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Micro Practical II Flashcards

1
Q

Define: **Polymer Hydrolysis

A

Adding water to a polymer to break the covalent bonds between monomers

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2
Q

Define: Exoenzyme

A

Enzymes secreted to the outside of the bacterial cell that speed up polymer hydrolysis

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3
Q

What type of media is used for starch hydrolysis?

A

Starch Agar

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4
Q

What exoenzyme is involved in starch hydrolysis?

A

Amylase

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5
Q

What reagent is added after incubation in starch hydrolysis to determine the results?

A

Iodine

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6
Q

For the starch hydrolysis, identify and physically describe a (+) result

A

(+) means NO BLUE/BLACK COLOR appear around bacterial growth.

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7
Q

For the starch hydrolysis, identify and physically describe a (-) result

A

(-) BLUE/BLACK color appears around bacterial growth.

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8
Q

What is happening biochemically in a (+) result for starch hydrolysis?

A

Biochemically, in a (+) result, bacterium ARE PRODUCING AMYLASE

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9
Q

What is happening biochemically in a (-) result for starch hydrolysis?

A

Biochemically, in a (-) result, bacterium ARE NOT PRODUCING AMYLASE.

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10
Q

Define: Lipid

A

Macromolecule; fat/oil

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11
Q

What type of media is used for Lipid Hydrolysis?

A

Spirit Blue Lipid Agar

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12
Q

What exoenzyme is involved in lipid hydrolysis?

A

Lipase

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13
Q

What is the reagent added after incubation in Lipid Hydrolysis to determine results?

A

NO REAGENT is added

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14
Q

For lipid hydrolysis test, identify and physically describe a (+) result?

A

(+) INTENSE BLUE COLOR APPEARS under bacterial growth.

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15
Q

For lipid hydrolysis test, identify and physically describe a (-) result?

A

(-) means NO BLUE color under bacterial growth.

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16
Q

Define: Peptonization

A

hydrolyse a protein to a peptone

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17
Q

Define: Protease

A

Generic term for an exoenzyme of protein

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18
Q

Define: Proteolysis

A

Breakdown of proteins into smaller polypeptides or amino acids

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19
Q

What media is used for the Casein Hydrolysis test?

A

Skim Milk Nutrient Agar

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20
Q

What is the name of the exoenzyme used for the Casein Hydrolysis test?

A

Casease

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21
Q

What reagent is added after incubation in Casein Hydrolysis test to determine the results?

A

NO REAGENT is needed

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22
Q

For Casein Hydrolysis test, identify and physically describe a (+) result?

A

(+) NO WHITE COLOR around bacterial growth

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23
Q

For Casein Hydrolysis test, identify and physically describe a (-) result?

A

(-) WHITE COLOR APPEARS around bacterial growth.

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24
Q

What is happening biochemically in a (+) result for Casein Hydrolysis test?

A

(+) result bacterium DID PRODUCE Casease

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25
What is happening biochemically in a (-) result for Casein Hydrolysis test?
(-) result bacterium DID NOT produce Casease
26
Where is the protein Casein found in nature?
Animal milk
27
What media is used for the Gelatin Hydrolysis test?
Gelatin Nutrient Agar
28
What is the name of the exoenzyme involved in the Gelatin Hydrolysis test?
Gelatinase
29
What reagent is added after incubation in Gelatin Hydrolysis test to determine results?
Trichloroacetic Acid
30
For Gelatin Hydrolysis test, identify and physically describe a (+) result?
(+) NO WHITE COLOR appears around bacterial growth
31
For Gelatin Hydrolysis test, identify and physically describe a (-) result?
(-) WHITE COLOR APPEARS around bacterial growth
32
What is happening biochemically in a (+) result for Gelatin Hydrolysis test?
(+) result the bacterium DID PRODUCE GELATINASE
33
What is happening biochemically in a (-) result for Gelatin Hydrolysis test?
(-) result the bacterium DID NOT PRODUCE GELATINASE
34
Define: **Exoenzyme
Enzymes secreted to the outside of the bacterial cell that speed up polymer hydrolysis
35
Define: Exonuclease
An exoenzyme for Nucleic Acid
36
Define: Nucleic Acid
Macromolecule made of Nucleotide Monomers
37
What is the media used for Nuclease test?
DNAse Agar
38
What is the exoenzyme involved in Nuclease test?
Exonuclease
39
What reagent is added after incubate in Nuclease test to determine results?
NO REAGENT IS ADDED
40
For Nuclease test, identify and physically describe a (+) result?
NO GREEN APPEARS around bacterial growth.
41
For Nuclease test, identify and physically describe a (-) result?
GREEN COLOR APPEARS around bacterial growth.
42
What is happening biochemically in a (+) result for Nuclease test?
(+) result means BACTERIUM DID PRODUCE EXONUCLEASE
43
What is happening biochemically in a (-) result for Nuclease test?
(-) result means BACTERIUM DID NOT PRODUCE EXONUCLEASE.
44
Define: Hemolysin
Exoenzyme that speeds up hemolysis
45
Define: Alpha Hemolysis
Incomplete destruction of RBC and hemoglobin
46
Define: Beta Hemolysis
Complete destruction of RBC and hemoglobin
47
Define: Gamma Hemolysis (Nonhemolytic)
No destruction of RBC and hemoglobin
48
What is the media used for Hemolysis test?
Blood Agar
49
What is the name of the exoenzyme in Hemolysis test?
Hemolysin
50
What reagent is added after incubation in Hemolysis test to determine results?
NO REAGENT IS ADDED
51
For Hemolysis test, identify and physically describe a (+) and (-) result.
Beta Hemolysis - NO RED COLOR APPEARS around bacterial growth Alpha Hemolysis - GREENISH COLOR APPEARS around bacterial growth Gamma Hemolysis (nonhemolytic) - RED COLOR APPEARS around bacterial growth
52
Biochemically, what is happening in a (+) and (-) result for Hemolysis test?
Beta Hemolysis - BACTERIUM IS CAPABLE OF COMPLETE DESTRUCTION OF RBC AND HEMOGLOBIN Alpha Hemolysis - BACTERIUM IS CAPABLE OF INCOMPLETE DESTRUCTION OF RBC AND HEMOGLOBIN Gamma Hemolysis- BACTERIUM NOT CAPABLE OF DESTROYING RBC AND HEMOGLOBIN
53
Define: Reduction
transfer of electrons
54
Define: Dissimilation
break down of complex substances into simpler ones with release of energy
55
What media is used for Hydrogen Sulfide test?
Kligler Iron Agar
56
What piece of equipment is used to inoculate the Kliger Iron Agar in Hydrogen Sulfide test?
Inoculating Needle
57
What media is used for Hydrogen Sulfide test?
Kligler Iron Agar (media is in a slant tube)
58
For Hydrogen Sulfide test, identify and physically describe a (+) result?
(+) BLACK COLOR ANYWHERE IN MEDIA
59
For Hydrogen Sulfide test, identify and physically describe a (-) result?
(-) NO BLACK COLOR ANYWHERE IN MEDIA
60
Biochemically, what is happening in a (+) result for Hydrogen Sulfide test?
(+) DID PRODUCE HYDROGEN SULFIDE
61
Biochemically, what is happening in a (-) result for Hydrogen Sulfide test?
(-) DID NOT PRODUCE HYDROGEN SULFIDE
62
What is the location of organisms that produce hydrogen sulfide (Hydrogen Sulfide test)?
Highly anaerobic muds, lakes, and streams
63
What is the function/purpose of producing hydrogen sulfide? Why does it occur?
Production of Hydrogen Sulfide in bacteria is how bacteria get rid their waste; it occurs so they can release their waste.
64
Define: Fermentation
Anaerobic incomplete breakdown of carbohydrates in cells
65
Define: pH indicator
change color in acidic and basic conditions
66
Define: Durham tube
Small inverted test tube designed to trap gas
67
What media is used for Sugar Fermentation test?
Phenol red (Sugar) Broth
68
What are the 2 general end products of fermentation in Sugar Fermentation test?
Acid and Gas
69
For Sugar Fermentation test, identify and physically describe a (+) result?
(+) YELLOW COLOR IN MEDIA
70
For Sugar Fermentation test, identify and physically describe a (-) result?
(-) ANY COLOR OTHER THAN YELLOW IN MEDIA
71
Biochemically, what is happening in a (+) result for Sugar Fermentation test?
(+) means bacterium IS CAPABLE OF FERMENTING THE SPECIFIC TYPE OF SUGAR IN MEDIA
72
Biochemically, what is happening in a (-) result for Sugar Fermentation test?
(-) means bacterium IS NOT CAPABLE OF FERMENTING SPECIFIC TYPE OF SUGAR IN MEDIA.
73
Name the small test tube that is upside down in the media. (Sugar Fermentation)
Durham Tube
74
What are the 2 general end products of fermentation in Sugar Fermentation test?
Acid and Gas (CO2)
75
What is the purpose of the Durham Tube?
To trap gas
76
After performing a fermentation test on a bacterium, a student found that the media was orange after incubation. What is the result of this test?
Result is (-) because any color other than yellow in the media is negative. Yellow is (+).
77
Define: Coliform
gram negative, enteric, bacillus shaped bacteria
78
Define: Enteric
Intestinal
79
What does IMViC stand for?
Indole, Methyl Red, Voges Proskauer, Citrate
80
What is the media used for Indole Test?
SIM Media
81
What piece of equipment is used to inoculate the SIM Media for the Indole test?
Inoculating Loop
82
What reagent is used to determine a result in Indole test?
Indole Reagent
83
For Indole test, identify and physically describe a (+) result?
(+) PINK/RED COLOR FLOATING AT TOP OF MEDIA
84
For Indole test, identify and physically describe a (-) result?
(-) NO COLOR FLOATING AT THE TOP OF MEDIA
85
Biochemically, what is happening in a (+) result for Indole test?
(+) result means BACTERIUM IS CAPABLE OF USING TRYPTOPHAN TO MAKE INDOLE
86
Biochemically, what is happening in a (-) result for Indole test?
(-) ACTERIUM IS NOT CAPABLE OF USING TRYPTOPHAN TO MAKE INDOLE
87
What media is used for the Methyl Red test?
MRVP Broth
88
What reagent is used to determine results for Methyl Red Test?
Methyl Red Reagent
89
For Methyl Red test, identify and physically describe a (+) result?
(+) RED COLOR IN MEDIA
90
For Methyl Red test, identify and physically describe a (-) result?
(-) ANY COLOR OTHER THAN RED IN MEDIA
91
Biochemically, what is happening in a (+) result for Methyl Red test?
(+) result means bacterium IS CAPABLE OF USING GLUCOSE TO MAKE ACID
92
Biochemically, what is happening in a (-) result for Methyl Red test?
(-) result means bacterium is NOT CAPABLE OF USING GLUCOSE TO MAKE ACID
93
What media is used for the Voges-Proskauer test?
MRVP Broth
94
What is the name of the reagent used to determine the result for Voges-Proskauer test?
VP-A and VP-B
95
For Voges-Proskauer test, identify and physically describe a (+) result?
(+) RED COLOR IN MEDIA
96
For Voges-Proskauer test, identify and physically describe a (-) result?
(-) ANY COLOR OTHER THAN RED
97
Biochemically, what is happening in a (+) result for Voges-Proskauer test?
(+) bacterium IS CAPABLE OF PRODUCING 2,3 BUTANEDIOL AND ACETOIN
98
Biochemically, what is happening in a (-) result for Voges-Proskauer test?
(-) bacterium IS NOT CAPABLE OF PRODUCING 2,3 BUTANEDIOL AND ACETOIN
99
What media is used for Citrate test?
Simmons Citrate Agar
100
What piece of equipment is used to inoculate the media in Citrate test?
Inoculating Needle
101
For Citrate test, identify and physically describe a (+) result?
(+) BLUE COLOR ANYWHERE IN MEDIA
102
For Citrate test, identify and physically describe a (-) result?
(-) GREEN COLOR IN MEDIA
103
Biochemically, what is happening in a (+) result for Citrate test?
(+) means bacterium IS CAPABLE OF USING CITRATE AS THEIR ONLY SOURCE OF CARBON
104
Biochemically, what is happening in a (-) result for Citrate test?
(-) means bacterium IS NOT CAPABLE OF USING CITRATE AS THEIR ONLY SOURCE OF CARBON
105
Define: Catalase
Bacterial enzyme that degrades H2O2
106
Define: Oxidase
Enzyme that transfers electrons from cytochrome C to oxygen
107
Define: Peroxidase
Enzyme made by humans that degrades H2O2
108
How is the Catalase test conducted?
Using a microscope slide that will have bacteria added onto it then using aseptic technique, placing the bacteria onto the dry slide onto 2 different spots that are labeled. 1 drop of H2O2 is added to each spot where the bacteria was applied to then find out the result.
109
What reagent is used to determine the result for the Catalase test?
H2O2
110
For Citrate test, identify and physically describe a (+) result?
(+) is indicated by BLUE COLOR ANYWHERE IN MEDIA
111
For Catalase test, identify and physically describe a (+) result?
(+) result is indicated by BUBBLES APPEAR
112
For Catalase test, identify and physically describe a (-) result?
(-) result is indicated by NO BUBBLES APPEARING
113
Biochemically, what is happening in a (-) result for Citrate test?
(-) means bacterium IS NOT CAPABLE OF USING CITRATE AS THEIR ONLY SOURCE OF CARBON
114
Biochemically, what is happening in a (+) result for Catalase test?
(+) result means bacterium IS CAPABLE OF PRODUCING CATALASE
115
How is Oxidase test conducted?
Filter paper is used and labeled with the bacteria names. Oxidase reagent is added to filter paper in the 2 different spots. Then using the aseptic technique and inoculating loop, bacteria is collected and added to the filter paper that has the oxidase reagent applied.
116
What reagent is used to determine result for Oxidase test?
Oxidase reagent
117
For Oxidase test, identify and physically describe a (+) result?
(+) result is indicated by BLUE COLOR
118
For Oxidase test, identify and physically describe a (-) result?
(-) result is indicated by NO BLUE COLOR
119
Biochemically, what is happening in a (+) result for Oxidase test?
(+) means bacterium IS ABLE TO PRODUCE OXIDASE
120
Biochemically, what is happening in a (-) result for Oxidase test?
(-) means bacterium IS NOT ABLE TO PRODUCE OXIDASE
121
What are the functions of these enzymes (oxidase, catalase) inside the cell?
Catalase breaks down H2O2 before it can do any damage because it's toxic to the cell. Oxidase is used to tell us if bacterium has Electron Transport Chain.
122
What molecule in humans is used to break down hydrogen peroxide?
Peroxidase
123
What molecule determines the presence of cytochrome c in bacteria?
Oxidase
124
What molecule is used by bacteria to break down hydrogen peroxide?
Catalase
125
Define: Nitrate Reductase
Enzyme responsible for nitrate respiration
126
Define: Nitrite Reductase
Denitrification
127
What media is used for Nitrate Respiration/Denitrification test?
Nitrate Broth
128
What media is used for Nitrate Respiration/Denitrification test?
Nitrate Broth
129
What's the name of the reagent used to determine results for Nitrate Respiration/Denitrification test?
Nitrate A and Nitrate B
130
For Nitrate Respiration/Denitrification test, identify and physically describe a (+) result?
(+) result is indicated by RED COLOR IN TUBE and means bacteria (+) for nitrate respiration and (-) for denitrification
131
What's the name of the reagent used to determine results for Nitrate Respiration/Denitrification test?
Nitrate A and Nitrate B; Zinc Powder; HCL
132
For Nitrate Respiration/Denitrification test, identify and physically describe a (-) result?
If red color does not appear after Nitrate A&B added, add Zn powder and HCL and if it turns red, bacteria (-) for nitrate respiration and (-) for denitrification. If it does NOT TURN RED, then bacteria (+) for nitrate respiration and (+) for denitrification
133
Name all possible reagents that could be used for Nitrate Respiration.
Nitrate A and Nitrate B; Zinc Powder; HCL
134
Define: **Nitrate Respiration
Reduction of nitrate to nitrite
135
Define: **Denitrification
Reduction of nitrate to nitrogen gas and nitrous oxide
136
In lab, a bacterium is found to be (+) for nitrate respiration and (-) for denitrification. How was this result determined?
This was determined by adding Nitrate A and Nitrate B.
137
Define: **Enteric
Intestinal
138
Define: Pure Culture
a culture in which only 1 strain is present
139
Define: **Coliform
gram negative, enteric, bacillus shaped bacteria
140
What is the purpose of using a miniature rapid biochemical system (Enteropluri)?
To help us identify an unknown bacterium by looking at its metabolic profile
141
What is the specific miniature system used for Enteropluri?
Enterotube II
142
What type of bacteria does Enteropluri help us identify?
Most enteric bacteria
143
Define: Antimicrobial
Chemical that kills or inhibits the growth of a microbe
144
Define: Antibiotic
Chemical that kills or inhibits the growth of bacteria
145
Define: Antimicrobial Susceptibility
sensitivity of bacteria to antibiotics
146
Define: Antimicrobial Resistance
ability for microbes to grow in the presence of chemical that would normally kill them
147
Define: Kriby-Bauer method
standardized procedure used to do antibiotic susceptibility testing
148
Define: Zone of inhibition
area around filter paper disk where there is no bacterial growth
149
Define: Antimicrobial Resistance
antibiotic does not work for specific bacterium
150
What is the media used for Antimicrobial Susceptibility test?
Mueller Hinton Agar
151
What's the procedure to determine if a given antibiotic will work against a particular bacterium?
Kirby-Bauer Method
152
What is the miniaturized rapid biochemical system used in lab?
Enteropluri
153
What specific type of bacteria does Enteropluri (Miniaturized Rapid Biochemical System) help identify?
Enteric bacteria
154
What is one advantage of using a miniaturized rapid biochemical system (enteropluri)?
Saves space in incubator and time
155
Define: **Zone of inhibition
area around filter paper disk where there is no bacterial growth
156
What does resistant mean?
antibiotic will not work against the bacterium to kill or inhibit growth
157
What does sensitive mean?
susceptible meaning it will work to kill or inhibit growth of bacterium
158
Define: Lawning Technique
Surface of agar that is covered with bacteria by swabbing
159
Define: **Bacteriostatic
Anything that inhibits bacterial growth
160
Definie: **Bacteriocidal
Anything that kills bacterial cells
161
What is the name of the media used in Action of Disinfectants and Antiseptics test?
Nutrient Agar
162
What is the name of the media used in Action of Disinfectants and Antiseptics test?
Nutrient Agar
163
In the Action of Disinfectants and Antiseptics test, what is the outcome of each disk?
If there is a zone of inhibition, then that cleaner is effective at either killing or preventing growth of the specific bacterium.
164
Define: **Disinfectant
Chemical that kills vegetative cells on animate or inanimate surfaces
165
Define: **Sanitizer
used in food industry to kill vegetative cells on already cleaned surfaces
166
Define: **Antiseptic
chemical that inhibits the growth of bacterial cells
167
Define: Thymine Dimer
prevents DNA duplication
168
Define: Light Repair
enzyme system that requires visible light and helps microbes from thymine dimers
169
Define: Dark Repair
enzyme system that operates in the absence of light and helps microbes from thymine dimers
170
Define: Mutation
changes in DNA sequence
171
Define: Germicidal
130nm-400nm
172
Define: Electromagnetic spectrum
range of all possible frequencies of electromagnetic radiation
173
What are the wavelengths of UV Light?
130-400nm
174
What is the most effective wavelength of UV Light?
256nm
175
What are limitations of using UV light as a germicidal agent?
Low penetration, light repair, dark repair
176
What is the purpose of the shape placed over the agar before exposure of UV light?
the shape cut-out blocks the specific area where it is placed on the place and when exposed to UV light, the shape is blocking the UV light from affecting the bacteria under it.
177
What is the purpose of wrapping the plates in foil during incubation?
To block all light out of the plate to prevent light repair
178
What are effects of UV light on genetic information?
UV light on microbes can cause mutations of DNA
179
How does UV light damage bacteria?
it causes thymine dimers (prevents DNA replication) which causes cell death
180
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A&P II (13 decks)

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