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21 fall: Biochem > Test 3: 56 > Flashcards

Test 3: 56 Flashcards

1
Q

___ is propagation of genetic information into offspring through combining the genetic information from two individuals (mother and father)

A

sexual reproduction

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2
Q

two phases of the life cycle of animals with sexual reproduction

A

One is the diploid phase where cells have two copies of genome in cells, one from mother, one from father.

The other phase is haploid phase where germ cells, undergo meiosis by which they generate gametes that has only 1 copy of genome after shuffling the paternal and maternal chromosomes through the process called recombination

Upon fertilization, these two haploid gamates unite to re-establish the diploid phase.

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3
Q

___phase where cells have two copies of genome in cells, one from mother, one from father.

A

diploid

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4
Q

___ phase where germ cells, undergo meiosis by which they generate gamates that has only 1 copy of genome after shuffling the paternal and maternal chromosomes through the process called ___

A

haploid

recombination

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5
Q

Upon fertilization, these two haploid gamates unite to re-establish the ___ phase.

A

diploid

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6
Q

haploid phase have how many copies of each chromosome?

A

one of each

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7
Q

meiosis leads to ___

A

father and mother get mixed (recombination) creates

sperm and oocyte (haploid )

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8
Q

diplontic life cycle

A

most animals

most life cycle is diploid phase

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9
Q

haplontic life cycle

A

most of life cycle is in haploid stage

ulothrix (sea vegtable)

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10
Q

haploid diploid life cycle

A

mix of haploid and diploid evenly

ulva

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11
Q

bacteria reproduce ___

A

asexually

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12
Q

why have sex?

A
  • Sex procures offspring with a new combination of DNA resulting in genetic variation among individuals:
  • Increased adaptation to changing environment
  • Enables sexual selection: some individuals out reproduce others of a population because they are better at securing mates for sexual reproduction
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13
Q

advantage and disadvantage of asexual reproduction

A

identical offspring

very fast

disadvantage

all faulty genetic material is passed on

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14
Q

advantage and disadvantage of sexual reproduction

A

advantage

genetic variation

disadvantage

slower

takes lots of energy and time

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15
Q

horizontal gene transfer is how ___ exchange genetic material between cells

A

bacteria

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16
Q

ways bacteria can transfer information

A

conjugation

transformation

transduction

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17
Q

There are a number of different mechanisms that determine whether one individual become __ or __

A

male or female.

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18
Q

sex determination is influenced by ___ or ___

A

genetic sex determination

environmental sex determination (temp, visual cue and position)

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19
Q

limpet’s position in the stack

A

type of environmental sex determination

larva

1st one is female, will attract new larva which will become male and mate. then top one will change into female and attract new larva ect ect

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20
Q

•Temperature-dependent sex determination (TSD) in ___ and crocodiles

A

turtles

the histone demethylase KDM68

increase in global temperatures changes sex of turtles and crocodiles

high temp Dmrt1 blocked → girls

low temp Dmrt1 activated → male

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21
Q

visual cues in fish can change ___

A

sex determination

type of environmental cue

smaller fish will become female

bigger fish will become male

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22
Q

genetic sex

A

XX = ovary

XY= testis

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23
Q

gonadal sex

A

ovary vs testis

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24
Q

phenotypic sex

A

internal and external genitalia

25
Q

psychological sex

A

brain sex

gender identity

partner preference

26
Q

karyotype

A

chromosome lined up with each other

will show XX for female

XY for male

27
Q

XX- XO genetic sex

A

grasshopper

XX female

XO male

28
Q

XX- XY system

A

mammals

XX female

XY males

29
Q

ZZ-ZW system

A

birds, snakes, butterflies, some amphibians, and fishes

ZZ male

ZW female

30
Q

haplodiploidy system

A

haploid set- male

diploid set- female

bees, wasps, ants

31
Q

___ is a master regulator in mammalian sex determination

A

SYR

sorry you are a boy

32
Q

SRY knockout XY mice will do what

A

male to female sex reversal

33
Q

SRY transgenic XX mice

A

female to male sex reversal

34
Q

TDF

A

testis determining factor

SYR = testis

35
Q

who discovered gonadal sex

A

alfred jost

castration of a rabbit fetus

36
Q

primitive gonads

A

will turn into male or female

wolffiann duct → male things

mullerian duct→ female things

37
Q

wolffian (___) duct will develop into ___

A

mesonephric duct

epididymis

vas deferens

seminal vesicles

ejaculatory duct

male things

38
Q

mullerian (___) duct will turn into ___

A

paramesonephric

fallopian tubules

uterus

upper part of vagina

female things

39
Q

when does primitive gonad differentiate?

A

week 9-10

XY testis will form and mullerian duct will break down

XX: ovaries will form and wolffian duct will break down

40
Q

jost hypothesis for sex determination

A

•Phenotypic sex (internal/external sex organ development) is determined by the gonadal sex (testis/ovary)

41
Q

what did jost experiment do and show

A

removed gonadal sex in fetus

male → female

female → female

showed female is default stage. ovary not needed to develop XX

testis needed for phenotypic sex of XY, testis will support wolffian duct turning into male things and will inhibit mullerian duct from turning into female things

42
Q

___ not necessary for the female phenotypic sex development in XX

A

•Ovary

43
Q

___ is necessary for the male phenotypic sex in XY

A

•Testis

44
Q

jost transferred testis on one side of fetus to show

A

on side of testis wollfian duct is present and mullerian duct is absent

45
Q

in jost experiment grafter testosterone creates ___

A

wolffian duct will persist in female

  • Testosterone is sufficient to support Wolffian duct.
  • Testosterone does not affect Mullerian duct.

suggests the presence of a “ mullerian inhibitory susbstance”

46
Q

mullerian inhibitory substance was found/ proven in ___

A

1986

anti-mullerian hormone

47
Q

at 6 weeks gonads are ___

A

undifferentiated- neither male or female

48
Q

how is male phenotype formed

A

gonad → testis which produces testosterone which stimulates formation of wolffian tubes into male things. Testis will also produce anti-mullerian hormone which will cause mullerian tubes to degrade

49
Q

how is female phenotype formed

A

default setting

gonad→ ovary. wolffian duct degrades naturally and mullerian duct turns into female things

50
Q

Gartner’s duct cyst

A

Wolffian duct remnant

Benign vaginal cyst, occurring along the lateral walls of the vagina

Often asymptomatic

Can cause Infections, bladder dysfunction

51
Q

___ are cyst in female caused by wolffian duct not breaking down all the way

A

gartner’s duct cyst

52
Q

at 6 weeks of development what external genitalia is seen

A

identical in male and females

genital tubercle surrounded by genital swelling

53
Q

testosterone will turn external genitalia into

A

penis

54
Q

5 alpha reductase deficiency

A

•The Enzyme converting testosterone into dihydrotestosterone (DHT), a potent androgen critical for the development of external genitalias (prostate, penis, scrotum)

external females will develop male external genitalia during puberty

treatment: finasteride which is a 5α-reductase inhibitor used for benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) treatment.

55
Q

how to treat 5α-reductase deficiency

A

5α-reductase inhibitor, finasteride, used for benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) treatment.

56
Q

•Alfred Jost found that the testis directs the phenotypic sex through producing ___ and ___

A

testosterone and AMH (anti-Mullerian hormone).

57
Q

•There are two sex determination systems, genetic vs ___ sex determination

A

environmental

58
Q

__ on Y chromosome is the master regulator of mammalian sex determination

A

SRY

21 fall: Biochem (44 decks)

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