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21 fall: Biochem > lecture 15 > Flashcards

lecture 15 Flashcards

1
Q

TCA cycle happens when there is ___ O2

A

lots of

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2
Q

glycolysis 10 steps

A

GGFFDG132PPPP

Glucose(H)=G (uses ADP)

F(PFK1)=F (uses ADP) commitment step

G(G3PD) = 13BG (gain ATP)

13BG(PGK)=3P (gain NADH)

PPP(PK)=pyruvate (gain ATP)

net gain=2 ATP

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3
Q

pyruvate converts into lactate by

A 
lactate dehydrogenase (LDH)
(NADH +H -->NAD+)
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4
Q

pyruvate converts to acetyl-CoA by

A

pyruvate dehydrogenase

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5
Q

LDH is used in what

A

lactate dehydrogenase

convert pyruvate to lactate

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6
Q

pyruvate dehydrogenase is used in what

A

convert pyruvate to Acetyl-CoA

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7
Q

5 things help PDH

A

PDH pyruvate dehydrogenase
(convert pyruvate to Acetyl-CoA)

TPP
lipoamide
FAD+
NAD+
CoA
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8
Q

two diseases associated with issues with PDH

A

PDH pyruvate dehydrogenase
(convert pyruvate to Acetyl-CoA)

BeriBeri
Arsenic poisioning

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9
Q

TCA cycle

A

ACIasSFMO

aCoA(CS)=C

I(ID) = a +NADH

a(aKDC)=sCOA +NADH

sCOA(sCOAS)=S +GTP(ATP)

S(SD)=F +FADH2

M(MD)=O + NADH

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10
Q

citrate can leave the mitochondria and regulate ___

A

glycolysis

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11
Q

1 glucose = ___ ATP

A

30

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12
Q

citrate can be used to make

A

fatty acids and steroids

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13
Q

a-Ketoglutarate can be used to make

A

glutamate which can be used

to make purines

or

arginine
proline
glutamine

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14
Q

succinyl CoA can be used to make

A

porphyrins, heme

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15
Q

oxaloacetate can be used to make

A

either

aspartate
asparagine
—> pyrimidines

or

PEP (phosphoenolypyruvate)

which can be used to make glucose
or
serine,glycine,cysteine, tyrosine, tryptophan

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16
Q

hexose monophosphate shunt (pentose phosphate pathway)

A

glucose -> NADPH, ribose 5’ phosphate

tumor, RBC, eyes. liver need NADPH

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17
Q

what cells like hexose monophosphate shunt (pentose phosphate pathway)

A

tumor, RBC, eyes. liver because they need NADPH

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18
Q

another name for pentose phosphate pathway

A

hexose monophosphate shunt

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19
Q

pentose is used for

A

making nucleic acids and nucleotides

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20
Q

NADPH is used for

A
  • reductive biosynthesis of fatty acids and steroids
  • to make some amino acids
  • anti-oxidant reactions
  • hydroxylation reactions- detox of drugs
  • phagocytosis
  • preserve RBC membrane
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21
Q

pentose phosphate pathway happens in ___ of the cell

A

cytoplasm

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22
Q

places where PPP(pentose phosphate pathway happen are

A

liver, adipose, adrenal gland, RBC, testes, lactating mammary gland, cancer cells

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23
Q

does pentose phosphate pathway need ATP

A

no

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24
Q

1st step PPP

glucose 6 phosphate
-(____)
=_______

A

(from 1st step of glycolysis)
glucose (hexokinase +ATP) =glucose-6-phosphate

if cell doesn’t need energy, instead needs NADPH or nucleotides it will go through PPP

glucose 6 phosphate dehydrogenase
(NADP+ in NADPH out)
= 6-phosphogluconate

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25
Q

1st step PPP

A

glucose 6 phosphate
-glucose 6 phosphate dehydrogenase
(NADP+ in NADPH out)
= 6-phosphogluconate

g6p(g6pd)=6p +NADPH

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26
Q

g6pd

A

glucose 6 phosphate dehydrogenase

enzyme used in 1st step of PPP cycle to covert glucose 6 phosphate to 6-phosphogluconate

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27
Q

2nd step PPP

6-phosphogluconate
-(____)
=_______

A

(6-phosphogluconatedehydrogenase)
(NADP+ in)
(NADPH + CO2 out)
=ribulose 5-phosphate

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28
Q

2nd step PPP

A 
6-phosphogluconate
(6-phosphogluconatedehydrogenase)
(NADP+ in)
(NADPH + CO2 out)
=ribulose 5-phosphate
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29
Q

oxidative phase of PPP

A 
glucose 6 phosphate
6-phosphogluconate
Ribulose 5 phosphate
Ribose 5 phosphate
nucleotides, conenzymes, DNA and RNA
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30
Q

Ribulose 5 phosphate can go into glycolysis by

A

Ribulose 5 phosphate
-transketolase
glucose-6- phosphate

g6p is second step of glycolysis will just start from there

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31
Q

why would Ribulose 5 phosphate turn into glucose-6- phosphate

A

cell needs energy
-cell needs to start glycolysis to make ATP

uses enzyme -transketolase to go backwards

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32
Q

NADPH is used by

A

liver, adipose, lactating mammary gland (extensive Fatty acid synthesis)

liver, adrenal gland, gonad
(active cholesterol and steroid synthesis)

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33
Q

NADPH can be used for

A
  • fatty acid synthesis

- cholesterol and steroid synthesis

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34
Q

PPP cycle in all

A

1.
glucose 6 phosphate
- glucose 6 phosphate dehydrogenase
(NADP+ in NADPH out)

2.
6-phosphogluconate
- 6-phosphogluconatedehydrogenase
(NADP+ in NADPH out)

3.
Ribulose 5 phosphate
(can go back to the top - transketolase )

Ribose 5 phosphate

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35
Q

glucose 6 phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency

A

favism -(eat fava beans trigger)

Mediterranean and African variants

  • inherited sex linked
  • RBC
  • impaired synthesis of NADPH
  • hemolysis, hemolytic anemia
  • resistance toward malaria

G6PD deficiency is one of the most common human enzyme defect at 7.5 %

this enzyme is used in 1st step from PPP
g6p(g6pd)=6p +NADPH

36
Q

glucose 6 phosphate dehydrogenase

A

RBC use this enzyme for generation of NADPH to reduce oxidative stress in cells

this enzyme is used in 1st step from PPP
g6p(g6pd)=6p +NADPH

37
Q

___one of the most common human enzyme defect at 7.5 %

A

G6PD

glucose 6 phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency

38
Q

diseases associated with errors with PPP

A

favism
-jaundace, RBC issues

wernicke-korsakoff syndrome

  • mental disorders
  • alteration in transketolase
  • thymine def

pernicois anemia

  • weak RBC
  • increase in transketolase
  • b12 def
39
Q

disease cause by error in PPP by alteration of transketolase

A

transketolase enzyme used to go backwards in PPP
Ribulose 5 phosphate back to glucose 6 phosphate

wernicke-korsakoff syndrome

  • decrease of transketolase
  • mental disorders

pernicois anemia

  • too much transketolase
  • cant form NADPH
  • fragile RBC
40
Q

why do PPP

A

need NADPH need ribose

ribose is used to make nucleotides, to make DNA and RNA

NADPH
is used to make fatty acids, cholesterol and synthesis

41
Q

glucose stored as

A

glycogen

42
Q

glycogen is usually found in

A

liver and muscle

43
Q

___ induces glycogen synthesis

A

insulin

44
Q

___ causes the breakdown of glycogen

A

glucagon

45
Q

glycogen in the muscle is for

A

maintaining the blood glucose level

46
Q

glycogen in the muscle is for

A

fuel reserves

47
Q

most glycogen is stored in ___ , some glycogen is stored in ___

A

liver

muscle

48
Q

synthesis of glycogen

A

glycogenesis

49
Q

what part of the cell does glycogenesis take place

A

cytoplasm

50
Q

steps of glycogenesis

A

glucose

  • hexokinase (in muscles)
  • glucokinase (in liver)

glucose 6 phosphate
-phosphoglucomutase

glucose 1 phosphate (isomerization step)
-UDP- glucose pyrophosphatase

UDP- glucose
(activation step)
-glycogen synthase

alpha(1-4) glucosyl units
(forms long chain)
-branching enzyme

glycogen
(alpha(1-4) and alpha (1-6) glucosyl units)

51
Q

what is the isomerization step of glycogenesis (making glycogen)

A

glucose 1 phosphate
-UDP- glucose pyrophosphatase
=UDP- glucose

52
Q

what is the activation step of glycogenesis (making glycogen)

A

UDP- glucose
(activation step)
-glycogen synthase
=alpha(1-4) glucosyl units

53
Q

what enzymes in glycogenesis tend to get defects that lead to cancer

A

glycogen synthase

branching enzyme

54
Q

breakdown of glycogen

A

glycogenolysis

55
Q

glycogenolysis is ___ meaning it can not go backwards

A

irreversible

56
Q

glycogenolysis takes place in what part of the cell

A

cytoplasm

57
Q

elevated insulin increases glycogen

A

synthesis

58
Q

elevated glucagon increases glycogen

A

degradation

59
Q

steps of glycogenolysis

A

glycogen
-debranching enzyme

glucose 1 phosphate
-phophoglucomutase

glucose 6 phosphate (in muscle)
-glucose 6 phosphatase

glucose (in liver)

60
Q

debranching enzymes involved in glycogenolysis

A
  • glycogen phosphorylase
  • alpha(1-4) -> alpha (1-4) glucan transferase
  • amylo-alpha(1-6) glucosidase
61
Q

does glycogenolysis need energy

A

no

62
Q

type 1 (von gierke’s disease)

A

glucose 6 phosphatase deficiency

issue with glycogenolysis (glycogen to glucose)

63
Q

symptoms of type 1 (von gierke’s disease)

A

glucose-6 phosphatase deficiency

hypoglycemia, enlarged liver and kidneys, gout, nose bleeds, short stature

issue with glycogenolysis (glycogen to glucose)

64
Q

type III (cori’s disease, forbe disease)

A

debranching enzyme deficiency

hypoglycemia, enlarged liver, cirrhosis, cardiac involvement

issue with glycogenolysis

65
Q

type IV( andersen’s disease)

A

branching enzyme deficiency

enlarges liver and spleen, diminished muscle tone, possible nervous system involvment

(can not make glycogen- builds up in liver)

issue with glycogenesis

66
Q

branching enzyme deficiency

A

type IV( andersen’s disease)

(can not make glycogen- builds up in liver)

issue with glycogenesis

67
Q

debranching enzyme deficiency

A

type III (cori’s disease, forbe disease)

can not break down glycogen- not enough glucose available for normal functions)

issue with glycogenolysis

68
Q

glucose 6 phosphatase deficiency

A

type 1 (von gierke’s disease)

can not break down glycogen- not enough glucose available for normal functions)

issue with glycogenesis

69
Q

making glucose form non-carbohydrates

A

gluconeogenesis

70
Q

where does gluconeogenesis happen?

A

liver (60%)

kidney(40%)

71
Q

what are some precursors for gluconeogenesis

A

lactate, pyruvate, plycogenic amino acids, propionate and glycerol

72
Q

in what type of people/ situations is gluconeogenesis happening

A

athletes
fasting
no carb diets

73
Q

what organs does gluconeogenesis. where does it occurs in ___ and ___ of those organs

A

takes place in the liver and kidney matrix

cytosol and some produced in mitochondria

74
Q

what body parts need glucose for normal function

A

brain, RBC, testes and kidney

75
Q

under ___ condition, ___ is the only source to supply skeletal muscles

A

anaerobic

glucose

76
Q

___ effectively clears, certain metabolites produced on the tissue that accumulates in blood

A

gluconeogenesis

77
Q

___ occurs to maintain normal body functions if fasting for over a day

A

gluconeogenesis

78
Q

which steps of glycolysis are different in gluconeogenesis?

A

GGFFDG132PPPP

step 1
glucose
-hexokinase
glucose-6-phosphate

step 3
fructose 6 phosphate
-PFK1
fructose 1,6 biphosphate

last step
Phosphoenolpyruvate
-pyruvate kinase
pyruvate

79
Q

gluconeogenesis

A

steps same but reverse of glycolysis except for
(happens in mitochondria then switches to cytoplasm)

step 1. 
pyruvate
-pyruvate carboxylase
oxaloacetate 
-PEP carboxykinase
Phosphoenolpyruvate

step 9
fructose 1,6 biphosphate
-fructose 1,6 biphosphatase
fructose 6 phosphate

step 10
glucose 6- phosphate
-glucose 6 phosphatase
glucose

80
Q

in step 1 of gluconeogenesis, oxaloacetate is from

A 
step 1. 
pyruvate
-pyruvate carboxylase
oxaloacetate 
-PAP carboxykinase
Phosphoenolpyruvate

from TCA cycle
ACIasSFMO

Malate
-malate dehydrogenase
oxaloacetate +NADH

81
Q

in step 1 of gluconeogenesis, oxaloacetate will change forms and move from the ___ to the ___ of the cell

A

mitochondria

cytoplasm

82
Q

what is cori cycle

A

lactate into glucose

happens in the liver

83
Q

lactate + ATP +gluconeogenesis =

A

glucose in the liver

this can be stored as glycogen or transported out as glucose to be used somewhere else

84
Q

ways cell gets energy when fasting

A

lactate converts into pyruvate

  • alanine(proteins) convert to pyruvate
  • fatty acids- aceylCoA—> ATP
  • glycerol
85
Q

what amino acid can change in pyruvate

A

alanine

21 fall: Biochem (44 decks)

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