Test#2: term 2: EVERYTHING, sec 3

Question 1

What does a concentrated solution contain?(basically what is it?):

Answer 1

A concentrated solution contains a large amount of dissolved solute in relation to the volume of the solution.

Question 2

What does a diluted solution contain?(basically what is it?):

Answer 2

A diluted solution contains a small amount of dissolved solute in relation to the volume of the solution.

Question 3

What is a solute?

Answer 3

A solute is a substance that dissolves in another substance.

Question 4

What is a solvent?

Answer 4

A solvent is a substance that can dissolve a solute.

Question 5

How does undigested food exit the body?

Answer 5

Undigested food materials are formed into feces in the intestines and excreted from the body as solid waste in bowel movements.

Question 6

What is the main function of our urinary system?

Answer 6

It is to filter blood to remove waste and excess substances such as water and minerals.

Question 7

KIDNEYS

Answer 7

The kidneys filter blood through millions of nephrons, which are small filtration units. The kidneys receive blood from the renal artery, which is connected through capillaries surrounding the nephrons. As blood circulates in the capillaries, the nephrons filter it by removing excess substances through the process of diffusion.

Question 8

URINE

Answer 8

Urine is made mostly of water but
also contains waste products such as: urea, uric
acid, potassium, sodium and urochrome.
Urine can also contain glucose and proteins but this could indicate a health problem such as diabetes.

Question 9

What are the several kinds of wastes our bodies produce?

Answer 9

Our bodies produce several kinds of wastes, including sweat, carbon dioxide gas, feces, and urine.

Question 10

How does sweat exit the body?

Answer 10

Sweat is released through pores (tiny holes) in the skin.

Question 11

How does water vapour and carbon dioxide exit the body?

Answer 11

Water vapour and carbon dioxide are exhaled (breathed out) from the lungs.

Question 12

URETERS:

Answer 12

They are tubes connecting the kidneys to the bladder and they carry urine to the bladder.

Question 13

BLADDER

Answer 13

The bladder is a stretchy bag made of muscles and it stores urine before it is expelled.

Question 14

URETHRA:

Answer 14

The urethra is a tube which takes urine from the bladder to outside the body.

Question 15

HOMEOSTASIS

Answer 15

Homeostasis is the body’s ability to maintain balance (mineral salts in blood, blood pH,
water, temperature, etc.).

Question 16

What are the functions of the testicles?

Answer 16

The functions of the testicles are to produce spermatozoa and the male sex hormone testosterone.

Question 17

PENIS

Answer 17

The penis is the male organ through which both urine and semen pass from the body. During sexual stimulation, the arteries dilate and the penis becomes erect as the spongy tissues fill with blood. In addition, the arteries filled with blood compress the veins and prevent blood from leaving the penis. Since blood is flowing into the penis faster than it is leaving, the penis lengthens, swells and hardens. This swelling allows the penis to get closer to the cervix to release the sperm necessary for fertilization. Ejaculation is the expulsion of semen (sperm cells and fluid) from the penis. Expulsion occurs through the contraction of small involuntary muscles. A typical ejaculation releases 2 to 5 mL of semen which contains an average of 100 million sperm cells.

Question 18

HORMONAL GLANDS

Answer 18

The hormonal glands produce hormones. Hormones are chemical substances that transmit messages throughout the body. Every hormone carries a message containing specific instructions made to target specific cells. Cells that are not concerned just ignore it.

Two glands are necessary for growth and puberty in men. The pituitary gland is a small gland located just below the brain. Among others, it produces follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) , luteinizing hormone (LH) and growth hormone. The testicles contain cells that produce sperm cells but are also considered glands since they produce the hormone testosterone.

The pituitary gland plays an important role in puberty in boys mainly because it produces a growth hormone. This hormone stimulates the development of almost all the tissues in the body, especially the muscles and bones. When a boy reaches about 12, the pituitary gland makes more growth hormones. It also begins to make more FSH and LH. FSH stimulates the production of sperm cells and LH acts on the testicles, which begin to produce testosterone. Testosterone boosts the development of the male secondary sex characteristics.

Question 19

male secondary sex characteristics: (6)

Answer 19

Hair: genital, armpit, face, etc. 
Voice gets deeper
Growth: muscles, bones, genital area, etc. 
Sperm production 
Mood swings
Increased libido (sex drive)

Question 20

female Secondary Sex Characteristics: (6)

Answer 20

Mood swings
Menstruations 
Hair growth 
Growth: muscles, bones, genital areas
Breasts
Increase libido (sex drive)

Question 21

OVARIES:

Answer 21

The ovaries are two oval-shaped organs that lie to the upper right and left of the uterus. They produce, store, and release eggs into the fallopian tubes in the process
called ovulation. The ovaries are also part of the endocrine system because they produce female sex hormones such as estrogen and progesterone.

Question 22

HORMONES AND PUBERTY:

Answer 22

In childhood, a girl’s development is dependent on the growth hormone produced by the pituitary gland. At around the age of 8, the pituitary gland begins to produce more FSH and LH. These hormones target the ovaries and boost their production of estrogen until it is high enough to trigger puberty.

Question 23

MENSTRUAL CYCLE:

Answer 23

The complete menstrual cycle lasts an average of 28 days, the first day of menstrual
flow being day 1. The cycle comprises three phases:

Question 24

Preovulatory Phase: (4)

Answer 24

From days 2 to 6, menstrual flow takes place (menstruations).

The pituitary gland secretes the hormone FSH, which stimulates the development of follicles in the ovaries.

The follicle develops and begins to make estrogen, which in turn thickens the lining of the uterus (endometrium) with blood and tissue.

When estrogen levels are high, the pituitary gland stops making FSH and begins making LH.

Question 25

Ovulatory Phase: (1)

Answer 25

The increased amount of LH allows the follicle to break and release the secondary oocyte (ovulation).

Question 26

Postovulatory Phase: (6)

Answer 26

After the follicle has burst, estrogen levels drop slightly.

The drop in LH causes the follicle to transform in a corpus luteum.

The corpus luteum secretes progesterone and estrogen to continue to thicken the lining of the uterus. This prepares the uterus to receive the fertilized egg.

High levels of progesterone and estrogen reduce the production of FSH and LH.

When fertilization occurs, the corpus luteum continues to secrete estrogen and progesterone to maintain the blood of the uterus.

When fertilization does not occur, the corpus luteum breaks down, estrogen and progesterone levels decrease, the uterus lining is shed during menstruations and a new cycle begins.