lecture 17

Question 1

brain and RBC prefer __

Answer 1

glucose

Question 2

heart and liver prefer ___

Answer 2

fatty acids

Question 3

heart will use ___ first and then ___

Answer 3

fatty acids

ketone bodies

Question 4

brain will use ___ first and then ___

Answer 4

glucose

ketone bodies

Question 5

liver will use ___ first and then ___

Answer 5

fatty acids

glucose

Question 6

muscle will use ___ and then ___

Answer 6

glucose from glycogen

glycolysis and oxidative metabolism

Question 7

kidney will use ___ in the medulla, but will use ___ in the cortex

Answer 7

glucose

fatty acids, ketone bodies and glucose

Question 8

TCA cycle needs ___

Answer 8

O2

Question 9

glycolysis happens when there is ___ O2

Answer 9

no

Question 10

transcriptional control of carb metabolism ___

Answer 10

FOX01 += low insulin= needs glucose= glycogen breakdown or gluconeogenesis

-FOX01 = high insulin= too much glucose
FOX01 gets broken down/ glucose not made

Question 11

steps of pentose phosphate pathway

Answer 11

glucose 6 phosphate–> ribose 5 phosphate, NADPH

ribose5phosphate can be used to make DNA
NADPH is used for FA, cholesterol and steroid synthesis

glucose 6 phosphate
-(glucose 6 phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) (+NADPH)
6 Phosphogluconate
-6 phosphogluconate dehydrogenase (+NADPH)
ribulose 5 phosphate

ribose 5 phosphate

nucleotides, DNA and RNA

***ribulose5phosphate(transketolase)(goes backwards) to glucose6phosphate

Question 12

___ activates F26BP which activates ___ and inhibits ___.

Answer 12

insulin
PFK1 which stimulates glycolysis

FBPase-1 which inhibits gluconeogenesis

Question 13

insulin activates

Answer 13

GLUT4 (bring glucose into cell)
hexokinase (breakdown glucose)
glycogen synthase (store glucose)

Question 14

type 1 diabetes

Answer 14

doesn’t produce insulin because pancreas damaged

treatment give insulin

Question 15

type 2 diabetes

Answer 15

insulin resistance
make some insulin but cells do not recognize it and blood glucose can not be brought into cell.

Treatment: drugs (metformin) and exercise

Question 16

gestational diabetes

Answer 16

estrogen messes with insulin.

more like type 2 DM, more like insulin resistance

usually goes away

Question 17

diabetic ketoacidosis

Answer 17

body cant bring glucose into cell

• liver tries to help and produces ketones
• build up of ketones can become fatal
• extra glucose, dehydration, and acid buildup

Question 18

equine metabolic syndrome

Answer 18

type 2 DM in horses

causes laminitis

Question 19

how does metformin work

Answer 19

type 2 DM treatment

prevents liver from doing glycogenolysis or gluconeogenesis (prevents buildup of glucose and ketones)

Question 20

pet scans work because cancer cells take up ___ glucose then other cells.

Answer 20

more

Question 21

if you block a cancer cell from bringing up ___ the cancer cell will ___

Answer 21

glucose

die

Question 22

even in the presence of oxygen, cancer cells will prefer to do ___. this is called ____.

Answer 22

glycolysis

warburg effect

Question 23

Cancer does glycolysis because their ___ are defected and cancer cells can not go through ___

Answer 23

mitochondria

TCA cycle

Question 24

pyruvate (___) to lactate

Answer 24

LDH

lactate dehydrogenase

Question 25

lactate(___) pyruvate

Answer 25

Cori Cycle (happens in liver)

lactate will go through gluconeogenesis to get to glucose

Question 26

in cancer cell there are more ___receptors which means More ___ gets into cell.

Answer 26

glucose

glucose

Question 27

In cancer cells they prefer glycolysis which will produce pyruvate, into lactate. because cancer cells will use lactate to do ___

Answer 27

biomass incorporation

cell proliferation

Question 28

cancer cells will have ___ transketolase which is from the ___ cycle which will stimulate ____

Answer 28

increased
PPP
glycolysis

Question 29

deficiency of glucose6phosphatase

Answer 29

(enzyme used in last step of glycogenolysis (in liver glucose6phospgate to glucose)

Type 1 a Von Gierke’s disease

maltese puppies

Question 30

deficiency of the glycogen debranching enzyme in dogs

Answer 30

(1st step of glycogenolysis
glycogen to glucose 1 phosphate)

type III Cori’s disease

akita

Question 31

deficiency of glycogen branching enzyme in cats

Answer 31

(last step of glycogenesis alpha 1-4 glucosyl units to glycogen)

Type IV anderson’s disease

Question 32

PKDef

Answer 32

pyruvate kinase deficiency

Question 33

pyruvate kinase deficiency

Answer 33

glycolysis cells can’t make pyruvate

loss of function of pyruvate kinase results in premature death of RBC

lack of energy, low exercise tolerance and fatigue

anemia, increased iron, enlarged spleen