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21 fall: Biochem > lecture 18-20 > Flashcards

lecture 18-20 Flashcards

1
Q

triangle G of ATP to ADP

A

-7.3 (very favorable reaction)

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2
Q

ADP to ATP

A

photosynthesis
oxidation of fuel molecules
(oxidation phosphorylation)

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3
Q

oxidation phosphorylation

A

creates ATP

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4
Q

ATP

A

adenosine triphosphate

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5
Q

people usually store a 4 minute supply of

A

ATP

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6
Q

oxidation phosphorylation

A

generation of ATP by the transfer of electrons to O2

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7
Q

any condition that deprived the tissue of O2 or ____ oxidate phosphorylation create a serious medical conditions such as ____

A

inhibits

anemia
anoxia
compromised pulmonary/ cardiac function

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8
Q

RBC have no mitochondria so it relies exclusively on ___ for ATP

A

anaerobic glycolysis

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9
Q

LEO says GER

A

loss electron is oxidation

gain of electron is reduced

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10
Q

malate to oxaloacetate

A

malate dehygrogenase (NAD to NADH + H+

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11
Q

oxidant

A

compound the pulls electrons form other molecules (gets reduced)

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12
Q

reductant

A

compound that donates electrons to other moloecule (gets oxidized)

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13
Q

the free energy for the transfer of 2 electrons from NADH to 1/2 O2 is -52 kcal/mole. How does this compare to the energy required to make 1 ATP?

A

-7.3 kcal/mol

can make several ATP in one oxidation-reduction reaction

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14
Q

FADH2 will create__ energy then NADH

A

less

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15
Q

make up of mitochondria

A

two membranes
-outer membrane
protein channels that let most small molecules across

inter-membrane space

-inner membrane
highly folded (increase surface area)
impermeable to most ions
-where oxidation phosphorylation

matrix
-where TCA and fatty acid oxidation take place

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16
Q

where does TCA cycle and fatty acid oxidation occur

A

in the matrix of the mitochondria

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17
Q

oxidation phosphorylation occurs in the

A

inner membrane of the mitochondria

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18
Q

oxidative phosphorylation has two distinct processes that are normally tightly couples

A

electron transport chain

ATP synthesis

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19
Q

electron transport chain

A

NADH
-NADH-Q oxidoreductase

from the side
Succinate-Q reductase

Q
-Q-cytochrome c oxidoreductase

Cyt c
-cytochrome c oxidase
O2

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20
Q

why do we need proteins in ETC

A
  • storing energy
  • regulation
  • protect cell from reactive intermediates
  • NADH is stable, these proteins make the process go
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21
Q

prosthetic group- non peptide component of a protein that is ___ bound and is ____ biological activity

A

tightly

biologic

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22
Q

5 types of prosthetic groups that help ETC

A 
flavin
iron sulfur
heme
copper ions
coenzyme Q
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23
Q

flavin mononucleotide- derived from vitamin ___aka.____

A

B2
riboflavin

carries electrons by changing numbers of double bonds

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24
Q

Iron sulfur complexes

A

variety of ways they can be arranged, iron is oxidized state 2+ or 3+, carries electron by changing oxidation state

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25
Q

heme

A

prosthetic group of cytochrome proteins

2+ or 3+ state of Iron (Fe)
carries electron by changing oxidation state

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26
Q

copper ions

A

oxidation state 1+ or 2+, essential trace mineral, increased copper can be lethal

Bedlington terriers make too much copper

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27
Q

type of dog that produces to much copper

A

Bedlington terriers

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28
Q

coenzyme Q

A

carries electrons by changing number of double bonds

very hydrophobic
stays inside inner-membrane of the mitochondria

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29
Q

three large protein complexes in the inner membrane of mitochondria that help with ETC

A

NADH Q oxidoreductase

Q cytochrome c oxidoreductase

cytochrome c oxidase

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30
Q

1st protein in the ETC that transfers electrons from NADH to Q

A

NADH Q oxidoreductase

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31
Q

NADH Q oxidoreductase

A

crosses the membrane
46 subunits
gives electrons from NADH to Q to form QH2

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32
Q

2nd protein in the ETC that transfers electrons from ubiquinol to cytochrome c

A

Q cytochrome c oxidoreductase

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33
Q

Q cytochrome c oxidoreductase

A

2nd protein in ETC

gives electrons from ubiquinol to cytochrome c

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34
Q

cytochrome c

A

small heme containing protein

located on the outer surface of the inner membrane

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35
Q

3rd protein of the ETC that transfers electrons from cytochrome c to O2 to form H20

A

cytochrome c oxidase

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36
Q

electrons from FADH2 are transferred to Q, for example, succinate dehydrogenase, which is an enzyme in the TCA cycle, transfers electrons to Q via ____

A

FADH2

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37
Q

ETC move __ through the chain pumping ___ into the ___. the electrons eventually leave with O to form ___

A

electrons

H

intermembrane space

water

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38
Q

reduction of oxygen to water generates several reactive intermediates called

A

superoxide anion

02^(.-)

negatively charged with unpairs electron (radical)

very reactive

39
Q

superoxide anion is very ___ and must be kept at a very low level. Mitochondria are a significant source of reactive oxygen species.

A

reactive

40
Q

as electrons flow through the ___, ___ are pumped from the ___ into the ___. The __ gradient across the inner membrane is used to drive ____.

A

chemiosmotic hypothesis-

ETC
protons
matrix
intermembrane space
proton
ATP synthesis
41
Q

___ uses proton gradient to generate energy as H (protons) are pumped back into matrix of mitochondria

A

ATP synthesis

42
Q

proton gradient across the inner membrane

A

1.4 pH unit difference

very big difference!

43
Q

proton gradient generated by other mechanisms such as ____ can work with ATP synthesis the same way that ___ does

A

proteins that pump protons when exposed to light

ETC

44
Q

ATP synthesis stops if

A

proton gradient is neutralized or destroyed

45
Q

ATP synthesis stops if

A

proton gradient is neutralized or destroyed

46
Q

P:O ratio- ratio of ___ made per atoms of ___ reduced

A

ATPs

Oxygen

47
Q

because electrons from FADHs bypass NADH-Q oxidoreductase, fewer ___ are pumped across the inner membrane and fewer ____ are synthesized

A

protons
ATP

FADH(from TCA cycle)
start at Q instead of 1st protein.
2.5 ATP = 1 NADH
1.5 ATP = FADH2

48
Q

in P:O

P is ____
O is ___

A

phosphate going into ATP

Atoms of oxygen

49
Q

FADH2 produces ___ ATP

A

1.5

50
Q

NADH produces ___ ATP

A

2.5

51
Q

ATP synthase

c ring and a subunits form the

A

proton channel through inner membrane

52
Q

ATP synthase

alpha subunit has ___ partial membrane channels

A

2

53
Q

ATP synthase

catalytic sites for ATP synthesis

A

3 Beta subunits

54
Q

ATP synthase

alpha subunits help ___

A

beta subunits

55
Q

ATP synthase

gamma subunit

A

acts as rotary engine

56
Q

explain how ATP synthase works

A

protons move from alpha onto C ring and cause C ring to move- protons will go all the way around and leave by the lower alpha partial membrane channel

this process rotates gamma which changes the shape of B and alpha units which causes ADP to convert to ATP and be released into cell

57
Q

ATP binding site of B subunit exist in three different ___

A

confirmations

L,O,T

58
Q

L or loose: binds ___ and ___, but cannot synthesize ATP

A

ADP
Pi
ATP

59
Q

T or Tight: can synthesize ___ from ADP and Pi, but cannot ___ ATP

A

ATP

release

60
Q

O or open: has very low affinity for ___, which allows ATP to be ___. Can bind ADP and Pi

A

ATP

released

61
Q

rotation of the ___ subunit driven by the ____ changes the confirmation of the ___ subunits.

A

gamma
proton gradient through alpha
Beta

62
Q

T goes to ___, O goes to ___ L goes to ___

A

O
L
T

63
Q

respiratory control- regulation of oxidative phosphorylation by the availabilty of ___

A

ADP

64
Q

one mechanism contributing to respiratory control:
if ADP is not available, the proton gradient will ___. Because the flow of electrons through the ETC is tightly coupled to the pumping of protons, the flow if electrons will slow as it becomes more difficult to pump protons across the inner membrane. O2 consumption ___ and energy rich molecules are ___. other mechanisms likely contribute to respiratory control

A

increase
decreases
conserved

65
Q

1 full turn of c ring would create ___ ATP

A

3

66
Q

Respiratory control also affects TCA cycle- if oxidative phosphorylation slows due to low ADP, ATP will be high and NADH will increase in the matrix of the mitochondria. ATP and NADH both ___ enzymes in the TCA cycle

A

inhibit

67
Q

Lower NAD+ and FAD also slow TCA cycle since they are key TCA ___

A

substrates

68
Q

The key feature of chemical uncouplers is there ability to carry ___ across the inner membrane of the mitochondria back into the matrix

A

protons

69
Q

in the presence of uncouplers, ATP synthesis is reduced, but ETC continues and in fact accelerates why?

A

uncouplers help move protons, makes it easier to move protons
**

70
Q

brown fat is brown because of numerous

A

mitochondria

71
Q

brown fat produces ___ which is especially important for ____

A

heat

newborns
hybernation
cold adaptations

72
Q

not completely uncoupled, so some ___ is made. Uncoupling proteins is inhibited by ___ and activated by ___

A

ATP
GDP (similar to ADP)
free fatty acids

73
Q

Chemical uncouplers are potentially dangerous because

A

causes profuse sweating, collapse, hyperthermia

makes person too hot

74
Q

4 proteins needed for ETC

A 
NADH
-NADH-Q oxidoreductase
-succinate Q reductase 
Q
-Q-cytochrome c oxidoreductase
cty c
-cytochrome c oxidase
O2=4 electrons given to H20
75
Q

cyanogenic glycosides- plant carbs that release ___. Cyanide blocks ___

A

cyanide

cytochrome c oxidase (last protein of ETC)

76
Q

cyanogenic glycosides are found in __ therefore ___ are most common victims because of their diet

A

grasses, seeds and some fruits, burning plastic

ruminants

77
Q

how to treat cyanide

A

nitrites- they oxidize hemoglobin to methemoglobin which binds cyanide

hydroxocobalamin- form of vitamin B12 that binds cyanide

Thiosulfate- reaction with cyanide to form thiocyanate. reaction is enzymatically catalyzed

78
Q

carbon monoxide- main effect is to block O2 transport by hemoglobin but its also blocks

A

cytochrome c oxidase (last protein of ETC)

79
Q

treatment for carbon monoxide

A

oxygen therapy

**

80
Q

rodenticide that is an ____. No known antidote

A

Bromethalin-

uncoupler- dissipated proton gradient

81
Q

insecticide and piscicide. blocks NADH Q oxiodreductase

A

rotenone

82
Q

a deficiency of oxygen reaching the tissues of the body. Can be caused by ___

A

hypoxia

shock, extreme blood loss
altitude
anemia
poor cardiac function

83
Q

localized tissue anemia due to obstruction of the inflow of arterial blood such as a ____ .

A

ischemia

heart attack or stroke

84
Q

vet example of ischemia

A

aortic thromboembolism in cats

twisted bowel in horses

85
Q

____ is when ETC stops during tissue ischemia due to lack of ___. ETC complexes become fully reduced. When O2 is restored ___ escape from the ETC and form ____ and other reactive oxygen species.

A

Reperfusion injury

Oxygen
electrons
superoxide anion (O2^.-)

86
Q

mitochondria have their own ___ and ___.

A

genes and proteins

87
Q

most mitochondrial proteins are encoded in the ___, synthesized in the cytoplasm and then imported in to mitochondria.

A

nucleus

88
Q

mitochondrial genetics- number of mitochondria per cell ___ .

Each mitochondria has multiple mitochondrial DNA, typically ___ copies of mitochondrial DNA per cell

A

100 to 1000

1000s

89
Q

mitochondria are inherited form the ____

A

mother

90
Q

mutation rate of mitochondrial DNA is ___ because

A

higher

ETC makes reactive agents (superoxide anions) that tend to attack DNA

91
Q

a process called ___ can eliminate low function or defective mitochondria

A

mitophagy

92
Q

neuro and muscle tissue are common sites of pathology due to their___ requirement for ATP production and therefor oxidative phosphorylation

A

high

93
Q

symptoms of diseases involving mutations in mitochondrial DNA often have a ___ onset

A

late

21 fall: Biochem (44 decks)

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