics test, what is the outcome of each disk?
If there is a zone of inhibition, then that cleaner is effective at either killing or preventing growth of the specific bacterium.
Define: **Disinfectant
Chemical that kills vegetative cells on animate or inanimate surfaces
Define: **Sanitizer
used in food industry to kill vegetative cells on already cleaned surfaces
Define: **Antiseptic
chemical that inhibits the growth of bacterial cells
Define: Thymine Dimer
prevents DNA duplication
Define: Light Repair
enzyme system that requires visible light and helps microbes from thymine dimers
Define: Dark Repair
enzyme system that operates in the absence of light and helps microbes from thymine dimers
Define: Mutation
changes in DNA sequence
Define: Germicidal
130nm-400nm
Define: Electromagnetic spectrum
range of all possible frequencies of electromagnetic radiation
What are the wavelengths of UV Light?
130-400nm
What is the most effective wavelength of UV Light?
256nm
What are limitations of using UV light as a germicidal agent?
Low penetration, light repair, dark repair
What is the purpose of the shape placed over the agar before exposure of UV light?
the shape cut-out blocks the specific area where it is placed on the place and when exposed to UV light, the shape is blocking the UV light from affecting the bacteria under it.
What is the purpose of wrapping the plates in foil during incubation?
To block all light out of the plate to prevent light repair
What are effects of UV light on genetic information?
UV light on microbes can cause mutations of DNA
How does UV light damage bacteria?
it causes thymine dimers (prevents DNA replication) which causes cell death
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