lecture 17 Flashcards
brain and RBC prefer __
glucose
heart and liver prefer ___
fatty acids
heart will use ___ first and then ___
fatty acids
ketone bodies
brain will use ___ first and then ___
glucose
ketone bodies
liver will use ___ first and then ___
fatty acids
glucose
muscle will use ___ and then ___
glucose from glycogen
glycolysis and oxidative metabolism
kidney will use ___ in the medulla, but will use ___ in the cortex
glucose
fatty acids, ketone bodies and glucose
TCA cycle needs ___
O2
glycolysis happens when there is ___ O2
no
transcriptional control of carb metabolism ___
FOX01 += low insulin= needs glucose= glycogen breakdown or gluconeogenesis
-FOX01 = high insulin= too much glucose
FOX01 gets broken down/ glucose not made
steps of pentose phosphate pathway
glucose 6 phosphate–> ribose 5 phosphate, NADPH
ribose5phosphate can be used to make DNA
NADPH is used for FA, cholesterol and steroid synthesis
glucose 6 phosphate
-(glucose 6 phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) (+NADPH)
6 Phosphogluconate
-6 phosphogluconate dehydrogenase (+NADPH)
ribulose 5 phosphate
ribose 5 phosphate
nucleotides, DNA and RNA
***ribulose5phosphate(transketolase)(goes backwards) to glucose6phosphate
___ activates F26BP which activates ___ and inhibits ___.
insulin
PFK1 which stimulates glycolysis
FBPase-1 which inhibits gluconeogenesis
insulin activates
GLUT4 (bring glucose into cell) hexokinase (breakdown glucose) glycogen synthase (store glucose)
type 1 diabetes
doesn’t produce insulin because pancreas damaged
treatment give insulin
type 2 diabetes
insulin resistance
make some insulin but cells do not recognize it and blood glucose can not be brought into cell.
Treatment: drugs (metformin) and exercise
gestational diabetes
estrogen messes with insulin.
more like type 2 DM, more like insulin resistance
usually goes away
diabetic ketoacidosis
body cant bring glucose into cell
- liver tries to help and produces ketones
- build up of ketones can become fatal
- extra glucose, dehydration, and acid buildup
equine metabolic syndrome
type 2 DM in horses
causes laminitis
how does metformin work
type 2 DM treatment
prevents liver from doing glycogenolysis or gluconeogenesis (prevents buildup of glucose and ketones)
pet scans work because cancer cells take up ___ glucose then other cells.
more
if you block a cancer cell from bringing up ___ the cancer cell will ___
glucose
die
even in the presence of oxygen, cancer cells will prefer to do ___. this is called ____.
glycolysis
warburg effect
Cancer does glycolysis because their ___ are defected and cancer cells can not go through ___
mitochondria
TCA cycle
pyruvate (___) to lactate
LDH
lactate dehydrogenase
lactate(___) pyruvate
Cori Cycle (happens in liver)
lactate will go through gluconeogenesis to get to glucose
in cancer cell there are more ___receptors which means More ___ gets into cell.
glucose
glucose
In cancer cells they prefer glycolysis which will produce pyruvate, into lactate. because cancer cells will use lactate to do ___
biomass incorporation
cell proliferation
cancer cells will have ___ transketolase which is from the ___ cycle which will stimulate ____
increased
PPP
glycolysis
deficiency of glucose6phosphatase
(enzyme used in last step of glycogenolysis (in liver glucose6phospgate to glucose)
Type 1 a Von Gierke’s disease
maltese puppies
deficiency of the glycogen debranching enzyme in dogs
(1st step of glycogenolysis
glycogen to glucose 1 phosphate)
type III Cori’s disease
akita
deficiency of glycogen branching enzyme in cats
(last step of glycogenesis alpha 1-4 glucosyl units to glycogen)
Type IV anderson’s disease
PKDef
pyruvate kinase deficiency
pyruvate kinase deficiency
glycolysis cells can’t make pyruvate
loss of function of pyruvate kinase results in premature death of RBC
lack of energy, low exercise tolerance and fatigue
anemia, increased iron, enlarged spleen
