lecture 21- 22 Flashcards
saturated fats
straight
solid at room temp
unsaturated fats
kink
liquid at room temp
omega __ and omega ___ can not be made in the body and has to be ___ by the diet
6
3
supplemented
omegas help with
lipids involved in barrier function of the skin
structure and function of cell membrane
precursors to eicosinoid (hormones- inflammation reaction)
endocannabinoid messenger molecules
___ are 6x more efficient than glycogen at storing energy
triacylglycerols
two things that make triacylglycerols good at storage are
complete oxidation of one gram of tri produces 2 times more ATP than complete oxidation of one gram of glycogen
one gram of stored glycogen binds two grams of H20, while stored Tri bind none
___ hydrolyze tri to release fatty acids
lipases
length of survival during starvation depends primarily on the amount of stored ___
triacylglycerols
___ are a major source of every for the heart and (part of the ) kidney
fatty acids
cholesterol is an important component of membranes and a precursor to ___
bile salts
vitamin D
steroid hormones
Fatty acids are conjugated to CoA after they enter the cell. Beta oxidation occurs in the
matrix of the mitochondria
oxidation reactions occur at the beta carbon, so this process is referred to as ___
Beta oxidation
Products of beta oxidation of fatty acids
acetyl CoA
FADH2
NADH
H+
Acetyl CoA can be oxidized to CO2 in the ___. converted to ketone bodies or used for other pathways
TCA cycle
NADH and FADH2 can be used by oxidative phosphorylation to make ____
ATP
More than ___ times as much ATP can be made from the total oxidation of 1 gram of palmitic acid(16 carbons (palmitoyl ACP)) in comparison to 1 gram of glucose
2
fatty acid synthesis occurs in the
cytoplasm
liver and in adipose tissues
most intermediates of fatty acid synthesis are carried by ___
ACP
acyl carrier protein
reduction of fatty acid synthesis involves
NADPH
product of PPP
fatty acids are built ___
2 carbons at a time
fatty acids uses the 3 carbon ___ and CO2 is released in each cycle
malonyl ACP
fatty acid synthesis continues until chain reached ___ carbons
16 carbons (palmitoyl ACP)
synthesis of ___ is the commitment step of fatty acid synthesis
Malonyl CoA
Acetyl CoA + ATP + HCO3- (acetyl CoA carboxylase) = Malyonyl Coa
what are some inhibitors to the commitment step of fatty acid synthesis
Acetyl CoA (acetyl CoA carboxylase) = Malyonyl Coa
palmotoyl acid (16 chain end product)
AMP
Glucagon
Epinephrine
(all these things trigger the cell to say Iow blood glucose, need to break down storage or make glucose for energy)
what are some activators to the commitment step of fatty acid synthesis
Acetyl CoA (acetyl CoA carboxylase) = Malyonyl Coa
citrate
insulin
(insulin means high glucose in blood, glucose can be used to make other stuff)
___ is important for fatty acid transport into Mitochondrial matrix for beta oxidation
carnitine
beta oxidation is ___ by malonyl CoA
inhibited
carnitine (carnitine acyltransferase 1)= Acyl carnitine
this process blocked by malonyl CoA
-stops the transport of fatty acids into mitochondrial matrix and therefore B oxidation
Triacylglycerol and cholesterol are nearly ___ in water. they are carried in the blood as lipoprotein complexes
insoluable
the surface of lipoprotein complexes resemble the surface of membranes, containing phospholipids, proteins and cholesterol. The hydrophobic components ___ and ___ are buried in the interior of the complex
Triacylglycerol
cholesteryl esters
dietary Triacylglycerol and cholesterol are carried in complexes called ___ that are produecd in the small intestine
chylomicrons
endogenous Triacylglycerol and cholesterol made by the liver are released into the blood in a complex called the ___
very low density lipoprotein
VLDL
abnormalities in blood lipids and lipoproteins can help in the diagnosis of
hypothyroidism
cushings
pancreatitis
liver produces VLDL which has high ___ and low ___. as
Triacylglycerol
cholesterol
the VLDL moves through the body the Triacylglycerol are broken down (hydrolyzes) by ___ which is present in the capillaries of ___
lipoprotein lipase
muscle, adipose and other tissues
IDL with lipoprotein lipase =
LDL and fatty acids
fatty acids are used for energy by ___ , for synthesis of other molecules such as ___ or for storage in the form of ____
muscles, heart
phospholipids
triacylglycerols (in adipose)
LDL is taken into the cell by ___ to deliver cholesterol required for membrane and biosynthetic processes
endocytosis
LDL is taken up by the ___ to regulate LDL levels in the blood
liver
fattu acids in the blood are bound to ___ to protect cells from the detergent properties of free fatty acids
serum albumin
type of dog that gets hyperlipidemia
miniature schnauzers
after a meal- blood glucose and insulin are high, triacylglycerols synthesis will be ___ in adipocytes because glucose from blood is converted to glycerol 3 phosphate, which is required for triacylglycerols synthesis. triacylglycerol breakdown will be ___ because high insulin and low glucagon ___ hormone sensitive lipase
high
low
inhibit
DURING FASTING
BG and insulin are low, Tri synthesis in adipocycles will ___, because they have little glucose to covert to glycerol 3 phosphate. Tri deg will ___ because hormone sensitive lipase is stimulated by high glucagon and low insulin. This leads to the release of fatty acids to the blood that can be oxidized by the tissues to make ____
decrease
increase
ATP
during faster the liver will convert fatty acids from adipose tissue into ____
ketone bodies
ketone bodies are exported form the liver and can be taken up by other tissues and converted to ____
Acetyl CoA
what tissues can use ketones for energy
cardiac muscle
renal cortex
during starvation, in the liver, oxaloacetate drops as it is used for gluconeogenesis, this will ___ the TCA cycle in liver cells. which leads to the accumulation of acetyl CoA from B oxidation of fatty acids and increases ketone body synthesis by the liver
decrease
during starvation, the tissues of the body, including the brain, will adapt yo use ___ as their major source of energy, this helps preserve protein in muscles and other tissues until triacylglycerols reserves are depleted
ketone bodies
how do liver cells get their energy
B oxidation
making fatty acids***
what are the advantages of converting fatty acids to ketone bodies?
much more soluble. less soap like, easier to convert
what is the downside of the liver converting fatty acids to ketone bodies?
ketoacidosis
decrease in pH of the body
low blood glucose can be caused by
fasting
pregnancy
lactation
low insulin or low insulin response can be caused by
Diabetes
explain diabetic ketoacidosis
glucose can not be taking into cells,
Liver tries to make more glucose by breaking down fatty acids. This releases ketones as a bi product
excess ketones lead to PH drop
leads to coma and death
Bovine ketosis due to pregnancy/lactation have a higher risk of fatty liver. Treatments are ___
in Sheep ketosis can happen late in pregnancy if ewe is carrying more than 1 fetus.
Symptoms:
Treament:
fatty liver and high mortality
equine hyperlipidemia
caused by stress, obesity, lactation and pregnancy.
high serum lipids occur which results in accumulation of triacylglycerols in liver, kidneys and other organs
treatment
feeding tube
feline hepatic lipidosis
occurs when cat refused to eat for several days. triacylglycerols build up in liver and disrupt normal function
treatment
feeding tube
