Test 3: 45 large animal

Question 1

feed restrictions for horses pre anesthetics

Answer 1

horse- dont vomit, restrict food 6 hrs

foal: do NOT restrict food

Question 2

premed for horses include

Answer 2

Acepromazine
Alpha-2 agonists- xylazine
Opioids

Question 3

side effects of acepromazine

Answer 3

No reversal agent
Hypotension
Penile prolapse

tranquilizer that can be given PO, IM, IV

Question 4

⍺2 agonist effect in horses

Answer 4

sedation- can cause ↓ inhibition/behavioral changes, may kick

can cause CV effects: BP and AV block
decreases GI motility
do not give in carotid artery can cause seizure

Question 5

what opioids can you use for large animal

Answer 5

• Butorphanol
• Morphine

careful if given alone:
* Excitatory reactions
* GI stasis

Question 6

prep for induction of horse

Answer 6

soft halter
rinse mouth

can use:
* Hand induction
* Head and tail ropes
* Swing gait
* Sling

Question 7

equine induction usually include

Answer 7

Sedative
* Alpha-2 agonist

Muscle relaxant
* Benzodiazepine
* Guaifenesin

Intravenous anesthetic
* Ketamine
* Propofol

Question 8

pros and cons of benzos in horses

Answer 8

Pros:
* Muscle relaxation
* Reduce anesthetic drug requirements
* Minimal cardiovascular compromise

Cons:
* Ataxia
* Excitement
* Long duration of action

Question 9

— is a centrally acting skeletal muscle relaxant used for horses

Answer 9

Guaifenesin

given with other meds

Question 10

pro and cons of ketamine in large animal

Answer 10

ketamine: Dissociative – NMDA receptor antagonist

cons:
* Muscle rigidity if given without benzo
* Intact eye and laryngeal reflexes
* Indirect sympathomimetic (↑HR, ↑P)
* No reversal agent

Question 11

cons of propofol in horses

Answer 11

respiratory depression
apnea

propofol works on GABAA receptor

Question 12

triple dip

Answer 12

Triple Drip: GKX (Guaifenesin, Ketamine, Xylazine)

used in field anesthesia in horses

Question 13

major consideration for horses during anesthesia

Answer 13

• Blood pressure
• Oxygenation
• Padding
• Leg Positioning
• Safety

Question 14

if horse too light what will eye show

Answer 14

Question 15

if horse adequate depth what happens to eye

Answer 15

Question 16

if horse is too deep what happens to eye

Answer 16

Question 17

how to do EKG in horse

Answer 17

Base Apex Lead Placement
* Lead I
* Right arm lead – jugular groove or withers
* Left arm lead - behind elbow
* Left leg lead – inguinal area or pectoral muscle

Question 18

where can you place invasive blood pressure in horse

Answer 18

• Auricular a.
• Transverse facial a.
• Facial a.
• Lateral metatarsal a.

Question 19

what to do for horse during recovery

Answer 19

• Minimize external stimuli
• Sedation
  • Alpha-2 agonist
  • Acepromazine
• Nasotracheal/oral intubation
  • Assure airway
  • Oxygen supplementation

Question 20

why give sedation to horse during recovery

Answer 20

allow them time to exhale volitile agents

will sedate with ⍺2agonist, and acepromazine

Question 21

anesthetic concerns for ruminants

Answer 21

• Salivation
• Regurgitation
• Bloat
• Hypoventilation

Question 22

feed restrictions for ruminants

Answer 22

Adult cows:
* Feed: 24 – 48 hours
* Water: 6-12 hours

Calves, small ruminants:
* Feed: 12 hours
* Water: 6-8 hours

Question 23

how to premed a small ruminant and young calves

Answer 23

do very well with just benzo

or benzo with opioid (butorphanol, morphine)

⍺2 agonist (do not use in small ruminants) can cause pulmonary edema

Question 24

how to premed adult bovids

Answer 24

acepromazine
⍺2 agonist - 1/10 dose for cow then for horse (do not use in small ruminants)

Question 25

induction for ruminant include

Answer 25

muscle relaxant:
*Benzodiazepine
*Guaifenesin

injectable:
*Ketamine
*Propofol

Question 26

eye position for ruminants

Answer 26

ventral eye position

Question 27

respiratory monitoring for ruminants

Answer 27

lower tidal volumes and higher RR

Question 28

ruminant recovery

Answer 28

Sternal recumbency with head down

• Allows eructation and prevents aspiration

Endotracheal tube in place with cuff inflated

• Airway protection
• Extubate when chewing and swallowing
• Oxygen supplementation

Anesthetic reversal

Question 29

feed restrictions for pigs

Answer 29

fasting
anti-emetics

Question 30

pre med for pigs

Answer 30

butorphanol, midazolam, dexmedetomidine

Question 31

why is it hard to intubate pigs

Answer 31

• Mouth opening
• Narrow oropharyngeal space
• Positioning of epiglottis relative to elongated soft palate
• Dorsal protrusion of base of tongue, thick tongue
• Pharyngeal diverticulum
• Small larynx – ventral floor fornix
• LARYNGOSPASM
• Endobronchial intubation (one lobe splits early can accidently intubate only that lobe)

vomiting