lecture 16 Flashcards
high glucose goes to
+/- O2
PPP
NADPH
Riboses
-O2
glycolysis
-> +O2
TCA cycle
glycogen
energy storage
too much glucose stored as
fats
low glucose goes to
glycogen is broken down
gluconeogenosis
brain will use what type of energy
glucose
will use ketone bodies if needed
fatty acids can NOT be used
heart will use what type of energy
fatty acids
will use ketone bodies if dying
O2 to low will use glycolysis
does not really use glucose
Liver will use what type of energy
prefers fatty acids
will use glucose
muscle will use what type of energy
will use glucose from breakdown of glycogen in the short term
if O2 available will use glycolysis and oxidative metabolism in the long term
Kidney will use what type of energy
glucose/glycolysis used in medulla
fatty acids, ketone bodies and glucose used in cortex for high energy
three types of carb metabolism
allosteric -ATP, citrate
hormonal -glucagon
transcriptional
if we have ____, TCA will not happen. This is an example of ___ regulation
ATP, citrate, succinyl-CoA, NADH
allosteric
TCA steps where energy is created
ACIasSFMO
1, 4, 1
acetylCoA(CS)-Citrate (regulated)
isocitrate (ID)to a-ketogluterate makes NAHD
a-ketogluterate (aKDC) to succinylCoA
makes NAHD
succinyl CoA (sCoAS) to succinate makes ATP
Succinate (SD)to fumarate
makes FADH2
Malate (MD)to oxaloacetate
makes NAHD
regulation of glycolysis at steps 1,3,10
GGFFDG1,3,2,PPP,P
step 1
glucose
-hexokinase
glucose-6-phosphate
step 3
fructose 6 phosphate
-PKF-1
fructose 1,6 bisphosphate
step 10
phosphoenolpyruvate
-pyruvate kinase
pyruvate
-product inhibition at step 1
-citrate
( intermediate from TCA (acetyl CoA(citrate synthase)=citrate)
inhibits PFK1 at step 3
High ATP inhibition at step 10
how does product inhibition of step 1 of glycolysis work?
product inhibition-
if there is already too much glucose-6-phosphate the cell will not go through glycolysis
GGFFDG1,3,2,PEP,P step 1 glucose -hexokinase glucose-6-phosphate
What is an inhibitor of PFK1 and what function does it block
citrate
glycolysis
-citrate
( intermediate from TCA (acetyl CoA(citrate synthase)=citrate)
inhibits PFK1 at step 3
step 3
fructose 6 phosphate
-PKF-1
fructose 1,6 bisphosphate
How is step 10 of glycolysis stopped
High ATP or pyruvate inhibition at step 10
step 10
phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP)
-pyruvate kinase
pyruvate +ATP
if you have ATP why do glycolysis
glucagon is released when blood glucose is ____ from the ___
low
liver
glucagon activates ___ which will inactive ____ which will stop the production of ___ which will stop____
PKA (pyruvate kinase A)
Pyruvate kinase L
pyruvate kinase L
pyruvate kinase from being used to change PEP into pyruvate in the 10th step of glycolysis
how do you block TCA cycle step 3
aCIasSFMO
I (ID)to a
ATP blocks
how do you block TCA cycle step 4
aCIasSFMO
alpha (aKDc) to succinyl CoA
succinyl-CoA and NADH blocks
how do you block step 1 of TCA cycle
aCIasSFMO
acetyl coA(CS) to Citrate
NADH, succinyl-CoA, citrate, ATP all block
how to block pyruvate dehydrogenase complex
PDH (pyruvate (PDH)to Acetyl-CoA) (TPP, lipomide, FAD+ NAD+ CoA)
is blocked by ATP, acetyl-CoA, NADH and fatty acids
5 cofactors of PDH
pyruvate dehydrogenase
pyruvate (PDH)to Acetyl-CoA
TPP, lipomide, FAD+ NAD+ CoA
Acetyl CoA can be used to block ___ or start what process if the body does not need energy
PDH (pyruvate dehydrogenase)
pyruvate (PDH)to Acetyl-CoA
gluconeogenesis
(creating glucose in the absence of glucose)
pyruvate (pyruvate carboxylase)=oxaloacetate
gluconeogenesis what steps are different (short hand)
opposite of glycolysis
GGFFDG132PEPP
PPEP231GDFFGG
P(PC)=O(PEPC)=PEP
F16B(F16B)=F6B
G6P(G6P)=Glucose
steps of glycolysis that make or use energy (short hand)
GGFFDG132PEPP
G(H)=G
uses ATP
F(PFK1)=(F)
uses ATP
G3P (GPD)=1
(NADH out)
1(PGK)=3
(ATP out)
PEP(PK)=P
(ATP out)
steps of glycolysis that make or use energy (full names)
GGFFDG132PEPP
1,3,6,7,10
glucose (hexokinase)=glucose 6 phosphate
(uses ATP)
G(H)=G
fructose 6 phosphate (PFK1 phosphofructokinase )= fructose 1,6 bisphosphate
(uses ATP)
F(PFK1)=F
glyceraldehyde 3 phosphate
(glyceraldehyde 3- phosphate dehydrogenase) = 1,3 bisphosphoglycerate
makes NADH
G(G3PD)=1
1,3 bisphosphoglycerate (phosphoglycerate kinase)= 3-phosphoglycerate
(makes ATP)
1(PGK)=3
phosphoenolpyruvate (pyruvate kinase)= pyruvate
(makes ATP)
PEP(PK)=P
gluconeogenesis what steps are different (long hand)
opposite of glycolysis
GGFFDG132PEPP
PPEP231GDFFGG
enzymes used in first step, third to last and last
P(PC)=O(PEPC)=PEP
pyruvate(pyruvate carboxylase)=oxaloacetate(PEP carboxykinase)=Phosphoenolpyruvate
F16B(F16B)=F6B
fructose 1,6 bisphosphate (fructose 1,6 bisphosphatase)=fructose 6 phosphate
G6P(G6P)=Glucose
glucose 6 phosphate (glucose 6 phosphatase)=glucose
important regulatory step of glycolysis
3rd step
GGFFDG132PEPP
fructose 6 phosphate (PFK1)=fructose 1,6 bisphosphate
the third step of glycolysis is regulated by ___ . This will inhibit ___ which will stop ____. What hormone controls this ___
F26BP
FBPase-1
gluconeogenesis
glucagon
glucagon means glucose low, means glucose needs to be formed, means gluconeogenesis needs to be turned on
fructose 6 phosphate (PFK1)=fructose 1,6 bisphosphate
fructose 1,6 bisphosphate (FBPase-1)= fructose 6 phosphate
the third step of glycolysis is regulated by ___ . This will activate ___ which will start ____. What hormone controls this ___
F26BP
PFK-1
glycolysis
insulin
insulin means glucose high, means glucose needs to be broken down, means glycolysis needs to be turned on
fructose 6 phosphate (PFK1)=fructose 1,6 bisphosphate
fructose 1,6 bisphosphate (FBPase-1)= fructose 6 phosphate
instead of going through glycolysis or gluconeogenesis fructose 6 phosphate can form ____. This is produced by fructose 6 phosphate (___)
F26BP
will inhibit gluconeogenesis
will activate glycolysis
F6P (PFK2)
F26BP is regulated by ___ and ___ in the blood
insulin and glucagon
F26BP is the side product of fructose 6 phosphate not going through glycolysis or gluconeogenesis
cancers will increase ___ so that the cell will go through ___ by ___ PFK1
F26BP
glycolysis
activating PFK1
glucagon=low glucose. this stimulates the cell to do ____
insulin
gluconegoenesis
low insulin= low glucose. this stimulates ___ to be activates which produces PEPcarboxykinase and glucose-6-phosphatase which are need to do ____ or ____
transcription factor FOXO1 to be activated
gluconeogenesis
glycogen breakdown
PEPcarboxykinase (used in step 1B of gluconeogenesis)
glucose-6-phosphatates (used in last step of gluconeogenesis) (last step in glycogenolysis)
steps of glycogenolysis
___ to ____. happens in the ___
glycogen to glucose
liver
glycogen (debranching) glucose-1 phosphate (phosphoglycomutase) glucose 6 phosphate (in muscle) (glucose 6 phosphatase) glucose(in liver)
steps of glycogenesis.
process of going from ___ to ___ in the ___
glucose to glycogen
liver(mostly) and muscles (a little)
glucose (hexokinase -in muscle) (glucokinase- in liver) glucose 6 phosphate (phosphoglucomutase) glucose 1 phosphate (UDP glucose pyrophosphatease) (isomerization) UDP glucose (glycogen synthase) (activation) alpha (1-4) glucosyl units (branching enzyme) (adding to the chain) glycogen
high insulin = ___ in blood.
TF ___ will be broken down by ___ so that ___ does not happen
high glucose
FOXO1
PFB
gluconeogenesis
example of transcription regulation of glycolysis
FOXO1
+FOXO1= gluconeogenesis or glycogen breakdown (cell will make glucose)
PEP carboxykinase
glucose 6 phosphatase
-FOXO1= (cell will stop making glucose and will store glucose)
FOXO1 regulated genes
PEP carboxykinase
Glucose 6 phosphatase
(used to make glucose, either by breaking down glycogen or by gluconeogenesis)
what can insulin do
high insulin = high glucose in blood
insulin activates
- GLUT4 (how glucose gets into cells)
- hexokinase (enzyme used in glycolysis to go from glucose to glucose 6 phosphate)
- glycogen synthase (enzyme used in glycogenesis to go from UDP-glucose to glycogen)
