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21 fall: Biochem > lecture 14 > Flashcards

lecture 14 Flashcards

1
Q

metabolism

A

biochemical reactions for the breakdown and synthesis of carbs, lipids and amino acids

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2
Q

glycogenosis

A

glucose storing disorder

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3
Q

carbs are stored as

A

starch and gylcogen

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4
Q

excess carbs converted to

A

fat

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5
Q

salivary a amylase

A

found in mouth, starts breakdown but not for long

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6
Q

pancreatic a amylase

A

breaks disaccharides into

maltose, sucrose and lactose

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7
Q

maltase

A

breaks down maltose into glucose, fructose and galactose

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8
Q

sucrase

A

breaks down sucrose into glucose, fructose and galactose

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9
Q

lactase

A

breaks down lactose into glucose, fructose and galactose

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10
Q

lactose intolerance is caused by deficiency of

A

lactase

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11
Q

path of carbs

A

glucose in intestine
-liver to be stored as glycogen or continues as glucose
-glucose can be converted to fat
-can go to muscles to produce CO2 and glycogen
-can go to kidney to produce CO2
can do to brain to produce C)2

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12
Q

glucose

A

major carb
major fuel
can be stored as glycogen
can be used to form glycoproteins and proteoglycan

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13
Q

glycolysis

A

happens in cytoplasm
does NOT require oxygen
requires NAD+

breakdown of glucose to produce 2(ATP +NADH+ Pyruvate)

goes on to continue other pathways

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14
Q

hexose monophosphate shunt

A

glucose
NADPH, ribose 5’ phosphate and others

(use glucose for building blocks)

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15
Q

glycogen synthesis

A

glucose gets stored as energy in liver and muscles

when excessive amounts of glucose

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16
Q

pyruvate

A

product of glycolysis (breakdown of glucose)

pyruvate into Acetyl CoA
(Acetyl CoA can also be used for ketone body production and fatty acid synthesis)

Acetyl CoA
moves to mitochondria
starts TCA cycle
produces energy and CO2

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17
Q

TCA cycle general:

A

occurs in mitochondria
high energy yield
needs O2

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18
Q

glycolysis 2 main stages

A

stage 1 preparatory phase
-use ATP

stage 2 pay off phase
-get ATP

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19
Q

glycolysis 10 steps

A
  1. D-glucose
    -hexokinase (irreversible step)
    (ATP in ADP + H out)
  2. glucose 6- phosphate
    -phosphoglucose isomerase (forward or backwards step)
  3. fructose 6-phosphate
    -phosphofructokinase (PFK1)(irreversible step)
    (ATP in ADP + H out)
  4. fructose 1,6-bisphosphate
    -adolase
    (splits can create 5 or 6)
  5. dihydroxyacetone phosphate
    -triose phosphate isomerase

and/or

***6.
glyceraldehyde 3 phosphate
-glyceraldehyde 3- phosphate dehydrogenase
(Pi+NAD+ in NADH +H out)

*** 7.
1,3-bisphosphoglycerate
(ADP +H in and ATP out)
-phosphoglycerate kinase

  1. 3-phosphoglycerate
  2. 2-phosphoglycerate
    (water out)
**10. 
phosphoenolpyruvate
(ADP + H in ATP out)
-pyruvate kinase
(irreversible step)

Pyruvate

glucose + 2ATP + 2 NAD+ +4ADP + 2 Pi= 2 pyruvate+2 ADP +2NADH +2H + 4ATP + 2H20

net gain=2 ATP

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20
Q

glycolysis net gain

A

glucose + 2ATP + 2 NAD+ +4ADP + 2 Pi= 2 pyruvate+2 ADP +2NADH +2H + 4ATP + 2H20

net gain=2 ATP

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21
Q

which steps of glycolysis are (irreversible step)

A
  1. d-glucose
    -hexokinase
    (ATP in ADP out)
    glucose 6- phosphate

(g (H)(+ATP)= g6p + ADP

  1. fructose 6- phosphate
    -phosphofructokinase (PFK1)
    (ATP in ADP out)
    fructose 1,6-bisphosphate

F6P (PFK1)+ATP = F16B + ADP

  1. phosphoenolpyruvate
    (ADP + H in ATP out)
    -pyruvate kinase
    Pyruvate

PPP (PK) +ADP=pyruvate +ATP

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22
Q

what is commitment step of glycolysis

A
  1. fructose 6- phosphate
    -phosphofructokinase (PFK1)
    (ATP in ADP out)
    fructose 1,6-bisphosphate

F6P (PFK1) +ATP = F16B +ADP

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23
Q

why do you get two pyruvate from one glucose

A

step 4.
fructose 1,6-biphosphate
-adolase

can create both 5 and 6
dihydroxyacetone phosphate and glyceraldehyde 3- phosphate

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24
Q

galactose can enter glycolysis by converting to

A

glucose-6 phosphate

step2 of glycolysis

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25
Q

fructose can enter glycolysis by converting to

A

dihydroxyacetone-phosphate

step 5 of glycolysis

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26
Q

pyruvate can go to three things

A

fermentation to ethanol in yeast
(hypoxic or anaerobic conditions)
2 pyruvate= 2 ethanol + 2 CO2

aerobic conditions
loses 2CO2
become 2 Acetyl- CoA
goes through TCA cyle
=4CO2 + 4H20

fermentation to lactate
(hypoxic or anaerobic conditions- in muscle, some red blood cells ect.)
2 pyruvate= 2 lactate

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27
Q

glycolysis produces

A

2 pyruvate+2NADH + 2ATP

28
Q

the NADH produced by glycolysis goes to either

A

reducing agent in biochemical reaction

helps TCA cycle

29
Q

pyruvate is converted to lactate by

A

LDH

lactate dehydrogenase

30
Q

pyruvate is broken down into Acetyl CoA by

A

pyruvate dehydrogenase (PDH)

irreversible step

occurs in mitochondria

pyruvate + NAD+ +HS CoA
-pyruvate dehydrogenase
= Acetyl CoA + NADH + CO2

31
Q

Acetyl CoA can go

A

into TCA cycle

or

into lipid synthesis

32
Q

___ is coupled to reduction of NAD+ to NADH

A

oxidative decarboxylation

33
Q

conversion of pyruvate to acetyl CoA is regulated by

A

glucagon and insulin

34
Q

what are the five cofactors needed to convert Pyruvate to Acetyl CoA

A

TPP, lipoamide, FAD+, NAD+ and CoA

these help pyruvate dehydrogenase
pyruvate to acetyl Coa

35
Q

TPP

A

thiamine pyrophosphate

one of the cofactors needed to make acetyl CoA from Pyruvate

36
Q

PDH

A

pyruvate dehydrogenase

enzyme used to change pyruvate to acetyl CoA

37
Q

explain PDH

A

pyruvate dehydrogenase

TPP gives acetate to lipoamide, FAD is reduced and lipoamide gives it to the SH of CoA.
FAD is then oxidized back in a reaction of NAD+ to NADH

38
Q

arsenite poisoning

A

happens by contaminated drinking water

arsenite inhibits the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex by inactivating one of the cofactors (lipoamide)

symptoms:
diarrhea, vomiting, organs of body are affected (lungs, skin , kidneys and liver), thickening of skin, metallic taste in mouth

39
Q

pyruvate dehydrogenase deficiency diseases

A

autosomal and X lined mutations

autoimmune disease- circulating antibodies to PDH

thiamine/vit B1 deficiency: Beriberi

lipoamide deficiency, arsenic and heavy metal poisoning

40
Q

what is beriberi

A

thiamine deficiency which leads to inhibition of pyruvate dehydrogenase- (prevents pyruvate to Acetyl CoA)

caused by: poor diet, raw fish

symptoms: gait problem, ataxia, anorexia and stress
treatment: thiamine supplementation and good diet

41
Q

TCA cycle

A

ACIasSFMO

1.
acetyl-CoA
(H20 in CoA-SH out)
-citrate synthase

2 and 3 Citrate
-aconitase (two steps)
(H20 out then H20 in)

4: Isocitrate
- isocitrate dehydrogenase
(CO2 out and NADH out)

  1. a-ketoglutarate
    -a-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase complex
    (CoA-SH in CO2 and NADH out)
  2. succinyl CoA
    -succinyl CoA synthetase
    (GDP + ADP + P = GTP+ ATP + CoA-SH)
  3. succinate
    (FADH2 out)
    -succinate dehydrogenase
  4. Fumarate
    -fumarase
    (H20 in)
  5. malate
    - malate dehydrogenase
    (NADH out)
  6. oxaloacetate
42
Q

citrate to isocitrate

A

step 2 and 3 of TCA

dehydration and rehydration
-aconitase

43
Q

isocitrate to a-ketoglutarate

A

step 4 of TCA cyle

oxidative decarboxylation
produces CO2 and NADH

-isocitrate dehydrogenase

44
Q

a-ketoglutarate to succinyl Co A

A

step 5 of TCA cycle
ACIasSFMO

oxidative decarboxylation

(CoA-SH in CO2 and NADH out)
–a-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase complex

45
Q

succinyl Co A to succinate

A

step 6 of TCA cycle
ACIasSFMO

substrate level phosphorylation
-succinyl CoA synthetase
(GDP + ADP + P = GTP+ ATP + CoA-SH)

46
Q

succinate to fumarate

A

step 7 of TCA cycle
ACIasSFMO

-succinate dehydrogenase
(FADH2 out)

47
Q

fumarate to malate

A

step 8 of TCA cycle
ACIasSFMO

-fumarase
(H20 in)

48
Q

malate to oxaloacetate

A

step 9 of TCA cycle
ACIasSFMO

  • malate dehydrogenase
    (NADH out)
49
Q

oxaloacetate to citrate

A

step 10/1 of TCA cycle
ACIasSFMO

-citrate synthase
(acetyl CoA + H20 in CoA-SH out)

50
Q

simplified glycolysis 10 steps

A
  1. Glucose (H) (ATP in)
  2. G6P (PI)
  3. F6P (PRK1) (ATP in)
  4. F16B (A) = DP or G3P
  5. DP (TPI) =G3P
  6. G3P(G3PD) (Pi NAD+ in NADH out)
  7. 13B (PGK)(ADP +H in ATP out)
  8. 3P
  9. 2P (water out)
  10. PPP (ADP +H in ATP out) (PK)
  11. Pyruvate
51
Q

1 st step glycolysis

A
  1. Glucose (H) (ATP in)
  2. G6P

glucose

-hexokinase
ATP in ADP + H out

glucose 6- phosphate

52
Q

3rd step glycolysis

A
  1. F6P (PRK1) (ATP in)
  2. F16B

fructose 6 phosphate
-phosphofructokinase
(ATP in ADP H out)

fructose 1,6 bisphosphate

53
Q

steps of glycolysis that produce ATP

A
  1. 13B (PGK) (ADP +H in ATP out)
  2. 3P

1,3-bisphosphoglycerate
(ADP +H in and ATP out)
=
3-phosphoglycerate

  1. PPP (ADP +H in ATP out)(PK)
  2. Pyruvate

phosphoenolypyruvate
-pyruvate kinase
ADP + H in ATP out
pyruvate

54
Q

steps of glycolysis that produce NADH

A
  1. G3P(G3PD) (Pi NAD+ in NADH out)

7. 13B

55
Q

glucose can go to three things

A

glycolysis
hexose monophosphate shunt
glycogen synthesis

56
Q

tumors like to do ___ even if __ is present

A

glycolysis

O2

57
Q

hexokinase

A

enzyme in glycolysis step 1
glucose to g6p
uses ATP

58
Q

phosphofructokinase

A

(PFK1) enzyme in glycolysis

F6P to F16B
uses ATP

59
Q

pyruvate kinase

A

enzyme in glycolysis

PEP to pyruvate
gain ATP

60
Q

enzyme from pyruvate to Acetyl CoA

A

pyruvate dehydrogenase

61
Q

inhibitor of pyruvate dehydrogenase

A

arsenic

prevents pyruvate to acetyl CoA

62
Q

important steps of TCA that produce NADH

A

ACIasSFMO

I(ID) =+NADH +aK
aK(aKDC) =+NADH+ sCoA
M(MD) = +NADH + O

isocitrate
-isocitrate dehydrogenase
aKetoglutarate

aKetoglutarate
-aKetoglutarate dehydrogenase complex
succcinylCoA

malate
malate dehydrogenase
oxaloacetate

63
Q

step of TCA when FADH2 is released

A

ACIasSFMO
S(SD)=F

succinate
-succinate dehydrogenase
(FADH2 out)
fumarate

64
Q

step of TCA that produces ATP and GTP

A

ACIasSFMO

succinyl-CoA
-succinylCoA synthetase
succinate

65
Q

one glucose gets ___ ATP

A

30

21 fall: Biochem (44 decks)

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