lecture 15 Flashcards
TCA cycle happens when there is ___ O2
lots of
glycolysis 10 steps
GGFFDG132PPPP
Glucose(H)=G (uses ADP)
F(PFK1)=F (uses ADP) commitment step
G(G3PD) = 13BG (gain ATP)
13BG(PGK)=3P (gain NADH)
PPP(PK)=pyruvate (gain ATP)
net gain=2 ATP
pyruvate converts into lactate by
lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) (NADH +H -->NAD+)
pyruvate converts to acetyl-CoA by
pyruvate dehydrogenase
LDH is used in what
lactate dehydrogenase
convert pyruvate to lactate
pyruvate dehydrogenase is used in what
convert pyruvate to Acetyl-CoA
5 things help PDH
PDH pyruvate dehydrogenase
(convert pyruvate to Acetyl-CoA)
TPP lipoamide FAD+ NAD+ CoA
two diseases associated with issues with PDH
PDH pyruvate dehydrogenase
(convert pyruvate to Acetyl-CoA)
BeriBeri
Arsenic poisioning
TCA cycle
ACIasSFMO
aCoA(CS)=C
I(ID) = a +NADH
a(aKDC)=sCOA +NADH
sCOA(sCOAS)=S +GTP(ATP)
S(SD)=F +FADH2
M(MD)=O + NADH
citrate can leave the mitochondria and regulate ___
glycolysis
1 glucose = ___ ATP
30
citrate can be used to make
fatty acids and steroids
a-Ketoglutarate can be used to make
glutamate which can be used
to make purines
or
arginine
proline
glutamine
succinyl CoA can be used to make
porphyrins, heme
oxaloacetate can be used to make
either
aspartate
asparagine
—> pyrimidines
or
PEP (phosphoenolypyruvate)
which can be used to make glucose
or
serine,glycine,cysteine, tyrosine, tryptophan
hexose monophosphate shunt (pentose phosphate pathway)
glucose -> NADPH, ribose 5’ phosphate
tumor, RBC, eyes. liver need NADPH
what cells like hexose monophosphate shunt (pentose phosphate pathway)
tumor, RBC, eyes. liver because they need NADPH
another name for pentose phosphate pathway
hexose monophosphate shunt
pentose is used for
making nucleic acids and nucleotides
NADPH is used for
- reductive biosynthesis of fatty acids and steroids
- to make some amino acids
- anti-oxidant reactions
- hydroxylation reactions- detox of drugs
- phagocytosis
- preserve RBC membrane
pentose phosphate pathway happens in ___ of the cell
cytoplasm
places where PPP(pentose phosphate pathway happen are
liver, adipose, adrenal gland, RBC, testes, lactating mammary gland, cancer cells
does pentose phosphate pathway need ATP
no
1st step PPP
glucose 6 phosphate
-(____)
=_______
(from 1st step of glycolysis)
glucose (hexokinase +ATP) =glucose-6-phosphate
if cell doesn’t need energy, instead needs NADPH or nucleotides it will go through PPP
glucose 6 phosphate dehydrogenase
(NADP+ in NADPH out)
= 6-phosphogluconate
1st step PPP
glucose 6 phosphate
-glucose 6 phosphate dehydrogenase
(NADP+ in NADPH out)
= 6-phosphogluconate
g6p(g6pd)=6p +NADPH
g6pd
glucose 6 phosphate dehydrogenase
enzyme used in 1st step of PPP cycle to covert glucose 6 phosphate to 6-phosphogluconate
2nd step PPP
6-phosphogluconate
-(____)
=_______
(6-phosphogluconatedehydrogenase)
(NADP+ in)
(NADPH + CO2 out)
=ribulose 5-phosphate
2nd step PPP
6-phosphogluconate (6-phosphogluconatedehydrogenase) (NADP+ in) (NADPH + CO2 out) =ribulose 5-phosphate
oxidative phase of PPP
glucose 6 phosphate 6-phosphogluconate Ribulose 5 phosphate Ribose 5 phosphate nucleotides, conenzymes, DNA and RNA
Ribulose 5 phosphate can go into glycolysis by
Ribulose 5 phosphate
-transketolase
glucose-6- phosphate
g6p is second step of glycolysis will just start from there
why would Ribulose 5 phosphate turn into glucose-6- phosphate
cell needs energy
-cell needs to start glycolysis to make ATP
uses enzyme -transketolase to go backwards
NADPH is used by
liver, adipose, lactating mammary gland (extensive Fatty acid synthesis)
liver, adrenal gland, gonad
(active cholesterol and steroid synthesis)
NADPH can be used for
- fatty acid synthesis
- cholesterol and steroid synthesis
PPP cycle in all
1.
glucose 6 phosphate
- glucose 6 phosphate dehydrogenase
(NADP+ in NADPH out)
2.
6-phosphogluconate
- 6-phosphogluconatedehydrogenase
(NADP+ in NADPH out)
3.
Ribulose 5 phosphate
(can go back to the top - transketolase )
Ribose 5 phosphate
glucose 6 phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency
favism -(eat fava beans trigger)
Mediterranean and African variants
- inherited sex linked
- RBC
- impaired synthesis of NADPH
- hemolysis, hemolytic anemia
- resistance toward malaria
G6PD deficiency is one of the most common human enzyme defect at 7.5 %
this enzyme is used in 1st step from PPP
g6p(g6pd)=6p +NADPH
glucose 6 phosphate dehydrogenase
RBC use this enzyme for generation of NADPH to reduce oxidative stress in cells
this enzyme is used in 1st step from PPP
g6p(g6pd)=6p +NADPH
___one of the most common human enzyme defect at 7.5 %
G6PD
glucose 6 phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency
diseases associated with errors with PPP
favism
-jaundace, RBC issues
wernicke-korsakoff syndrome
- mental disorders
- alteration in transketolase
- thymine def
pernicois anemia
- weak RBC
- increase in transketolase
- b12 def
disease cause by error in PPP by alteration of transketolase
transketolase enzyme used to go backwards in PPP
Ribulose 5 phosphate back to glucose 6 phosphate
wernicke-korsakoff syndrome
- decrease of transketolase
- mental disorders
pernicois anemia
- too much transketolase
- cant form NADPH
- fragile RBC
why do PPP
need NADPH need ribose
ribose is used to make nucleotides, to make DNA and RNA
NADPH
is used to make fatty acids, cholesterol and synthesis
glucose stored as
glycogen
glycogen is usually found in
liver and muscle
___ induces glycogen synthesis
insulin
___ causes the breakdown of glycogen
glucagon
glycogen in the muscle is for
maintaining the blood glucose level
glycogen in the muscle is for
fuel reserves
most glycogen is stored in ___ , some glycogen is stored in ___
liver
muscle
synthesis of glycogen
glycogenesis
what part of the cell does glycogenesis take place
cytoplasm
steps of glycogenesis
glucose
- hexokinase (in muscles)
- glucokinase (in liver)
glucose 6 phosphate
-phosphoglucomutase
glucose 1 phosphate (isomerization step)
-UDP- glucose pyrophosphatase
UDP- glucose
(activation step)
-glycogen synthase
alpha(1-4) glucosyl units
(forms long chain)
-branching enzyme
glycogen
(alpha(1-4) and alpha (1-6) glucosyl units)
what is the isomerization step of glycogenesis (making glycogen)
glucose 1 phosphate
-UDP- glucose pyrophosphatase
=UDP- glucose
what is the activation step of glycogenesis (making glycogen)
UDP- glucose
(activation step)
-glycogen synthase
=alpha(1-4) glucosyl units
what enzymes in glycogenesis tend to get defects that lead to cancer
glycogen synthase
branching enzyme
breakdown of glycogen
glycogenolysis
glycogenolysis is ___ meaning it can not go backwards
irreversible
glycogenolysis takes place in what part of the cell
cytoplasm
elevated insulin increases glycogen
synthesis
elevated glucagon increases glycogen
degradation
steps of glycogenolysis
glycogen
-debranching enzyme
glucose 1 phosphate
-phophoglucomutase
glucose 6 phosphate (in muscle)
-glucose 6 phosphatase
glucose (in liver)
debranching enzymes involved in glycogenolysis
- glycogen phosphorylase
- alpha(1-4) -> alpha (1-4) glucan transferase
- amylo-alpha(1-6) glucosidase
does glycogenolysis need energy
no
type 1 (von gierke’s disease)
glucose 6 phosphatase deficiency
issue with glycogenolysis (glycogen to glucose)
symptoms of type 1 (von gierke’s disease)
glucose-6 phosphatase deficiency
hypoglycemia, enlarged liver and kidneys, gout, nose bleeds, short stature
issue with glycogenolysis (glycogen to glucose)
type III (cori’s disease, forbe disease)
debranching enzyme deficiency
hypoglycemia, enlarged liver, cirrhosis, cardiac involvement
issue with glycogenolysis
type IV( andersen’s disease)
branching enzyme deficiency
enlarges liver and spleen, diminished muscle tone, possible nervous system involvment
(can not make glycogen- builds up in liver)
issue with glycogenesis
branching enzyme deficiency
type IV( andersen’s disease)
(can not make glycogen- builds up in liver)
issue with glycogenesis
debranching enzyme deficiency
type III (cori’s disease, forbe disease)
can not break down glycogen- not enough glucose available for normal functions)
issue with glycogenolysis
glucose 6 phosphatase deficiency
type 1 (von gierke’s disease)
can not break down glycogen- not enough glucose available for normal functions)
issue with glycogenesis
making glucose form non-carbohydrates
gluconeogenesis
where does gluconeogenesis happen?
liver (60%)
kidney(40%)
what are some precursors for gluconeogenesis
lactate, pyruvate, plycogenic amino acids, propionate and glycerol
in what type of people/ situations is gluconeogenesis happening
athletes
fasting
no carb diets
what organs does gluconeogenesis. where does it occurs in ___ and ___ of those organs
takes place in the liver and kidney matrix
cytosol and some produced in mitochondria
what body parts need glucose for normal function
brain, RBC, testes and kidney
under ___ condition, ___ is the only source to supply skeletal muscles
anaerobic
glucose
___ effectively clears, certain metabolites produced on the tissue that accumulates in blood
gluconeogenesis
___ occurs to maintain normal body functions if fasting for over a day
gluconeogenesis
which steps of glycolysis are different in gluconeogenesis?
GGFFDG132PPPP
step 1
glucose
-hexokinase
glucose-6-phosphate
step 3
fructose 6 phosphate
-PFK1
fructose 1,6 biphosphate
last step
Phosphoenolpyruvate
-pyruvate kinase
pyruvate
gluconeogenesis
steps same but reverse of glycolysis except for
(happens in mitochondria then switches to cytoplasm)
step 1. pyruvate -pyruvate carboxylase oxaloacetate -PEP carboxykinase Phosphoenolpyruvate
step 9
fructose 1,6 biphosphate
-fructose 1,6 biphosphatase
fructose 6 phosphate
step 10
glucose 6- phosphate
-glucose 6 phosphatase
glucose
in step 1 of gluconeogenesis, oxaloacetate is from
step 1. pyruvate -pyruvate carboxylase oxaloacetate -PAP carboxykinase Phosphoenolpyruvate
from TCA cycle
ACIasSFMO
Malate
-malate dehydrogenase
oxaloacetate +NADH
in step 1 of gluconeogenesis, oxaloacetate will change forms and move from the ___ to the ___ of the cell
mitochondria
cytoplasm
what is cori cycle
lactate into glucose
happens in the liver
lactate + ATP +gluconeogenesis =
glucose in the liver
this can be stored as glycogen or transported out as glucose to be used somewhere else
ways cell gets energy when fasting
lactate converts into pyruvate
- alanine(proteins) convert to pyruvate
- fatty acids- aceylCoA—> ATP
- glycerol
what amino acid can change in pyruvate
alanine
