Test 3: 45 large animal Flashcards
feed restrictions for horses pre anesthetics
horse- dont vomit, restrict food 6 hrs
foal: do NOT restrict food
premed for horses include
Acepromazine
Alpha-2 agonists- xylazine
Opioids
side effects of acepromazine
No reversal agent
Hypotension
Penile prolapse
tranquilizer that can be given PO, IM, IV
⍺2 agonist effect in horses
sedation- can cause ↓ inhibition/behavioral changes, may kick
can cause CV effects: BP and AV block
decreases GI motility
do not give in carotid artery can cause seizure
what opioids can you use for large animal
- Butorphanol
- Morphine
careful if given alone:
* Excitatory reactions
* GI stasis
prep for induction of horse
soft halter
rinse mouth
can use:
* Hand induction
* Head and tail ropes
* Swing gait
* Sling
equine induction usually include
Sedative
* Alpha-2 agonist
Muscle relaxant
* Benzodiazepine
* Guaifenesin
Intravenous anesthetic
* Ketamine
* Propofol
pros and cons of benzos in horses
Pros:
* Muscle relaxation
* Reduce anesthetic drug requirements
* Minimal cardiovascular compromise
Cons:
* Ataxia
* Excitement
* Long duration of action
— is a centrally acting skeletal muscle relaxant used for horses
Guaifenesin
given with other meds
pro and cons of ketamine in large animal
ketamine: Dissociative – NMDA receptor antagonist
cons:
* Muscle rigidity if given without benzo
* Intact eye and laryngeal reflexes
* Indirect sympathomimetic (↑HR, ↑P)
* No reversal agent
cons of propofol in horses
respiratory depression
apnea
propofol works on GABAA receptor
triple dip
Triple Drip: GKX (Guaifenesin, Ketamine, Xylazine)
used in field anesthesia in horses
major consideration for horses during anesthesia
- Blood pressure
- Oxygenation
- Padding
- Leg Positioning
- Safety
if horse too light what will eye show
if horse adequate depth what happens to eye
if horse is too deep what happens to eye
how to do EKG in horse
Base Apex Lead Placement
* Lead I
* Right arm lead – jugular groove or withers
* Left arm lead - behind elbow
* Left leg lead – inguinal area or pectoral muscle
where can you place invasive blood pressure in horse
- Auricular a.
- Transverse facial a.
- Facial a.
- Lateral metatarsal a.
what to do for horse during recovery
- Minimize external stimuli
- Sedation
- Alpha-2 agonist
- Acepromazine
- Nasotracheal/oral intubation
- Assure airway
- Oxygen supplementation
why give sedation to horse during recovery
allow them time to exhale volitile agents
will sedate with ⍺2agonist, and acepromazine
anesthetic concerns for ruminants
- Salivation
- Regurgitation
- Bloat
- Hypoventilation
feed restrictions for ruminants
Adult cows:
* Feed: 24 – 48 hours
* Water: 6-12 hours
Calves, small ruminants:
* Feed: 12 hours
* Water: 6-8 hours
how to premed a small ruminant and young calves
do very well with just benzo
or benzo with opioid (butorphanol, morphine)
⍺2 agonist (do not use in small ruminants) can cause pulmonary edema
how to premed adult bovids
acepromazine
⍺2 agonist - 1/10 dose for cow then for horse (do not use in small ruminants)
induction for ruminant include
muscle relaxant:
*Benzodiazepine
*Guaifenesin
injectable:
*Ketamine
*Propofol
eye position for ruminants
ventral eye position
respiratory monitoring for ruminants
lower tidal volumes and higher RR
ruminant recovery
Sternal recumbency with head down
- Allows eructation and prevents aspiration
Endotracheal tube in place with cuff inflated
- Airway protection
- Extubate when chewing and swallowing
- Oxygen supplementation
Anesthetic reversal
feed restrictions for pigs
fasting
anti-emetics
pre med for pigs
butorphanol, midazolam, dexmedetomidine
why is it hard to intubate pigs
- Mouth opening
- Narrow oropharyngeal space
- Positioning of epiglottis relative to elongated soft palate
- Dorsal protrusion of base of tongue, thick tongue
- Pharyngeal diverticulum
- Small larynx – ventral floor fornix
- LARYNGOSPASM
- Endobronchial intubation (one lobe splits early can accidently intubate only that lobe)
vomiting
