lecture 5 Flashcards
helper molecules to aid enzymes
coenzymes and cofactors
inorganic chemical components that aid in a reaction, usually metal ions
cofactors
complex organic molecules at aid in a reaction
conenzymes
enzymes that use metal ions for catalysis are
metalloenzymes
explain how metal ions work to help reaction
+ charged group
primary reactive group, form bridge involved in the binding of the substrate or they may stabilize the structure of the active enzyme
the name of the enzyme and all of its cofactors
holoenzyme
the protein component alone without cofactors
apoenzyme
___ usually function as intermediate carriers of functional groups, atoms or electrons
coenzymes
when a coenzyme is bound tightly to its enzyme
prosthetic group
some important coenzymes
ATP
NADH
FADH
ATP usually complexes with Mg or Mn. ATP hydrolysis leads to
ATP turning into ADP
donates phosphate
the + energy of this reaction causes other reactions to occur easier
if you take two phosphate off ATP you create
AMP
vitamins can be ___ or __ soluable
water -not stored-vitamin C
fat -can be stored (can be toxic if too much stored) Vitamin K
sometimes an enzyme reaction is helped by ATP because ATP gives its ___ to the substrate
phosphate
NADH function as a coenzyme in biological ____
catabolic
thiamin, vitamin B1, tuns into TPP which is used in the reaction
of pyruvate dehydrogenase (pyruvate to Acetly CoA) (TTP is one of the 5 cofactors needed) (TPP, lipoamide, FAD+ NAD+ CoA)
As well as the transketolase catalyzed reactions of the pentose phosphate pathway
riboflavin is precursor to the coenzymes
FMN and FAD
vitamin B2
riboflavin is found in
eggs, meat, milk and cereal
vitamin B2
in adult cats riboflavin deficiency symptoms are
cataracts and fatty liver
vit B2
in dogs riboflavin deficiency symptoms are
anorexia, corneal lesions
vit B2
vitamin niacin can be synthesized from ____ via ___ in ___ but not ___
amino acid tryptophan
nicotinic acid
dogs
cats
part of vitamin B complex
vitamin niacin is a precursor to the two conenzymes
NAD
NADP
part of vitamin B complex
deficiency of niacin
Symptoms are ___
treatment___
black tongue
anorexia
diarrhea
death
give balance diet
part of vitamin B complex
NADH functions as a coenzyme in a large number of biological ___ reactions
oxidation-reduction
catabolic reactions (breakdown)
NADPH is involved in ___ redox reactions
anabolic (synthesis-creating)
thiamin is derived from a substituted ___ and a ___ which are couples by a methylene bridge
pyrimidine
thiazole
thiamin is converted to its active form TTP by
thiamin diphosphotransferase
thiamin deficiency in dogs leads to
reduced growth, anorexia, weight loss, periodic spasms and coma
riboflavin also know as
vitamin B2
___ and ___ work with flavoproteins that are also metalloenzymes and are involved in a wide range of redox reactions
FMN and FAD
riboflavin is the precursor of these coenzymes
example of the role of NADPH is the synthesis of
cholesterol
