Test 3, Dec 4

Question 1

Does evolution always optimize?

Answer 1

No, especially since some mechanisms of evolution are random so it is not always optimizing.

Question 2

What is the difference between evolution and adaptation?

Answer 2

Adaptation is a mechanism in which organism adjust ti new environment. Evolution is a change in allele frequencies caused by many mechanisms possible.

Question 3

How many generations does it take for evolution to occur?

Answer 3

There is no limit, could be very quick or very slow.

Question 4

Are Hawthorn and apple maggot flies separate species?

Answer 4

Depends on the definition of “species”. Species concepts.

Question 5

Which information is relevant to the morphological species definition?
A Hawthorn and apple flies are physically indistinguishable
B There is 4-6% hybridization rate between hawthorn and apple flies
C Both flies are genetically distinguishable and have distinct genetic profiles
D Hawthorn and apple flies prefer to mate and lay fertilized eggs in hawthorn and apple respectively

Based on this, are hawthorn and apple flies separate species?

Answer 5

A

No, the two flies are identical, according to morphological they are the same species because they appear the same

Question 6

Which information is relevant to the biological species definition?
A Hawthorn and apple flies are physically indistinguishable
B There is 4-6% hybridization rate between hawthorn and apple flies
C Both flies are genetically distinguishable and have distinct genetic profiles
D Hawthorn and apple flies prefer to mate and lay fertilized eggs in hawthorn and apple respectively

Based on this, are hawthorn and apple flies separate species?

Answer 6

B

Cannot tell from this information. the two flies can interbreed and produce offsprings but we don’t have any information on if the offspring will be fertile.

Question 7

Which information is relevant to the ecological species definition?
A Hawthorn and apple flies are physically indistinguishable
B There is 4-6% hybridization rate between hawthorn and apple flies
C Both flies are genetically distinguishable and have distinct genetic profiles
D Hawthorn and apple flies prefer to mate and lay fertilized eggs in hawthorn and apple respectively

Based on this, are hawthorn and apple flies separate species?

Answer 7

D

Yes, they are separated species because the live in the same geographic area but they mate, lay and fertilize their eggs in different types of fruit.

Question 8

Which information is relevant to the phylogenetic species definition?
A Hawthorn and apple flies are physically indistinguishable
B There is 4-6% hybridization rate between hawthorn and apple flies
C Both flies are genetically distinguishable and have distinct genetic profiles
D Hawthorn and apple flies prefer to mate and lay fertilized eggs in hawthorn and apple respectively

Based on this, are hawthorn and apple flies separate species?

Answer 8

C

Yes, they are different species because the two have distinct genetic profiles.

Question 9

Are the hawthorn and apple maggot flies allopatric or sympatric?

Answer 9

Sympatric: same geographic area

Question 10

Select all of the mechanisms of evolution that randomly change allele frequencies

Answer 10

Genetic drift, gene flow and mutation

Question 11

A genetic bottleneck in a population often results in what?

a. Loss of alleles
b. Loss of genetic diversity
c. An increase in genetic drift
d. All of the above
e. None of the above

Answer 11

D

Question 12

Which population would be most like to have allele frequencies in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium?

a. A population in a rapidly changing environment
b. A population where immigration is common
c. A large population that currently is not evolving
d. A population that cycles between a very large and very small number of individuals
e. None of of these populations would have allele frequencies in equilibrium

Answer 12

C

Question 13

Choose the type of selection described. House finches (Carpodacus mexicanus) in cities, rely on sunflower seeds at bird feeders—a food that is larger and harder than their natural foods in surrounding desert habitats. This change in diet caused selection for longer and wider beaks in the urban population. By contrast, nonurban desert populations of these finches experienced selection for shorter bills of intermediate width.
Select one:
a. disruptive
b. directional
c. sexual
d. stabilizing

Answer 13

A

Question 14

Choose the type of selection described. A watermelon grower selects seeds from medium-sized watermelons and uses them to produce next year's crop.
Select one:
a. disruptive
b. stabilizing 
c. directional
d. sexual

Answer 14

B

Question 15

Why is defining the concept of species such a difficult task? Select all that apply.
Select one or more:
a. Species are often defined in relation to research methods
b. Species are constantly evolving
c. Species are fixed taxonomic units - the difficulty arises from asexually reproducing organisms
d. None of these choices explains why defining species is difficult

Answer 15

A

B

Question 16

Choose the mode of speciation described. Hundreds of years ago, white-footed mice could be found throughout the island of Manhattan. Currently, this mouse, which lives in forests and meadows, can only be found in isolated parks on the island. The mice in each park are genetically distinct.
Select one:
a. allopolyploidy
b. sympatric speciation
c. allopatric speciation 
d. autopolyploidy

Answer 16

C

Question 17

In 1973, a single small population (< 250 plants) of Stephanomeira malheurensis was found among a much larger population (> 25,000 plants) of S. exigua in Harney Co., Oregon. Both species are diploid and have the same number of chromosomes (N = 8). S. malheurensis can self-pollinate, but S. exigua cannot. Though the two species look very similar, there are 5 documented morphological differences as well as several genetic differences. F1 hybrids between the species produce 50% fewer seeds and 76% less pollen than within species crosses. F2 hybrids showed various developmental abnormalities.
For each species concept state if the concept would identify the two types of plants as the same or different species. Use specific information from the passage to justify each statement.

Answer 17

First of all, the morphological concept is two similar individuals that are identical, since there are 5 differences in morphological, then these two species are separate.

Fourth of all, the phylogenetic concept is when they have similar ancestry and genetics. Since there are several genetic differences, they are separates species.

Second of all, the biological concept is that they have the same gene pool and they create offspring that are fertile. Since the F1 offspring produce F2, but the hybrids are less fertile (less pollen created which are their gametes), for the biological concept, these would be separate species.

Third of all, the ecological concept is that they have the same niche, resources and space occupied. Since both plants are in the same county in Oregon, they would not be separate species.

Question 18

What is p?

Answer 18

square root of real frequency of AA

Question 19

What is q?

Answer 19

square root of real frequency of aa

Question 20

what is p squared?

Answer 20

(real frequency of A) squared

Question 21

what is q squared?

Answer 21

(real frequency of a) squared

Question 22

What is 2pq?

Answer 22

2(real frequency of A)(real frequency of a)